Infant Weaning Research Articles

Social Influences on Prevotella and the Gut Microbiome of Young Monkeys.

Our aim was to evaluate the bacterial profiles of young monkeys as they were weaned into peer groups with a particular focus on Prevotella, an important taxon in both human and nonhuman primates. The weaning of infants and increased social contact with peers is a developmental stage that is likely to affect the gut microbiome. Gut bacteria were assessed in 63 rhesus monkeys living in social groups comprised of 4 to 7 individuals. Two groups were assessed prospectively on day 1 and 2 weeks after rehousing away from the mother and group formation. Ten additional groups were assessed at 2 weeks after group establishment. Fecal genomic DNA was extracted and 16S ribosomal RNA sequenced by Illumina MiSeq (5 social groups) and 454-amplicon pyrosequencing (7 social groups). Combining weaned infants into small social groups led to a microbial convergence by 2 weeks (p < .001). Diversity analyses indicated more similar community structure within peer groups than across groups (p < .01). Prevotella was the predominant taxon, and its abundance differed markedly across individuals. Indices of richness, microbial profiles, and less abundant taxa were all associated with the Prevotella levels. Functional Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses suggested corresponding shifts in metabolic pathways. The formation of small groups of young rhesus monkeys was associated with significant shifts in the gut microbiota. The profiles were closely associated with the abundance of Prevotella, a predominant taxon in the rhesus monkey gut. Changes in the structure of the gut microbiome are likely to induce differences in metabolic and physiologic functioning.

Diagnosis of acrodermatitis enteropathica in resource limited settings

Acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE) is a rare inherited zinc deficiency that usually manifests in infancy within days in cases of bottlefed infants and days to weeks after weaning in breastfed infants....

PATTERNS OF WEANING AMONG ANCESTRAL HURON-WENDAT COMMUNITIES, DETERMINED FROM NITROGEN ISOTOPES

Archaeological evidence of the ancestral Huron-Wendat Nation of Southern Ontario, Canada, shows a population increase from the thirteenth through sixteenth centuries, suggesting high fertility. Birth timing and infant survival are influenced by mothers' decisions about weaning. This study explores trophic enrichment of δ15N in horizontal dentine slices from 35 deciduous molars (n = 33 dm1, n = 2 dm2) and 39 permanent first molars (M1) representing five Huron-Wendat ossuaries, dating from the fourteenth through seventeenth centuries. Weaning was normally incomplete at the end of dm formation, at an age of about 2.5 years. Post-weaning dentine values appear by the end of crown formation of M1. The weaning process began between 8 and 18 months and was complete in all cases by 3.5 years. Timing of the weaning process does not support the idea that Huron-Wendat population increase was associated with early weaning of infants. Communities from the sixteenth century and thereafter show earlier completion of weaning. Reasons for earlier cessation of breastfeeding may be found in the social and biological disruptions of the era of European contact. Values from permanent teeth of mandibles with sex attributed suggest a more homogeneous, possibly venison-oriented, post-weaning diet among males.

Optimization of the malting process for nutritional improvement of finger millet and amaranth flours in the infant weaning food industry

Malting is a beneficial approach to improve the nutritional value of cereals used in infant preparations. Malted finger millet and amaranth might be considered as potentially appropriate gluten-free alternatives for common wheat-based weaning products, especially in case of those suffering from celiac disease. In this study, the effects of germination temperature and duration on the main nutrients of malted finger millet and amaranth, are evaluated and optimized. Grains were germinated for 24, 36 and 48 h at 22, 26 and 30 °C. In the case of finger millet, germinating for 48 h at 30 °C resulted into 17% increase in protein availability, 10% increase in total energy and 60% reduction in resistant starch (RS). For amaranth, germinating for 48 h at 26 °C was preferable, resulting in 8% increase in protein availability, 11% increase in total energy, 70% reduction in RS and a 10% increase in the linoleic acid.

Iron Fortification of Foods for Infants and Children in Low-Income Countries: Effects on the Gut Microbiome, Gut Inflammation, and Diarrhea.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is common among infants and children in Sub-Saharan Africa and is a leading contributor to the global burden of disease, as well as a hindrance to national development. In-home iron fortification of complementary foods using micronutrient powders (MNPs) effectively reduces the risk for IDA by ensuring that the iron needs of infants and young children are met without changing their traditional diet. However, the iron dose delivered by MNPs is high, and comparable on a mg iron per kg body weight to the supplemental doses (2 mg/kg) typically given to older children, which increases diarrhea risk. In controlled studies, iron-containing MNPs modestly increase risk for diarrhea in infants; in some cases, the diarrhea is severe and may require hospitalization. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies provide insights into the mechanism of this effect. Provision of iron fortificants to school-age children and iron-containing MNPs to weaning infants decreases the number of beneficial ‘barrier’ commensal gut bacteria (e.g., bifidobacteria), increases the enterobacteria to bifidobacteria ratio and abundances of opportunistic pathogens (e.g., pathogenic Escherichia coli), and induces gut inflammation. Thus, although iron-containing MNPs are highly effective in reducing IDA, they may increase gastrointestinal morbidity in infants, and safer formulations are needed.

The worries of weaning: Newspaper reporting of infant weaning and its impact on dialogue in online discussion forums

Despite infant weaning being one of the most challenging aspects of parenting, there is uncertainty about the right time to start. This research aimed to understand the impact of newspaper reporting of weaning on parents, in particular, focussing on the coverage of a scientific report published in the British Medical Journal in 2011. Using a media analysis of weaning articles from UK national newspapers and the ‘Mumsnet’, Internet discussion forum, the analysis was able to explore how forum members had reacted to the reporting and embellished the communication of the weaning issue by adding their own personal advice and experience. The case study shows the role of discussion forums in science communication and how they can provide a new arena for studying audience effects.

OC04 - A weaning plan for high flow nasal therapy (HFNT) in bronchiolitis - a nurse-led initiative.

Theme: Nursing education, management and leadership. The use of HFNT in bronchiolitis is a new phenomenon in paediatrics, with insufficient evidence on its effectiveness (Beggs et al 2014). This paper reports the findings of a clinical audit which resulted in the development of a nurse-led weaning plan to support infant recovery with the potential to reduce hospital stay. To highlight the effectiveness of a nurse-led weaning plan in a general paediatric unit. The data of 32 infants were analysed between October 2014 and March 2015. Further data will be collected between October 2015 and March 2016. Data will then be compared. Initial data demonstrates the average time infants spent on HFNT was 2.6 days compared to five days in previous studies (Bressan et al 2013). A nurse-led weaning plan has been developed from data collected. The audit demonstrates a clinical need for efficient weaning of infants on HFNT.

Nutritional Effects of Weaning Flour &amp;apos;Anagobaka&amp;apos; on Young Rats Wistar

This project aims at determining the nutritional effects of Anagobaka on young wistar rats. These results have been composed to an infant weaning flour (Cerelac wheat) and a control diet made of fish flour. Rats have been fed during 15 days. The results of the chemical analysis have proved that Anagobaka contains 2.04±0.03% of protein, 6.04±0.11% of lipids and 82.1±0.94% of carbonate with an energetic value of 390.32 kcals. These results have been compared respectively to the ‟Cerelac wheat” with 14.94±0.16% of protein, 6.04±0.11% of lipid, 66,6±0,12% of carbohydrate and 434.01 kcals and to the control diet with 14.94±0.9% of protein, 8.8±0.66% of lipids, 72.2±0.28% of carbohydrate and 427.76 kcals. Viewing the nutrition, we notice that the growth, the gain in weight, the Food Coefficient (FC), the Protein Coefficient (PC) and the Apparent Digestibility (AP) are inferior to that of “Cerelac wheat” and to the control diet. Thus the presence of Anagobaka has occasioned the emaciation of– 0, 97 g/day on young rats.

Randomised controlled trial of weaning strategies for preterm infants on nasal continuous positive airway pressure.

BackgroundThe optimal strategy for weaning very preterm infants from nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) is unclear. Reported strategies include weaning NCPAP to a predefined pressure then trialling stopping completely (abrupt wean); alternate periods of increased time off NCPAP whilst reducing time on until the infant is completely weaned (gradual wean); and using high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) to assist the weaning process. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal weaning from NCPAP strategy for very preterm infants.MethodsA pilot single centre, factorial design, 4-arm randomised controlled trial. Sixty infants born <30 weeks gestation meeting stability criteria on NCPAP were randomly allocated to one of four groups. Group 1: abrupt wean with HFNC; Group 2: abrupt wean without HFNC; Group 3: gradual wean with HFNC; Group 4: gradual wean without HFNC. The primary outcomes were duration of respiratory support, chronic lung disease, length of hospital stay and time to full suck feeds.ResultsThe primary outcome measures were not significantly different between groups. Group 1 had a significant reduction in duration of NCPAP (group 1: median 1 day; group 2: 24 days; group 3: 15 days; group 4: 24 days; p = 0.002) and earlier corrected gestational age off NCPAP. There was a significant difference in rate of parental withdrawal from the study, with group 2 having the highest rate. Group 3 had a significantly increased duration on HFNC compared to group 1.ConclusionsUse of high flow nasal cannula may be effective at weaning infants from NCPAP but did not reduce duration of respiratory support or time to full suck feeds. Abrupt wean without the use of HFNC was associated with an increased rate of withdrawal by parent request.Trial registrationThis study is registered at the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (www.anzctr.org.au/). (Registration Number = ACTRN12610001003066).

Prevalance of malnutrition among varanasi infants and its corelation with their socio-economic status

The prevalence of underweight among infants in India is highest in the world. In India child malnutrition rates are higher even though income levels are higher and infant’s mortality rates is lower. The present study is carried out on infants of Varanasi to find out their growth and nutritional status in the first year of life and their socio-economic status. It was a cross sectional survey carried out on infants of 3 to 12 months of age of Varanasi. For growth and nutritional status all anthropometric and clinical measurements were recorded by using standard techniques. Information regarding nutrient intake was recorded by using 24 hour dietary recall method and S.E.S was recorded by the pretested questionnaire. The result came that 66 per cent of Varanasi infants was malnourished and low S.E.S was one of the main factor for undernutrition among them. It is concluded that major cause of undernutrition is lack of knowledge about nutrition and breast feeding habits, poor economic conditions etc. For weaning infants starchy food would prefer most other than protein rich foods. Due to shortage of economy and production and preparation of baby foods the essential nutrient requirements of babies are not fulfilled. Therefore, it is needed to review our policies and proper nutrition education about pre-weaning and post-weaning habits should be given to the mothers.

Effect of Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (NCPAP) Cycling and Continuous NCPAP on Successful Weaning: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

To compare the effectiveness of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) cycling with continuous NCPAP in the successful weaning of preterm infants of 25(0)-28(6) wk gestation to nasal prongs. A total of 30 infants with a gestational age (GA) of 25(0)-28(6) wk, ventilated for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and extubated to NCPAP were eligible for the study. They were randomized to NCPAP cycling [Group A: cycling between NCPAP of 4 cm and 1 liter per minute (LPM) of nasal prongs] or to continuous NCPAP at 4 cm of H2O (Group B). Primary outcome was successful weaning off NCPAP to nasal prongs at the end of 72 h of the intervention and remaining off NCPAP for the next 72 h. The demographic characteristics were similar in both the groups. Infants were randomized to Group A (n = 13) and Group B (n = 17). The primary outcome was not significantly different between the groups (successful weaning to nasal prongs: 31 vs. 41 %; p 0.71). In this pilot, feasibility study there were no differences in the rates of successful weaning of NCPAP to nasal prongs using either cycling NCPAP or continuous NCPAP in preterm infants. A need exists for a large randomized controlled trial (RCT) to determine the role of cycling NCPAP on neonatal outcomes.

Oligosaccharide Composition of Breast Milk Influences Survival of Uninfected Children Born to HIV-Infected Mothers in Lusaka, Zambia ,

Background: Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have multiple immunomodulatory functions that influence child health.Objective: In this study we investigated whether HMO composition influences survival to 2 y of age in HIV-infected and HIV-exposed, uninfected (HEU) children during and after breastfeeding.Methods: In the context of an early weaning trial in 958 HIV-infected women in Lusaka, Zambia, we conducted a nested case-cohort analysis of mortality to 2 y of age among 103 HIV-infected and 143 HEU children. Breast-milk samples collected at 1 mo postpartum were analyzed for HMO content. Samples were selected to include mothers of all HIV-infected children detected by 6 wk of age, of whom 63 died at <2 y of age; mothers of all HEU children who died at <2 y of age (n = 66); and a random sample of 77 HEU survivors. Associations before and after weaning in HIV-infected and HEU infants separately were investigated by using Cox models.Results: Among HEU children, higher maternal breast-milk concentrations of 2-linked fucosylated HMOs [2′-fucosyllactose and lacto-N-fucopentaose (LNFP) I] (HR: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.14, 0.74) as well as non–2-linked fucosylated HMOs (3-fucosyllactose and LNFP II/III; HR: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.67) were significantly associated with reduced mortality during, but not after, breastfeeding after adjustment for confounders. Breastfeeding was protective against mortality only in HEU children with high concentrations of fucosylated HMOs. Among HIV-infected children, no consistent associations between HMOs and mortality were observed, but breastfeeding was protective against mortality.Conclusions: The oligosaccharide composition of breast milk may explain some of the benefits of breastfeeding in HEU children. HIV infection may modulate some of the consequences of HMOs on child survival.

A Qualitative Study of Mothers Perceptions of Weaning and the Use of Commercial Infant Food in the United Kingdom

Background: Commercially produced infant food has a different taste profile and nutritional content to homemade baby food and its consumption is now very widespread. This change in early food experience may lead to a reduced dietary variety and a decreased microbial load exposure. Objective: The purpose of this study was to gain insight into parental perceptions of complementary feeding, specifically opinions of commercially produced baby food, using qualitative research methods. Methods: Four focus group discussions took place (n = 24), with mothers of infants aged 4-7 months. Half of participants were first time mothers and a third had experience weaning infants with symptoms of cows' milk allergy. Participants were prompted with questions about complementary feeding and shown several different products to stimulate discussion. Results: Thematic analysis of focus groups indicated that three distinctive groups of mothers exist; relaxed, concerned and balanced, which may be influenced by parity, socioeconomic status and previous experience of weaning. The majority of mothers commenced the weaning process using homemade foods, but transitioned to include commercial baby foods after 3-6 weeks. Commercial baby food was perceived as more convenient to homemade baby food by the majority and as superior and safer by some mothers. Although there were concerns raised about the identity of ingredients, few concerns were expressed regarding nutritional quality or allergen content, even by mothers with experience of weaning an infant with food allergic symptoms. Conclusion: Overall complementary feeding was viewed as a natural process with the goal of enjoyment of food and development of a broad palate. Opinions on readymade baby food were influenced by parity, education level and previous experience of weaning

Dental fast track: prenatal enamel growth, incisor eruption, and weaning in human infants.

Correlation between the timing of permanent first molar eruption and weaning age in extant primates has provided a way to infer a life history event in fossil species, but recent debate has questioned whether the same link is present in human infants. Deciduous incisors erupt at an age when breast milk can be supplemented with additional foods (mixed feeding), and weaning is typically complete before permanent first molars erupt. Here, I use histological methods to calculate the prenatal rate by which enamel increases in thickness and height on human deciduous incisors, canines, and molars (n = 125). Growth trajectories for each tooth type are related to the trimesters and assessed against the eruption sequence and final crown height. Analyses show that central incisors initiate early in the second trimester with significantly faster secretion rates relative to canines and second molars, which initiate closer to birth. Even though initial extension rates were correlated with crown height and scaled with positive allometry within each tooth class, the relatively short incisors still increased in height at a significantly faster rate than the taller canines and molars. The incisor prenatal "fast track" produces a greater proportion of the crown before birth than all other tooth types. This growth mechanism likely facilitates early incisor eruption at a time when the mixed feeding of infants can be initiated as part of the weaning process. Findings provide a basis from which to explore new links between developmental trends along the tooth row and mixed feeding age in other primates.

Early development of childhood overweight: a 2012 qualitative study of the process of infant weaning in Halton, United Kingdom

Background Prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased in adult and child populations in many countries. Childhood overweight has become a major public health issue. The development of overweight in children may have roots in very early life: the importance of understanding early influences on overweight has been emphasised. Weaning, the introduction of food other than milk into the diet of an infant, has been little researched in terms of the way mothers manage it. The aim of this study was to …

Infections in HIV-exposed uninfected children with focus on sub-Saharan Africa.

Infections in HIV-exposed uninfected children with focus on sub-Saharan Africa.

Self-reported reasons for breastfeeding cessation among low-income women enrolled in a peer counseling breastfeeding support program.

Peer counseling programs have demonstrated efficacy in improving breastfeeding rates in the low-income population, but there is little research concerning why women enrolled in these programs ultimately discontinue breastfeeding. This study aimed to describe the self-reported reasons for discontinuing breastfeeding among women who are receiving peer counseling support by participant characteristics and timing of discontinuation. This study is a secondary analysis of data collected from 7942 participants who discontinued breastfeeding while enrolled in a peer counseling breastfeeding support program from 2005 to 2011. Reasons for discontinuing breastfeeding were assessed in relation to participant characteristics and weaning age using chi-square analyses and Kruskall-Wallis analyses of variance. The most common reasons reported for discontinuing breastfeeding were mother's preference (39%) and low milk supply (21%), although reasons differed by age of infant weaning (P < .001). Among participants who discontinued the earliest, the most commonly cited reasons were breastfeeding challenges [median duration (interquartile range), 4.7 (2.0, 13.4) weeks], followed by low milk supply [8.9 (4.6, 19.1) weeks] and mother's preference [12.9 (5.0, 25.7) weeks]. Women who were younger, were less educated, were non-Hispanic black, were unmarried, and had no prior breastfeeding experience were the most likely to discontinue breastfeeding due to mother's preference. Peer counselors are in a unique position to offer breastfeeding education and encouragement and may be able to use evidence presented here to anticipate specified concerns either prenatally or postpartum, to prevent early breastfeeding discontinuation.

Iron fortification adversely affects the gut microbiome, increases pathogen abundance and induces intestinal inflammation in Kenyan infants

BackgroundIn-home iron fortification for infants in developing countries is recommended for control of anaemia, but low absorption typically results in >80% of the iron passing into the colon. Iron is...

Complementary feeding practices in Wakiso District of Uganda

The first 2 years of life provide a critical window of opportunity for ensuring children’s appropriate growth and development through optimal feeding. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of weaning practices in Wakiso district. Wakiso is a district in central Uganda that encircles Kampala, Uganda's capital city. The district is named after the town of Wakiso, where the district headquarters are located. A descriptive survey to evaluate infant weaning practices was conducted at Nsanji Health Centre III, Wakiso district from July through October 2011. Mothers with no established HIV/AIDS positive status aged 15 years and above, with last born-child aged 1-23 months, willing to provide data on the infant´s feeding practices and regular attendants for infant vaccination schedules on Tuesday at the same facility were targeted. The motherinfant pairs were systematically selected for participation in the study based on the number of mothers together with their infants present every Tuesday morning of each week, for vaccinations at the health centre since the health centre had no database for the breastfeeding mothers. A structured questionnaire focusing on breastfeeding practices, complementary feeding practices, mineral supplementation and fluids administration, child’s state of wellbeing in first year of life, mothers’ age and parity was administered. A total of 204 mother-infant pairs were analysed. Overall, 94% of 204 infants who participated in the study had not been exclusively breastfed for 6 months. Only one of the 124 infants between 0- 6 months of age and 5.9% of the 80 infants over 6 months of age were still exclusively breastfeeding at the time of the survey. Complementary foods were introduced earlier than recommended with 22% of the mothers introducing solid foods before 1 month, 14% at 1-3 months and 6% at 4-6 months. Family members (p = 0.001) were a significant source of information on when to start feeding infants solid foods. In conclusion, the low exclusive breastfeeding rates, the early introduction of complementary foods and cow milk and the late introduction of red meat into the infant diets may well be responsible for the high level of infant infections recorded in the first year of infancy. Therefore, a nutritional education intervention, promoting exclusive breastfeeding, highlighting the health and food safety risks associated with the early introduction of cow milk into the infant diets could help reduce the high levels of infant infections and mortality in Uganda.

Formulation of Infant Weaning Foods from Vegetable Proteins and Cereal

Formulation of Infant Weaning Foods from Vegetable Proteins and Cereal