Wealthy Families Research Articles

전기소설에 나타난 여성의 문해력(文解力)과 문예

The male and female main characters of the Korean Cheongi novel are depicted as people with excellent ability of classical literature and composing poems, as they reveal their emotions and identity through literature and further form a mental bond with their lovers. However, considering the reality of women in Joseon Dynasty who lacked opportunities to be educated and trained for writing compared to men, these characters can be said to be somewhat unrealistic. In Cheongi novel, female characters and their surrounding environments are elaborately set so that women can have literacy and literary capabilities to secure novel probability. The status of heroins can be largely divided into noble class and middle and lower class. They were daughters of wealthy prestigious families, court ladies or Kisaeng(妓生) and all belonged to a small group of women who could access to literary arts in Joseon Dynasty. The experience and situation of female characters described in the novel also help the reader’s understanding of their literacy and literature. In the late Joseon Dynasty, the narrative role of literary works in Cheongi novel gradually weakens and the status of female characters are confined to middle and lower classes. Literacy and literature of female characters develop in a way that reflects the language environment based on classes, beyond the traditional custom of the genre.

Governance around family wealth: How to preserve a long-term value for families?

Abstract Preservation of long-term values has been a challenge for wealthy families over centuries. What is valuable to each family should not only be measured in financial terms but also in the context of family harmony, avoiding disputes, and ensuring a shared understanding of the family’s long-term goals. This article focuses on and explains some key mechanisms that can assist families in the preservation and enhancement of those long-term values and goals, from informal ones such as family mission statements to more formal arrangements like family charters. The authors offer jurisdictional comparison of examples as to how these approaches apply in practice, including discussion about the legal enforceability of family charters.

Sarajevo Gureba-defter from 1261/1845

In this paper, the Gureba-defter from 1261/1845 which testifies to a custom that was practiced during the month of Ramadan will be presented. It is a list of financial contributions that were collected from wealthy families and benefactors in Sarajevo in the month of Ramadan in 1845 for the religioushumanitarian fund of the same name known as “Aid to foreigners and the vulnerable ones”. Its main goal was to provide financial compensation to ulama (learned people), softas (students of the madrasa), musafirs (intentional travelers) from our and other parts of the Islamic world for their engagement in the month of Ramadan, such as reciting muḳābele (public recitation of the Qur’an), offering tārāviḥ-namāz (terawiya), i’tikāf (permanent stay in the mosque during the last ten days of Ramadan for prayer), delivering appropriate lectures, as well as helping the poor.

Pengurbanan Kerbau pada Upacara Rambu Solo Masyarakat Toraja: Identifikasi Karakteristik untuk Mendukung Pelestarian Budaya

The buffalo-fighting rituals in Rambu Solo's funeral ceremony in Tana Toraja and North Toraja illustrates continuity and change in that community and the state of and alteration in economic stratification in Toraja. The number and type of buffaloes sacrificed at a funeral indicate the social class of the participants. Before the buffaloes are slaughtered, they are pitted against each other in a ritual fight to console the grieving family. This study was performed using ethnographic methods. It relied on participant observation and in-depth interviews. There are social gaps in funeral rituals in Toraja. However, the class itself is shifting. Previously, expensive events involving the sacrifices of many buffaloes were privileged to noble families. However, the ability to hold such ceremonies is open to anyone possessing wealth. Wealthy families who are not from noble lines can also hold such ceremonies. Contemporary ceremonies now feature gambling on buffalo fights. The fact that a buffalo-fighting arena is present at a funeral ceremony indicates the presence of gambling. Furthermore, such arenas can be expected to accompany the planned sacrifice of a large number of buffaloes. The increased presence of buffalo-fighting arenas and gambling at funeral ceremonies constitutes a new signifier for funeral ceremonies in Toraja.

Sun protection behaviors among children aged 6-18 years old, the role of socioeconomic factors: A cross-sectional study.

Evaluation of sun protection behavior and related factors in children aged between 6 and 18 years in Isfahan, Iran. This cross-sectional study was conducted at outpatient pediatric clinics affiliated with Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran during the summer of 2021. A checklist was designed, and the interviewer used that to gather the required information including children's demographic characteristics, families' socioeconomic data, and sun-protective behaviors in children. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) age of children was 10.54 ± 3.61. Among the study population, 63.7% of children were male. The most common skin phototypes were II and III (33.5% each). 83.8% of children used at least one method of sun protection (94.5% of girls, 77.6% of boys, p < 0.001). Wearing long-sleeved clothes was the most frequent UV-protection method (48%), while sunscreen application was the least prevalent method (28.1%). Sun protection behaviors were more frequent among urban children (86.7%, p = 0.009) and children with wealthy families (94%, p = 0.035). Sun protection methods were used by most of the children whose mothers applied sunscreen on a daily basis (90.2%, p = 0.002) and all of the children whose mothers held a master's degree or above (100%, p = 0.004). Children's sun protection behavior is directly associated with demographic characteristics, families' socioeconomic level and maternal usage of sun protection measures. It is necessary to provide information and education about sun protection methods and the risks of excessive sun exposure to families and children, as well as facilitate their access to these.

Harmonizing Liberation Philosophy: Exploring the Convergence of Marxian Economics and Shariah Banking within the Framework of the Indian Banking System

Abstract: The Indian banking system evolved from an exclusive private enterprise controlled by a few wealthy families and trusts, leaving the majority reliant on high-interest private lenders, perpetuating economic disparity. Nationalization of 21 banks under Indira Gandhi aimed to rectify this, aligning with India's constitutional goal of equitable wealth distribution. However, globalization and privatization reshaped the landscape, emphasizing profit-seeking and catering to the corporate sector and affluent classes. The marginalized rural and small business sectors suffered in this pursuit, evident in neglected rural branch postings. To address this, an ethical foundation merging Marxist economics and Shariah banking principles is proposed, seeking inclusivity and ethical grounding. Shariah principles, rooted in Islamic law, extend beyond religious boundaries, while Marxist values amplify voices of the marginalized. By combining these principles, a more inclusive, morally anchored, and holistic Indian banking system can be envisioned. The priority sector's Non-Performing Assets challenge can be addressed without jeopardizing inclusivity.

Level and Trend of Child Health and Nutrition Status in Nepal: Evidence from Demographic and Health Survey (1996-2016).

Child health and nutrition are key indicators of the country's socioeconomic development and quality of life. The purpose of the paper was to examine the level, trend, and socio-demographic differences of selected child health and nutrition indicators and to provide policy recommendations for improvement. Desk review was conducted to compile secondary information on child health and nutrition status published in the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey reports prepared by Ministry of Health and Population from 1996 to 2016. Trend lines, bar diagram, and GIS maps were prepared to study and present the findings. A substantial decrease in under-five mortality, from 118 to 39 (67% point decline) and neonatal mortality, from 50 to 21 (58% point decline) deaths per 1000 live births, was noted between 1996 and 2016. Full immunization coverage decreased from 87% in 2011 to 78% in 2016. 36% of children under the age of five were stunted, 25% were underweight, and 10% were wasted in 2016. Boys were more likely to receive treatment for diarrhoea (72%), compared to girls (56%). The majority of the children (74%) had their acute respiratory infections managed at private medical centers. Child health and nutritional status differed by geographic regions, being better in Gandaki and Bagmati and poor in Karnali and Madesh. Overall health and nutrition status of children were better among educated, and wealthier families. To further reduce childhood mortality and reach the targets for the Sustainable Development Goal, targeted interventions must be implemented to improve immunization coverage plus health and nutritional status among disadvantaged populations.

Influencing factors associated with maternal delivery at home in urban areas: a cross-sectional analysis of the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2017–2018 data

BackgroundThe associated factors and patterns of giving birth in home settings of rural areas have been extensively studied in Bangladeshi literature. However, urban areas still need to be explored, particularly with recent data. Therefore, the authors aimed to investigate the influential determinants of delivery at home in urban areas of Bangladesh.Materials and methodsIn this study, 1699 urban-dwelling women who had given birth within the previous 60 months of the survey and lived in urban areas were used. The secondary data were extracted from the latest Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2017–2018. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were applied along with the association among selected variables were examined by the Chi-square test.ResultsFindings depict that 36.49% of women who lived in urban areas of Bangladesh delivered at home, whereas, 63.51% delivered at different govt. and private health care facilities. Women who lived in Chittagong [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.11, 95% CI 1.24–3.60], Barisal [AOR = 2.05, 95% CI 1.16–3.64] and Sylhet [AOR = 1.92, 95% CI 1.08–3.43] divisions have more likelihood to deliver at home (36.85%). Urban women following Christian religion [AOR = 10.71, 95% CI 1.32–86.68] have higher odds of delivering child at home (0.47%). Urban women having three or more children before her latest delivery (22.37%) and who are employed (29.37%) have more likelihood to deliver at home. However, women aged between 25 and 34 years (43.50%), who have higher education (25.90%), play the role of household head (9.06%), have parity of more than two births (2.24%), and read daily newspapers (68.69%) had a lower chance of delivery at home. Furthermore, women from wealthier families (89.12%) and more antenatal care (ANC) visits (94.93%) were less likely to have a delivery at home.ConclusionDespite significant progress in women and reproductive health in Bangladesh, the proportion of delivery in the home in urban areas is alarming and should be emphasized more. The authors believe the identified factors will help design interventions and policy development on this issue.

The role of trusts in taxing the rich

Abstract Trusts play important roles in the financial, estate, and tax plans of wealthy families. Evidence from US taxpayers indicates that the tax savings that they obtain from using trusts are rather modest, with one of the major tax benefits providing aggregate savings equal to just 0.05 per cent of the annual income of the top 0.01 per cent of US taxpayers. Trusts are primarily used to facilitate intergenerational and other transfers. Restrictions imposed by trusts can have the effect of preserving high levels of wealth and income, creating greater opportunities for governments to tax the rich.

Cultural Transition and Ideology in Russian Estate Churches during the Late Seventeenth Century

Abstract The transformation in Russian society and culture at the end of the seventeenth century – and the premonition of more radical changes to come – led to new church forms sponsored by some of Russia’s most powerful and wealthy families as an expression of changing cultural identity. The ensuing style is often designated the “Naryshkin Baroque,” after the boiar family (related to the second wife of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich, father of Peter I) that built such churches on its estates. Despite the depredations of the Napoleonic invasion and the Soviet period, three consummate examples of the style still stand at former estates on the western and northern outskirts of Moscow: Fili, Ubory, and Troitse-Lykovo.

Yüksek Komiser Lord Herbert Charles Onslow Plumer Döneminde Filistin Eğitim Bölümünün Faaliyetleri (1925-1928)

During the First World War, Britain occupied Bi'Rüssebi on 31 October 1917, Jaffa on 16 November 1917, and Jerusalem on 9 December 1917. Thus, Palestine came under British military administration under the name of "Occupied Enemy Territories" . After the war, Palestine was given to the British mandate with the decisions of the San Remo Conference held on 24-26 April 1920. Accordingly, Britain has legally committed to govern Palestine on behalf of the League of Nations. Subsequently, the British civil administration began with Sir Herbert Samuel's appointment as High Commissioner for Palestine on 1 July 1920. With the end of the military administration, the center of the civil administration, which was named the "Palestinian Government", became Jerusalem. After Samuel, Lord Herbert Charles Onslow Plumer was appointed to the same post on May 21, 1925. The British civil administration has established many administrative departments in Jerusalem in the fields of economy, education, foundation administrations, agriculture, public works, domestic and foreign trade, population, and immigration. The education department, which is among these, is one of the issues that directly concern society. It was decided that Muslim Arabs should attend public schools operating under the supervision of The Department of Education of the Palestinian Government. The Christian population, on the other hand, was educated in schools supported by the funds of Western missionaries. Jews who immigrated to Palestine were educated in schools established by the World Zionist Organization with the permission of the High Commissioners. While the language of instruction in the schools opened by the High Commissioner is Arabic and English, Hebrew education was given in the schools opened by the Jews. By 1928, the Department of Education had launched 315 public schools in cities and villages, which included different classes attended by Muslim Arabs. In the same period, private schools, 255 of which belonged to Jews and 183 of which belonged to Christians, were also operating. In the 1927-1928 academic year, the number of students enrolled in public schools increased to 10,586, and in schools controlled by the Zionist organization, this number increased to 6,574. While The Palestinian Government's Education Department allocated a budget of £106,641 in 1921, under Plumer, this figure increased to £138,000 in 1928. Apart from these, it has been determined that the financing of these schools, such as teacher salaries and building expenses, is met by the high commissioner and donations from different countries. It has been seen that the financing of especially Christian and Jewish schools comes from missionary institutions and wealthy families. In addition, the fact that the language of education (Arabic-Hebrew) and the curriculum are separate in these schools has differentiated the nation-building process, and social, political, and economic development of societies. For example, people who received education between 1925-28 met the bureaucrat needs of the Jewish State, which was planned to be established. As a result, this has been a factor that accelerated the process of statehood. For this reason, it is essential to examine the role of England in the field of education in Palestine. In this paper, the educational activities of the British Mandate Administration between 1925-28 were examined. The subject has been analyzed by using the reports of High Commissioner Lord Herbert Charles Onslow Plumer, the annual management reports submitted by England to the League of Nations, the newspapers of the period in which the decrees were published, and copyrighted works.

Sugared Death: Poison and Gender in Shirley Jackson's We Have Always Lived in the Castle

Abstract: The Balham mystery carries many elements that would make their way into We Have Always Lived in the Castle : a wealthy family with troubled personal relationships; a case in which the cause of death is clearly identified as poison, but no one is ever convicted of a crime; sensational coverage in the press; and perhaps most importantly, an exploration of gender politics within the home. This essay looks to historical sources to examine the relationship between poison and gender, poison's links to witchcraft, and views of poison in the popular imagination. It argues that Jackson uses the metaphor of poison to challenge traditional domestic ideology in the novel.

Mikveh Israel Agricultural School

Alliance Israelite Universelle, established in the capital of France, Paris, in 1860, embarked on a rapid schooling activity in the Middle East. The schools opened in cities such as Tangier (Morocco), Thessaloniki and Istanbul were followed by the Mikveh Israel Agricultural School opened in Jaffa in 1870. Charles Netter, one of the 6 founders of the society, established this school. With the opening of the school, it was planned to raise agricultural experts in order to carry out more qualified agriculture and animal husbandry in Jaffa. Furthermore, this school, which is hoped to make a significant contribution to the establishment of a Jewish state in the time to come, was named Mikveh Israel, that is, Israel's Hope. Thanks to the economic and political support of the society and wealthy Jewish families such as Rothschild and Hirsch, the school achieved a remarkable success in agriculture over time. Theoretical and applied courses were scheduled for 7 years in order to teach European style agriculture to students. Being in the limelight thanks to its stable and disciplined education, non-Jewish families had started to enroll their children in the school. Failure to take deterrent measures against school administrators who did not hesitate to act against the Education Regulations declared in 1869 and 1885 by the Ottoman State paved the way for the harmful activities of the school increasingly. In the preparation phase of this study, the main sources in the Presidency Ottoman Archives, research/analysis works in Turkish and English were utilized. Thus, in addition to the activities of the aforementioned school in the field of education, the study gives information about its contributions to Zionist activities until the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948.

H10 An Oscar for Lassar

Abstract Oscar Lassar (1849–1907) was born in Hamburg to a wealthy merchant family and received a top-class education. After enrolling in the school of medicine at Heidelberg, he volunteered for military service at the outbreak of the Franco–Prussian war in 1870. He served on the front line, was promoted to officer in reserves and decorated with the Iron Cross for his bravery. He returned to complete his medical training and would eventually open a dermatology hospital in Berlin, which unified patient care, research and teaching. In only a few years this hospital would become world renowned. Catering for both inpatient and outpatient care, he was able to offer a wide range of treatments, including complex topical therapy, electrotherapy and surgical procedures. His pasta salicylica (Lassar’s paste) remains to this day a great topical treatment for atopic dermatitis. Lassar recognized the importance of an experienced nursing team to support these activities. Furthermore, he understood the importance of a well-equipped dermatology department and was quick to acquire innovative technology to expand therapeutic options, including X-ray equipment for the treatment of tumours and a Finsen carbon arc lamp for treating lupus vulgaris, thus augmenting his reputation as a Wunderarzt. Lassar made great contributions towards solidifying dermatology as a highly regarded speciality through the establishment of journals and speciality societies. He involved himself in public health measures by campaigning for the establishment of public baths, which would allow even the poorest in society to enjoy clean water facilities at a low cost, thereby reducing the spread of infectious diseases. As a man, he was described as a larger-than-life character with a personal style that meant newspapers gladly reported on his activities, making him an excellent public relations master. Lassar’s recreation was chiefly riding and driving. He was an excellent linguist, an admirable host and fond of children, for whom he wrote Geschichten und Gedichten fiir kleine Kinder (Stories and Poems for Little Children). He died in an automobile accident and his burial on Christmas Eve was marked nationally by the German newspapers, and internationally by his patients and colleagues. In Lassar, we have a great historical example of effective visionary leadership that enabled the expansion of dermatological practice and the promotion of patient care at the time.

THE CONTEXTS IN WHICH LOVE OF AHL BAYT AND KARBALA THEMED POEMS OF AHMET CITAK WERE PRODUCED

Ahmet Çıtak (1893 – 1963) one of the most important but one of those whom hadn’t been studied enough minstrels of 20th century. He was born to a wealthy family in Elbistan, Kahramanmaraş, located on the course of Archaic Silk-Road and Spice-Road. His mother named him Şeyh Hamit, but after being asked by two saintly looking sages to name his son Ahmet in a dream, his father changed his name into Ahmet. His family strived for him to receive a good education and sent him to Ottoman Junior School of Kayseri. Yet, he could not complete his education there. He earned his life as a farmhand. It stands out that just like in his naming, his being a poet was inspired by a dream. Çıtak saw a dream when he was 8 and this dream was interpreted by his mother as he would be a poet. Known for his lyrics in praise and lampoonery, Çıtak also read and composed didactic poems dealing with religious matters. His Karbala themed poems were affected, again, by a dream. At an ill fallen night, he saw Hazrat Ali in his dream. As he woke up, he started to write the poems themed on Karbala. By looking at this fact, it can be deducted that the turning points of the poet’s life had been impacted by his own and his family’s dreams. The aim of the study is to detect the contexts in which Karbala themed poems were written by Ahmet Çıtak, to introduce the poems made by the impact of this context, carry out the evaluation about the aforementioned poems, to interpret the love of Ahl Bayt reflected on these poems and to inform the science world about the texts that has not been studied on yet. Keywords: Ehlibeyt, Karbala, Ahmet Çıtak, Poetry, Production Context.

Воспитание и обучение детей в Италии эпохи Возрождения

The article tells about family upbringing and educational opportunities for children from wealthy families in Renaissance Italy. Renaissance Italian families were patriarchal and multi-generational. The stable position of the family required the presence of a sufficient number of children. Wealthy and noble families helped their heirs get a good education. The children received their primary education in private and municipal educational institutions. Higher education was provided by universities, in the teaching of which humanistic tendencies were growing.

The Daily Life of Nuns in Seventeenth-century Papal Rome: Prayers, Supernatural Events, Everyday Concerns and Violence

The paper aims to examine the daily life of Italian Catholic nuns in Baroque Rome. During the seventeenth century, several important nunneries were founded in the Papal City. Many were established especially for women from the most important or wealthy families. Almost all of these religious communities were compelled to observe the strict enclosure. The nuns' daily life alternated between prayer, work, and visits (more or less intrusive) by aristocratic noblewomen, princesses and foreign queens; but the nunneries were also witness to events perceived as being supernatural, such as spiritual fights with the devil, along with more or less severe penances and self-flagellation. More than a few were the sisters whose holiness and excellence were celebrated by contemporary chroniclers. Nevertheless, the repetitive nature of the life in a restricted space could cause concerns, troubles, escape attempts which occasionally exploded with brutal consequences, such as brawls and even murders. This was specially linked to those nuns who were forced to profess religious vows but also to rival and opposing factions existing inside the nunneries. However, such inconveniences were carefully hidden by the ecclesiastical authorities so as not to alter the image of Roman monasteries as terrestrial paradises, in opposition to Protestants who had abolished monasticism. The paper reconstructs such a scenario looking through various documentary sources: from monastic chronicles to city chronicles; and to reports written by those who were in charge of controlling nuns, especially cardinals and Roman Curia.

Mapping Concurrent Wasting and Stunting Among Children Under Five in India: A Multilevel Analysis.

Objectives: The study aims to examine the coexisting forms, patterns, and predictors of concurrent wasting and stunting (WaSt) among children under five in India. Methods: We used data from the National Family Health Survey to understand the trend and association of WaSt among children under five-year-old in India. Univariate analysis and cross-tabulations were performed for WaSt cases. The association was determined using multilevel binary logistic regression and multilevel regression, and the results were provided as adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals at the significance level of p < 0.05. Results: The prevalence of WaSt has decreased from 8.7% in 2005-06 to 5.2 percent in 2019-2020. The proportion of WaSt children grew rapidly from 6 to 18months, peaked at 19months (8%), then dropped after 24months. The prevalence of concurrent wasting and stunting is higher among boys compared to girls. Compared to children of different birth orders, those in the higher birth order are 1.2 times more likely to be WaSt cases (aOR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.09, 1.33). The education of the mother is strongly correlated with WaSt instances, and children of more educated mothers have a 47% lower chance of being WaSt cases (aOR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.57, 0.71). Children from wealthy families are 52% less likely to be WaSt cases (aOR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.43, 0.55). Conclusion: This study emphasizes the importance of concurrent wasting and stunting and its relationship with socioeconomic factors among children under five in India.

Analisis Semiotika Pada Film Parasite Dalam Makna Denotasi Konotasi Dan Pesan Moral

Semiotic Analysis on Parasite Film is the title in this study. Parasite is a film that tells about the social inequality that occurs between the lives of two families (the Park and Kim families) who have very different economies. The Park family is a very wealthy family living in large and elite housing while the Kim family is a family whose family members are unemployed poor and live in a small semibasement house at the end of the road. The conditions experienced by the Kim Family made them try to get out of their poor life by tricking the Park Family. The storyline of this film finally made the writer interested in researching this film with the aim of analyzing the semiotic meaning of denotation and connotation as well as taking moral messages that can be taken from this film where the Parasite film has a storyline that describes human life today. This study uses Roland Barthes' Semiotic Theory. The unit of analysis in this research is the film parasite, where the author takes 10 scenes that the writer will examine. The data collection technique that the writer uses is by watching the original film that is neither cut nor censored from start to finish, observing the scenes the author studies, conducting direct interviews with informants and observing the film. This study uses a descriptive research methodology with a qualitative approach. The author also tests the validity of the data by testing the credibility or trust in the data by triangulating data sources and checking the data by conducting interviews with informants directly and asking questions related to films that help research.

Digital Novels: A Recycled Advertisement about the Old Social Construction of Women’s Identity

21st-century digital novels, accessible through mobile apps like Webnovel, Dreame, and Play Books, commonly depict women characters as powerless, impoverished stepdaughters or illegitimate children. These prevalent themes in digital novels often reinforce patriarchal norms and present themes of fathers' financial struggles and indebtedness to wealthy families resulted to contract marriage or planned marriage. Employing the approach of feminist literary criticism, this study aims to examine how these novels uphold antiquated perceptions of women's identity. Through the reading strategy of feminist literary criticism is revealed that these digital novels represented the old construction about women identity, perpetuating the idea that women are powerless and financially dependent on men. From the setting of the novel, we know that the offered themes were not only occurred in eastern culture but also in western culture. They depict women as inanimate objects, lacking agency and voice. The narratives promote patriarchy by portraying male power and oppression as protection, often emphasizing material wealth. This notion is strategically disseminated through digital novels, targeting the millennial generation who have easy access to digital media. Consequently, younger women may internalize these ideas and accept their subjugated role. Instead, digital novels should empower women to navigate patriarchal constraints and depict men who respect and support women's autonomy, challenging traditional gender norms. While the study employs feminist literary criticism as the reading strategy, it's important to acknowledge that different theoretical frameworks or approaches may provide alternative interpretations of the novels. Recognizing the limitations and potential biases of the chosen methodology could lead to a more balanced analysis.