Wealthy Families Research Articles

Trusted professionals or expendable functionaries? Exploring the sources of role strain among teachers at an elite high school

In this qualitative study, I examine the sources of role strain among teachers at The Richmond Academy of Science (the Academy) – one of the most exclusive English-medium international schools in Bangalore, a city in southwest India. I address the following question: How does the Academy’s position, as one of the premiere inter-national schools, impact teachers’ interactions with students, parents, and senior administrators? The analysis of interviews with 24 teachers at the Academy indicates that structural aspects of the school, such as its dependence on recruiting stu-dents from wealthy families, inform how students, parents, and senior administrators interact with teachers. In some cases, teachers are treated as trusted professionals whose opinions are valued, whereas in other instances, they are treated as expendable functionaries whose job involves ful-filling the goals set by others – namely parents and senior administrators. Teachers’ attempts to satisfy these conflicting expectations lead to role strain, which they express as resignation and frus-tration. Interrogating how teachers at one elite school experience their work provides important insight into how schools’ structural characteris-tics and the behaviour of key stakeholders shape teachers’ professional experiences.

ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ ШОТЛАНДЦЯ ПАТРІКА ГОРДОНА У КИЄВІ (ЗА МАТЕРІАЛАМИ ЩОДЕННИКА 1684–1685 рр.)

Patrick Gordon entered the history of Eastern Europe as a companion of Peter I, commander of the Chyhyryn campaign of 1678, one of many foreign officers who formed regiments of foreign troops in the Muscovite state. Patrick Gordon came from a wealthy family in Aberdeen County, Scotland. Patrick’s childhood took place during the Civil War in England 1642–1651, so at the age of 16, Gordon’s parents sent Patrick to study at the Jesuit college in Braunsberg (now the city of Braniewo, Poland). Later, Patrick Gordon began his military career in the Swedish and then in the Polish armies and distinguished himself in important battles of the Northern War of 1655–1660. After the end of the hostilities, he received an offer from the Moscow envoy Vasyl Leontiev to serve in the Moscow army. Patrick Gordon agreed and, starting in 1661, served in Muscovy. The period of the 70s – 80s of the 17th century. in the life of Patrick Gordon is closely connected with the Ukrainian lands and the city of Kyiv. Patrick Gordon’s Ukrainian period is poorly researched, and most of the records representing the Scotsman’s stay in Ukrainian lands in 1667–1677 and 1678–1684 have been lost. The main source in the study of the biography of Patrick Gordon and the history of Eastern Europe is the unique diaries written by him. Volume 1 (1635–1659), Volume 2 (1659–1667), Volume 3 (1677–1678), Volume 4 (1684–1689), Volume 5 (1690–1695) have been preserved and published, Volume 6 (1695–1698). The diaries cover his entire life, from childhood to the beginning of 1699, a few months before his death. Volume 4 (1684–1689) testifies to Patrick Gordon’s stay in Kyiv. This scientific article aims to investigate and reveal Patrick Gordon’s stay in Kyiv during 1678–1684, his role in the construction of new defensive fortifications in the city based on the materials of the preserved diaries. As an engineer, P. Gordon organized the construction of a system of ramparts around Pechersk, Upper Town and Podil. At the end of the long work, in 1695, Colonel Ivan Ushakov compiled a map of the renewed Kyiv fortifications, the main role in the construction of which was played by Patrick Gordon. The article highlights the main districts of Kyiv at that time, explores the social topography and stratification of the city, highlights important events in the life of Patrick Gordon, presents events from the history of the Kyiv Metropolis and its annexation by the Moscow Patriarchate. The article is based on the materials of diaries that were published by historians during the 19th – 21st centuries.

Parenting style and the non-cognitive development of high school student: evidence from rural China.

Understanding the relationship between parenting style and the non-cognitive development of high school students is crucial, particularly in rural China. Non-cognitive abilities, including traits such as emotional regulation, resilience, and interpersonal skills, play a significant role in students' overall development and future success. This study aims to investigate how different parenting styles impact non-cognitive abilities among high school students in rural China. This study surveyed 6,549 high school students and their primary caregivers in rural China. The students had an average age of 17.61 years, with 48% being male, and 62% of Han ethnicity. Primary caregivers self-reported their parenting styles, while the students' non-cognitive abilities were assessed using the Big Five Inventory-Short (BFI-S). The relationship between parenting style and non-cognitive development was analyzed using two distinct methods: two dimensions (authoritative and authoritarian) and four categories of parenting styles. The study revealed that an authoritative parenting style had a positive impact on the non-cognitive abilities of students. Conversely, a negative association was observed between the authoritarian parenting style and the students' non-cognitive development. This association was more pronounced in the non-cognitive developmental scores of girls compared to boys. Additionally, parents from wealthier families or those with higher levels of education were more likely to adopt an authoritative parenting style rather than an authoritarian one. The results of this study highlight the significant influence of parenting styles on the non-cognitive development of high school students in rural China. Authoritative parenting, characterized by warmth and structure, appears to foster better non-cognitive outcomes, while authoritarian parenting, marked by strictness and less warmth, is associated with poorer non-cognitive development. The gender differences observed suggest that girls may be more sensitive to variations in parenting style. Furthermore, the socioeconomic and educational background of parents plays a crucial role in determining the parenting style adopted. These findings underscore the importance of developing and implementing parenting training interventions in rural China, aimed at promoting authoritative parenting practices to enhance the non-cognitive development of students.

Նկարագրական պատկերները Լեվոն Բաշալյանի գեղարվեստական արձակում / Descriptive Images in Levon Bashalyan's Literary Fiction

The realist movement, which began in the 1880s in Western Armenian literature, is characterized by its aim to depict life in its diversity. It turned to smaller forms of prose, such as novellas, short stories, chronicles, essays, and sketches. Among these, the sketch particularly stands out as a genre with distinctive descriptive and observational content. Levon Bashalyan is a keen observer. His focus ranges from the secluded buildings of Constantinople and the lifestyles of wealthy families to the passionate, dissolute nights of Paris and the silent, endless expanse of the sea. In nearly twenty short stories and novellas, along with a few travelogues and memoirs, Bashalyan skillfully portrays Armenian life at the end of the 19th century. He explores the inner world of individuals, revealing their most intense feelings and refined emotions. His use of descriptive techniques— such as landscapes, portrait-like character sketches, and symbolic imagery— serves as a means of artistic generalization. The writer succeeds in presenting the era and its people in a comprehensive and insightful manner through simple yet effective descriptions. In Bashalyan's system of imagery, repetitions, comparisons, and contrasts play a crucial role, providing significant context and depth to his work.

Ketidakadilan Gender pada Tokoh Perempuan dalam Novel Terusir Karya Buya Hamka: Kajian Kritik Sastra Feminis

Gender inequality often occurs in women. This is because the construction of a patriarchal society places women in the domestic sphere so that women are seen as helpless, weak, and in a lower position than men. This research aims to describe and explain the forms of gender injustice experienced by female characters in the Novel Terusir by Buya Hamka. This research is qualitative research using a feminist literary criticism approach. The data source is a document from the Novel Terusir by Buya Hamka. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling, namely sampling with the aim of considering the content of gender injustice towards female figures. Data collection techniques use document analysis. Data analysis uses flowing model analysis. Data validity testing was carried out by theoretical triangulation and inter-researcher triangulation. The results of the research showed that 59 data were found on gender inequality in female figures, namely 14 data on marginalization, 4 data on subordination, 20 data on stereotypes, 20 data on violence, and 1 data on workload. The most dominant form of gender injustice is stereotypes and violence against female characters. This happened because Mariah was a lonely woman and did not come from a wealthy family. It is hoped that the results of this research will be useful for enriching literary studies, especially the study of feminist literary criticism

Capital and Crisis: A Metafictional Study of Wealth and Power in Hernan Diaz’s Trust

This paper examines how Hernan Diaz’s novel Trust (2022) uses metafictional techniques to explore the relationship between wealth and power in the context of the Great Depression. The paper argues that Diaz’s novel challenges the dominant narratives of capitalism and exposes the hidden mechanisms of exploitation and oppression that sustain the system. The paper analyzes the four sections of the novel, which consist of a novel, an autobiography, a memoir, and a private diary, each with its own author, audience, and agenda. The paper shows how these texts interact and contradict each other, creating a complex and multifaceted representation of the wealthy Rask family and their impact on society. The paper concludes that Diaz’s novel is a powerful critique of the capitalist system and its effects on human lives, as well as a reflection on the role of fiction and storytelling in shaping our understanding of reality.

The redistributive effect of the Hungarian flat tax and family allowance system

AbstractThe study examines the income redistribution effects of the Hungarian flat-tax and the recently introduced family allowance scheme. They were done on the basis of people's individual data for 2007, 2011 and 2020, which yields more accurate estimates than the previous studies based on aggregate or survey data. Between 2011 and 2013, progressive taxation was abolished, and a flat income tax was introduced, along with a substantial widening of pre-existing family tax allowances. We find that the tax reform has favoured high-income earners and taxpayers with children, while the main losers were low-income and/or childless workers. While the share of family tax allowances is somewhat lower for the high-income deciles, this effect is in practice negligible, therefore the income tax system can still be considered flat. The family tax allowance scheme favours wealthy families with many children over low-income families with fewer or no children. The biggest winners of the scheme are the taxpayers in the top income decile with three or more children: these 22,000 taxpayers (that is, 2% of all recipients) receive 10% of the total amount of the family tax allowance, and almost a third of the credit allocated to families with three or more children.

Barriers to the uptake of eye health services of the children in rural Bangladesh: A community-based cross-sectional survey

Globally, ocular morbidity and disability among children are major public health concerns. This study was designed to explore the health-seeking behaviours of parents in Bangladesh whose children have ocular problems. A cross-sectional mixed method was followed for this study. The method was designed to measure the eye health care-seeking practices of caregivers/parents with children with ocular morbidity in three unions (the lowest administrative geographical area comprising 30,000–50,000 population) of the Raiganj Upazila under the Sirajganj District of Bangladesh. The study period was from January to April 2017. Face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured quantitative questionnaire with the caregivers and KI were conducted among the health service providers during the study period. This was the first community-based study conducted in Bangladesh to find out caregivers’ health-seeking behaviour with identified ocular morbidity. Among 198 confirmed cases of childhood ocular problems, only 87 (43.9%) parents sought health care for their children’s ocular morbidities. Better health-seeking behavior was found among the wealthier families. Proportions were 55.3% and 36% among wealthy and low-income families, respectively. Affluent families sought care from qualified service providers. Educated household heads chose qualified service providers for their children at a higher rate than illiterate household heads. Lack of knowledge, lack of awareness and financial constraints are significant barriers to seeking proper health care. More than half of the caregivers did not seek any eye care services for their children. Socio-demographic factors, and financial constraints play an essential role in the health-seeking behaviour of the parents.

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The study deals with the fate of the former municipal cemetery in Liberec. The fi rst part is devoted to the circumstances of the creation and gradual completion of the image of the now-defunct municipal cemetery in Liberec, founded in 1832. The subject of the second part is a summary and evaluation of well-known and preserved works of art commissioned by wealthy Liberec burgher families, which refl ected the work of more prominent and also regional artists such as F. Somaini, J. and E. Max, V. Prachner, J. F. Elstner, J. C. Effenberger and Ph. Nitsche and others. Based on preserved archival materials and photo documentation, mainly from the 60s and 80s of the 20th century, a mapping of selected works of art was carried out, of which only a fraction has survived to this day in improper conditions in the area of the original cemetery, nowadays the park called the Garden of Memories.

Maternal Factors Associated with Dietary Diversity Scores of Children aged 6-23 Months in Kwale County, Kenya.

Dietary Diversity (DD) is an important component of Infant and Young Child Nutrition (IYCN). Globally, it is recommended that children aged 6-23 months be fed on diverse diets as a public health measure in curbing malnutrition. In Kenya, stunting rates among children below the age of five years is 26% and diversifying of diets is still sub-optimal. The study sought to assess maternal factors associated with dietary diversity scores among children aged 6-23 months in Kwale County, where stunting stands at 29%. A cross sectional study design was adopted and a random sample of 244 mothers with children aged 6-23 months, residing in locations under Health and Demographic System Surveillance (HDSS) program participated in the study. Mothers aged 17-68 years were interviewed. Children's DD scores ranged from 0 to 5 with a mean of 2.2±0.9, only 8.2% of the children met the Minimum Dietary Diversity score (MDDs) of 4 food groups or more in a day. A bivariate regression analysis to determine factors associated with children's dietary diversity scores showed significant positive relationship with mother's educational level (r=0.186, P<.000, α=.01), household wealth index (r=0.163, P<.000, α=.01) and the child's age (r=0.396, P<.004, α=.01). The study concludes that mothers' level of education, households' wealth index and child's age are factors associated with dietary diversity scores of children. Higher dietary diverse scores were observed among older children in the study age categories, from wealthy families and under care of mothers with higher education levels. In the study area however, only 8.2% of children met the minimum dietary diversity score necessitating targeted nutrition education of mothers and implementation of economic development initiatives to boost availability and consumption of diverse diets. A consideration of child age specific interventions will also address nutritional needs and preferences at different stages.

전기소설에 나타난 여성의 문해력(文解力)과 문예

The male and female main characters of the Korean Cheongi novel are depicted as people with excellent ability of classical literature and composing poems, as they reveal their emotions and identity through literature and further form a mental bond with their lovers. However, considering the reality of women in Joseon Dynasty who lacked opportunities to be educated and trained for writing compared to men, these characters can be said to be somewhat unrealistic. In Cheongi novel, female characters and their surrounding environments are elaborately set so that women can have literacy and literary capabilities to secure novel probability. The status of heroins can be largely divided into noble class and middle and lower class. They were daughters of wealthy prestigious families, court ladies or Kisaeng(妓生) and all belonged to a small group of women who could access to literary arts in Joseon Dynasty. The experience and situation of female characters described in the novel also help the reader’s understanding of their literacy and literature. In the late Joseon Dynasty, the narrative role of literary works in Cheongi novel gradually weakens and the status of female characters are confined to middle and lower classes. Literacy and literature of female characters develop in a way that reflects the language environment based on classes, beyond the traditional custom of the genre.

Implementasi Algoritma K-Nearest Neighbor Untuk Klasifikasi Penerimaan Beasiswa Program Indonesia Pintar

Scholarships are a form of assistance in the form of educational expenses provided by the government or foundations to students or students who are categorized as from underprivileged families. However, in datermining scholarship recipients, there are still many scholarship recipients who come from wealthy families, while those from less fortunate families do not receive this assistance. This may be due to calculations and data processing that still use manual methods, causing scholarship recipients to not be on target. The purpose of this research is to simplify and minimize calculation errors in determining scholarship recipients for the Smart Indonesia Program (PIP) at SMK Karya Medika. Therefore, for calculating and processing PIP scholarship recipients data, data mining techniques can use the calssification method using the K-NN algprithm. K-Nearest Neighbor is a data classification method that will be used for data objects based on learning data that is closer to the object. In this study using the Confusion Matrix test so as to obtain an accuracy value of 80.00%.

Governance around family wealth: How to preserve a long-term value for families?

Abstract Preservation of long-term values has been a challenge for wealthy families over centuries. What is valuable to each family should not only be measured in financial terms but also in the context of family harmony, avoiding disputes, and ensuring a shared understanding of the family’s long-term goals. This article focuses on and explains some key mechanisms that can assist families in the preservation and enhancement of those long-term values and goals, from informal ones such as family mission statements to more formal arrangements like family charters. The authors offer jurisdictional comparison of examples as to how these approaches apply in practice, including discussion about the legal enforceability of family charters.

Sarajevo Gureba-defter from 1261/1845

In this paper, the Gureba-defter from 1261/1845 which testifies to a custom that was practiced during the month of Ramadan will be presented. It is a list of financial contributions that were collected from wealthy families and benefactors in Sarajevo in the month of Ramadan in 1845 for the religioushumanitarian fund of the same name known as “Aid to foreigners and the vulnerable ones”. Its main goal was to provide financial compensation to ulama (learned people), softas (students of the madrasa), musafirs (intentional travelers) from our and other parts of the Islamic world for their engagement in the month of Ramadan, such as reciting muḳābele (public recitation of the Qur’an), offering tārāviḥ-namāz (terawiya), i’tikāf (permanent stay in the mosque during the last ten days of Ramadan for prayer), delivering appropriate lectures, as well as helping the poor.

Pengurbanan Kerbau pada Upacara Rambu Solo Masyarakat Toraja: Identifikasi Karakteristik untuk Mendukung Pelestarian Budaya

The buffalo-fighting rituals in Rambu Solo's funeral ceremony in Tana Toraja and North Toraja illustrates continuity and change in that community and the state of and alteration in economic stratification in Toraja. The number and type of buffaloes sacrificed at a funeral indicate the social class of the participants. Before the buffaloes are slaughtered, they are pitted against each other in a ritual fight to console the grieving family. This study was performed using ethnographic methods. It relied on participant observation and in-depth interviews. There are social gaps in funeral rituals in Toraja. However, the class itself is shifting. Previously, expensive events involving the sacrifices of many buffaloes were privileged to noble families. However, the ability to hold such ceremonies is open to anyone possessing wealth. Wealthy families who are not from noble lines can also hold such ceremonies. Contemporary ceremonies now feature gambling on buffalo fights. The fact that a buffalo-fighting arena is present at a funeral ceremony indicates the presence of gambling. Furthermore, such arenas can be expected to accompany the planned sacrifice of a large number of buffaloes. The increased presence of buffalo-fighting arenas and gambling at funeral ceremonies constitutes a new signifier for funeral ceremonies in Toraja.

Sun protection behaviors among children aged 6-18 years old, the role of socioeconomic factors: A cross-sectional study.

Evaluation of sun protection behavior and related factors in children aged between 6 and 18 years in Isfahan, Iran. This cross-sectional study was conducted at outpatient pediatric clinics affiliated with Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran during the summer of 2021. A checklist was designed, and the interviewer used that to gather the required information including children's demographic characteristics, families' socioeconomic data, and sun-protective behaviors in children. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) age of children was 10.54 ± 3.61. Among the study population, 63.7% of children were male. The most common skin phototypes were II and III (33.5% each). 83.8% of children used at least one method of sun protection (94.5% of girls, 77.6% of boys, p < 0.001). Wearing long-sleeved clothes was the most frequent UV-protection method (48%), while sunscreen application was the least prevalent method (28.1%). Sun protection behaviors were more frequent among urban children (86.7%, p = 0.009) and children with wealthy families (94%, p = 0.035). Sun protection methods were used by most of the children whose mothers applied sunscreen on a daily basis (90.2%, p = 0.002) and all of the children whose mothers held a master's degree or above (100%, p = 0.004). Children's sun protection behavior is directly associated with demographic characteristics, families' socioeconomic level and maternal usage of sun protection measures. It is necessary to provide information and education about sun protection methods and the risks of excessive sun exposure to families and children, as well as facilitate their access to these.

Harmonizing Liberation Philosophy: Exploring the Convergence of Marxian Economics and Shariah Banking within the Framework of the Indian Banking System

Abstract: The Indian banking system evolved from an exclusive private enterprise controlled by a few wealthy families and trusts, leaving the majority reliant on high-interest private lenders, perpetuating economic disparity. Nationalization of 21 banks under Indira Gandhi aimed to rectify this, aligning with India's constitutional goal of equitable wealth distribution. However, globalization and privatization reshaped the landscape, emphasizing profit-seeking and catering to the corporate sector and affluent classes. The marginalized rural and small business sectors suffered in this pursuit, evident in neglected rural branch postings. To address this, an ethical foundation merging Marxist economics and Shariah banking principles is proposed, seeking inclusivity and ethical grounding. Shariah principles, rooted in Islamic law, extend beyond religious boundaries, while Marxist values amplify voices of the marginalized. By combining these principles, a more inclusive, morally anchored, and holistic Indian banking system can be envisioned. The priority sector's Non-Performing Assets challenge can be addressed without jeopardizing inclusivity.

Level and Trend of Child Health and Nutrition Status in Nepal: Evidence from Demographic and Health Survey (1996-2016).

Child health and nutrition are key indicators of the country's socioeconomic development and quality of life. The purpose of the paper was to examine the level, trend, and socio-demographic differences of selected child health and nutrition indicators and to provide policy recommendations for improvement. Desk review was conducted to compile secondary information on child health and nutrition status published in the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey reports prepared by Ministry of Health and Population from 1996 to 2016. Trend lines, bar diagram, and GIS maps were prepared to study and present the findings. A substantial decrease in under-five mortality, from 118 to 39 (67% point decline) and neonatal mortality, from 50 to 21 (58% point decline) deaths per 1000 live births, was noted between 1996 and 2016. Full immunization coverage decreased from 87% in 2011 to 78% in 2016. 36% of children under the age of five were stunted, 25% were underweight, and 10% were wasted in 2016. Boys were more likely to receive treatment for diarrhoea (72%), compared to girls (56%). The majority of the children (74%) had their acute respiratory infections managed at private medical centers. Child health and nutritional status differed by geographic regions, being better in Gandaki and Bagmati and poor in Karnali and Madesh. Overall health and nutrition status of children were better among educated, and wealthier families. To further reduce childhood mortality and reach the targets for the Sustainable Development Goal, targeted interventions must be implemented to improve immunization coverage plus health and nutritional status among disadvantaged populations.

Influencing factors associated with maternal delivery at home in urban areas: a cross-sectional analysis of the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2017–2018 data

BackgroundThe associated factors and patterns of giving birth in home settings of rural areas have been extensively studied in Bangladeshi literature. However, urban areas still need to be explored, particularly with recent data. Therefore, the authors aimed to investigate the influential determinants of delivery at home in urban areas of Bangladesh.Materials and methodsIn this study, 1699 urban-dwelling women who had given birth within the previous 60 months of the survey and lived in urban areas were used. The secondary data were extracted from the latest Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2017–2018. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were applied along with the association among selected variables were examined by the Chi-square test.ResultsFindings depict that 36.49% of women who lived in urban areas of Bangladesh delivered at home, whereas, 63.51% delivered at different govt. and private health care facilities. Women who lived in Chittagong [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.11, 95% CI 1.24–3.60], Barisal [AOR = 2.05, 95% CI 1.16–3.64] and Sylhet [AOR = 1.92, 95% CI 1.08–3.43] divisions have more likelihood to deliver at home (36.85%). Urban women following Christian religion [AOR = 10.71, 95% CI 1.32–86.68] have higher odds of delivering child at home (0.47%). Urban women having three or more children before her latest delivery (22.37%) and who are employed (29.37%) have more likelihood to deliver at home. However, women aged between 25 and 34 years (43.50%), who have higher education (25.90%), play the role of household head (9.06%), have parity of more than two births (2.24%), and read daily newspapers (68.69%) had a lower chance of delivery at home. Furthermore, women from wealthier families (89.12%) and more antenatal care (ANC) visits (94.93%) were less likely to have a delivery at home.ConclusionDespite significant progress in women and reproductive health in Bangladesh, the proportion of delivery in the home in urban areas is alarming and should be emphasized more. The authors believe the identified factors will help design interventions and policy development on this issue.

The role of trusts in taxing the rich

Abstract Trusts play important roles in the financial, estate, and tax plans of wealthy families. Evidence from US taxpayers indicates that the tax savings that they obtain from using trusts are rather modest, with one of the major tax benefits providing aggregate savings equal to just 0.05 per cent of the annual income of the top 0.01 per cent of US taxpayers. Trusts are primarily used to facilitate intergenerational and other transfers. Restrictions imposed by trusts can have the effect of preserving high levels of wealth and income, creating greater opportunities for governments to tax the rich.