Weak Verbs Research Articles

Constructional change in Old and Middle English Copular Constructions and its impact on the lexicon

Applying the framework of Radical Construction Grammar to diachronic phenomena, the present paper examines Copular Constructions in Old and Middle English, with special attention to the loss of the Copula weorðan ‘become’. First we reconstruct the extension of the OE Verbs is , beon , weorðan and becuman to various types of Copular Constructions. We further argue that schematic Copular Constructions emerge in overlapping usage areas resulting from these developments, in which abstraction is made of the Copulas' particular aspectual semantics. These schematic Copular Constructions in turn undergo some changes themselves. In Middle English a Passive Construction developed out of an original Copula Construction involving Adjectival Participles. However, the constructional profile of weorðan comprised an association between Participial and Adjectival Subject Complements much stronger than in other copulas, and this conflicted with this development, with the archaisization of weorðan as a result. This process of archaisization was further strengthened by the takeover of Weak Verbs in - ian (type ealdian ‘become old’) by new copulas like becuman . In general, we show how diachronic construction grammar might account for the loss of a function word otherwise difficult to account for.

Schreibung und Vocalisierung der Partizipien im Biblischen Hebräisch

The paper studies the formation of the participle in Biblical Hebrew according to the Masoretic (Tiberian) tradition, arranged according to the different conjugations and the different classes of weak verbs, including verbal adjectives. It includes examination of the details of vocalization and plene or defective writing. For the distribution of doublets, it tries to formulate syntactic, semantic, or diachronic rules. Two groups of forms exhibit special features: feminine singular participles and participles of roots III.j without ending. The feminine singular forms can end in -a or in -t. The ending -a is paradigmatic in all participles of roots III.j, after long vowel (passive participle and the roots II.w) or doubled vowel (roots II.gem.) Other active participles end normally in -t, endings in -a are common only in poetic texts. Passive participles prefer -a in nominal use, - t in verbal. Verbal adjectives end in -a. Masculine singular participles of roots III.j can be vocalized with sere and with segol. Commonly, the forms in sere are classified as construct state, but syntactically some of them are not in construct state. So the condition for forms in sere is better labelled as close joined situation.

A phonotactic link between strong verbs and function words in English

In ‘Vowel + consonant and consonant + vowel sequences in the strong verbs of German and English’ (Cahiers Ferdinand de Saussure 1995–1996/49:139–63) I showed that the vowel + consonant sequences (VCs) and the consonant + vowel sequences (CVs) of the English strong verbs tend to occur only on the strong verbs, not on weak verbs, and hence serve as phonotactic markers of strong conjugation. In this paper I adduce data which show that the English strong verb VCs (though not the CVs) have an unexpectedly high rate of occurrence—72%—in monosyllabic function words such as prepositions and pronouns. Thus a formal, phonotactic link has been established between strong verbs and function words in English. The same tendency has been demonstrated for the strong verbs of German and the non-productive verbs of Russian. The pattern revealed points towards the possibility of finding rules for the formation of strong verbs and a separate meaning—perhaps aspectual—for them, different to that of the weak verbs.

Productivity of the Weak Verbs in Romanian

Productivity of the Weak Verbs in Romanian

Glide Distribution in Classical Arabic Verb Stems

The seemingly idiosyncratic distribution of glides in the weak verb stems of Classical Arabic is given a coherent analysis as the consequence of constraint interaction, as defined by Optimality Theory. At the core of the analysis are two constraint rankings that determine the vowels of the verb stem. One ranking, which ensures harmonic parsing of a low vowel over high vowels, is based on input/output faithfulness; the other ranking, which ensures harmonic parsing of high vowels over a low vowel, is based on intercandidate faithfulness, as defined by Sympathy Theory. These constraint rankings interact with generally defined markedness constraints to account for glide distribution in all measure I verb forms without specific reference to morphological contexts. As a result, the complex distribution of glides in Arabic is not typologically anomalous.

Productivity of the Weak Verbs in Romanian

This paper analyzes the productivity of weak verbs (1st conjugation with present in - ez and 4th conjugation with present in - esc ) in Romanian. The weak model originated in two derivational patterns common to all Romance languages, that developed into inflectional mechanisms only in some of them. Among its sister languages Romanian has exploited most intensively the weak inflection. It has been maintained that Modern Romanian has a single fully productive class, namely the 1st conjugation. However, there is no analysis that clearly distinguishes the productivity of the weak vs. the strong model in the 1st conjugation and that determines the domains of competition between the 1st and the 4th conjugation, which is also productive. This paper tries to fill this lacuna by a more accurate analysis of the productivity in the Romanian verb inflection. Based on an analysis of modern and historical data, and using also data from an experiment with nonce words, the conclusion is that Modern Romanian has two fully productive classes: weak verbs of the 1st conjugation and weak verbs of the 4th conjugation. The competition between these two classes seems to be governed by diaphasic and phonological criteria.

Yearbook of Morphology 1999 (review)

Reviewed by: Yearbook of morphology 1999 ed. by Geert Booij, Jaap van Marle Edward J. Vajda Yearbook of morphology 1999. Ed. by Geert Booij and Jaap van Marle. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2001. Pp. 319. ISBN 079236631X. $157.50 (Hb). This Yearbook volume contains eleven articles, five on diachronic aspects of morphology, the rest dealing with miscellaneous topics. The data derives mainly from Romance, Germanic, and Slavic languages. Martin Haspelmath is guest editor for the section on diachronic morphology. The articles here focus mainly on the motivation behind morphological change, or on the notion of which formal elements in a word (stem vs. affix, phonological stem trait vs. inflection) actually convey semantic content. Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy’s ‘Umlaut as signans and signatum: Synchronic and diachronic aspects’ (1–23) explores an instance where a phonological trait has come to express informational content. In ‘What sort of thing is a derivational affix? Diachronic evidence from Romanian and Spanish’ (25–52), Martin Maiden makes a similar argument for the function of derivational affixes, which, contrary to some claims (cf. Robert Beard, Lexeme morpheme base morphology, New York: SUNY Press, 1995), are shown not to be semantically vacuous. In ‘The development of “junk”: Irregularization strategies of have and say in the Germanic languages’ (53–74), Damaris NÜbling analyzes how these originally weak verbs became irregular across the various Germanic languages. Elisabetta Magni’s ‘Paradigm organization and lexical connections in the development of the Italian passato remoto’ (75–96) explores cognitive motivations for the development of irregular preterite forms. Elke Ronneberger-Sibold’s ‘On useful darkness: Loss and destruction of transparency by linguistic change, borrowing, and word creation’ (97–120) likewise deals with speaker awareness of phonological processes—a factor that manifests itself in speaker preference for specific types of word formation. The volume’s remaining six articles cover a range of topics, most dealing with cognitive processing. Marco Baroni’s ‘The representation of prefixed forms in the Italian lexicon’ (121–52) uses the distribution of intervocalic [s] and [z] allophones in Northern Italian dialects as evidence for whether speakers have come to regard certain historically prefixed stems as monomorphemic. In ‘On inherent inflection feeding derivation in Polish’ (153–83), Bożena Cetnarowska argues that in certain Polish word forms derivation must be able to follow as well as precede inflection. This raises interesting questions about the notion of lexical stem. In ‘The processing of interfixed German compounds’ (184–220), Wolfgang U. Dressler, Gary Libben, Jacqueline Stark, Christiane Pons, and Gonia Jarema explore the cognitive processing of compound words such as leben-s-lang ‘life-long’. Andrew Hippisley’s ‘Word formation rules in a default inheritance framework: A network morphology account of Russian personal nouns’ (221–61) provides an excellent encapsulation of network morphology, as well as a convincing account of how affix rivalry and exceptionality can be simultaneously accommodated in a theory of word form creation. Steven G. LaPointe’s ‘Stem selection and OT’ (263–97) gives an optimality theory account of stem and affix allomorphy, based on data from a variety of languages, including Korean and Cherokee. The book’s final article, Irit Meir’s ‘Verb classifiers as noun incorporation in Israeli sign language’ (299–319), argues that certain hand gestures bear striking similarities to the properties of certain types of noun incorporation. This excellent study is a welcome inclusion here for the new dimension it adds to understanding the essence of morphological structure shorn of the epiphenomenon of sound. All of these articles reflect the ‘cutting edge’ of morphological research, making this volume, like its predecessors in the same series, an important acquisition for any linguist or librarian serious about keeping pace with morphological theory. Edward J. Vajda Western Washington University Copyright © 2005 Linguistic Society of America

Rewriting the past

This paper describes the construction of the Ottawa Repository of Early African American Correspondence (OREAAC), a corpus of over 400 letters written by antebellum African American settlers in Liberia. Identifying the most speech-like letters by the least literate authors, we constituted perhaps the largest linguistically useful corpus of diachronic African American English primary data currently available. We demonstrate the utility of the OREAAC through analysis of factors conditioning the variable expression of past temporal reference in nearly 2400 verbs. In these letters, zero-marking is favoured in weak verbs by a preceding consonant (a universal), and in strong verbs by lexical type (an English dialect feature). Factors associated with creole past-marking were either not selected as significant or inconsistent with creole predictions. These findings parallel those reported for varieties spoken in the African American diaspora (Poplack & Tagliamonte, 2001), confirming the value of semi-literate correspondence in exploring the history of linguistic variation in speech.

A morphology-driven string matching approach to Arabic text searching

In this paper, a morphological matching approach based on the lexical structure of Arabic words is introduced. Given a root R, the principle underlying morphological matching is to search for R in a text T to find all its occurrences. An algorithm is presented and its empirical and running time performance is analyzed. The results of searching experiments show that morphological matching provides high precision and recall ratios. But, since morphological searching is probabilistic, the results of experiments involved a number of errors caused by weak verbs. The analysis of running time performance indicates that morphological searching can be as efficient as pattern matching, if the root is entered by the user.

Correspondence

CORRESPONDENCE Response to the review by Peter J. Gentry of Malcolm J. A. Horsnell. A Review and Reference Grammar for Biblical Hebrew. Pp. xviii + 464. Hamilton, Ontario: McMaster University Press, 1999, in Hebrew Studies 42 (2001): 289-297. Notwithstanding a number of useful comments, Gentry's review of my grammar is overly negative. Gentry glosses over strengths, critiques my pedagogical method by confusing the purpose of an introductory grammar with that of an intermediate review and reference grammar, incorrectly concluding that review and reference cannot be handled together, makes some erroneous and misleading statements, and is not sensitive to the need for inclusive language. Gentry writes, "some sections were excellent" (p. 293), "the grammar has good points" (p. 293), and the "taxonomy of the weak verb is exhaustive" (p. 291). Gentry rather quickly moves on to perceived negatives, particularly where pedagogical issues concerning the proper and most efficient ways of presenting descriptions and instructional materials are involved. Gentry considers it imprudent to discuss weak verbs, doubly weak verbs, and pronominal suffixes "at the end," that is, in Review and Reference Grammar, Part 2 (pp. 290-291). He prefers discussion of weak and doubly weak verbs with the strong verb up front and discussion of pronominal suffixes much sooner (p. 291). The order in which these topics are discussed is not imprudent. Gentry ignores the following considerations: (1) intermediate students already have a working knowledge of these forms; (2) intermediate students can review these forms inductively while working through Part 1 and reading in the Hebrew Bible with a (parsing) lexicon; (3) this is an intermediate reference and review grammar, not an introductory grammar; (4) discussion of these topics in separate lessons provides a helpful systematic overview of each topic; spreading them throughout the grammar would remove this systematic overview, unless the Review and Reference Grammar became too large and repetitive; (5) the potential for overloading the student with too much detail and complexity simultaneously; (6) each lesson stands independently and the lessons of Part 2 can be used in any order as reference tools while working through Part I; (7) what Gentry suggests cannot "reduce the Mount Hermon of verbal [and pronominal] morphology to a more manageable Mount Mizar" (p. 291). Gentry says: "Irregular verbs like npl;! and 11;!i1 are best reviewed along with the Pe Nun and Pe Waw verbs respectively" (p. 291). That is exactly what the Review and Reference Grammar does (Lessons 50 and 51)! Hebrew Studies 44 (2003) 306 Correspondence On the one hand, Gentry fmds my examples "numerous, sometimes unnecessarily so" (p. 296, evidenced by pausal forms in Review and Reference Grammar, pp. 216-218). In a review and reference grammar, this can hardly be so. On the other hand, Gentry says, "Sometimes no examples are given, just references to other grammars" (p. 296), incorrectly implying intermittent absence of examples throughout the Review and Reference Grammar. His single example comes from p. 312 under "Types of Clauses." He ignores the stated purpose of this section- to refer students to works of more extensive coverage than the Review and Reference Grammar has room to deal with (RRG, pp. 309t). Gentry laments that I reconstruct forms not appearing in the Hebrew Bible (p. 297). However, as is commonly practiced in Hebrew grammars, reconstruction of forms shows the logic of an overall paradigm. Another reviewer has suggested that, "second-year students will appreciate the provision of hypothetical forms (e.g. Hophal imperative [116])" (SR 28 [1999], p. 523). Gentry states: "a corrected edition (not noted anywhere as such) came out in 1999" (p. 297, italics mine). Actually, the Preface of the 1999 "Revised Edition" states that "spelling and punctuation have been adjusted" and that "some errors have been corrected" (RRG, p. vi). This is not to deny residual errors. Gentry believes "Horsnell's language is politically correct, sometimes to the point of absurdity" (p. 297). This implies that the language of the entire grammar is "politically correct," presumably because I refer to the student sometimes as "he/him" and sometimes as "she/her." The only "absurdity" Gentry is able to produce is my infelicitous translation of Gen 4: 1, "Now the human knew Eve, his wife..." (italics...

A Judaeo-Arabic Candle-Lighting Prayer

The Jewish Quarterly Review, XCII, Nos. 1-2 (July-October, 2001) 133-135 A JUDAEO-ARABIC CANDLE-LIGHTING PRAYER Y. Tzvi Langermann, Bar Ilan University MS St. Petersburg, Russian National Library, Hebrew-Arabic II 2499, part of the rich assortment of Jewish manuscripts formerly known as the Firkowitch Collection, contains the unique but unfortunately incomplete copy of a work of ethical and religious exhortation. Broadly speaking, it bears some resemblance to Bahya ibn Paquda's Duties ofthe Heart. Like the latter, it is written in Judaeo-Arabic, exhibits clear Sufi influence, and was written in the western extremities (Spain or Morocco) of the Islamic world. The manuscript is written in a Sephardic hand of the 14th century; in my estimation, however, the treatise was written in the 13th. Some fourteen folios (28 pages) make up the fragment. Many of these are only partially legible, and there are many lacunae as well. Neither the author's name nor that of the treatise are displayed. However , the author does refer to two other writings of his. One of these, Subul al-Khayrät (The Paths of Boons), is mentioned on f. 2a. Its subject is the order of study of the sciences; according to the author, it follows upon similar discussions of the subject in Maimonides' Guide and Yosef Ibn cAqnin's Tibb al-Nufiis (Therapy for the Souls). No trace of this work exists. The title of this work may have been inspired by the phrase subul al-khayr used by Bahya in the introduction to Duties ofthe Heart.1 However, the second writing mentioned by our author survives, and even enjoyed a certain currency in North Africa. It is a short didactic poem, based on Maimonides' Thirteen Principles, beginning vnö ?ppp?? imx>sD I«. The author refers to it as verses that "I have compiled" (jamactuhd), and cites them along with his own commentary, only part of which survives in the fragment (f. 12a-b).2 The manuscript in its entirety deserves close study. However, the many lacunae between the surviving pages, as well as the poor state of many of 1 Toral Hovot ha-Levavot, Maqor ve-Targum, ed. and trans. Rabbi Yosef Kafih (Jerusalem, 1973), p. 34. 2 See I. Davidson, Thesaurus of Medieval Hebrew Poetry (New York, 1930), 3:169, no. 2155, and the relatively long list of references given there. We can now reject the identification of Hayyim Ibn Musa as the author, proposed by David Kaufmann (Beth Talmud [1882], 1 12). In the source cited by Kaufmann, Ibn Musa cites the poem and offers a brief commentary, but—unlike the author of our treatise—he does not claim to have written it. 134THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW . the pages, are such that even a cursory summary of its contents would require a relatively lengthy study, which I cannot undertake at this time. In the interest of scholarship, I feel that it is important to publish one item in the manuscript that is of singular interest: a private prayer to be recited by the woman of the house before lighting the Sabbath candles. The author calls this supplication a ducä3, the Arabic term for private supplication; in Hebrew such a prayer would usually be called a tehinnah. The text is in Judaeo-Arabic and appears to have been composed by the author of the treatise. Following are the text, translation, and some brief comments. jt\h ? oni>y:iNi ?t> ?? onnsi muí -[Tn)HO1J hnìjini p?? »'* otùjh N3TOt>lN 1331 ONiniW H1TY>1 )V TV3N1 nDnVOÏW ipriiWI ^OV^Nl O1JV1JH o>3iu D>\yyrji>i minü Lord, enlighten my fortune and my children towards Your obedience; Illuminate them in Your presence; Place them among the people of learning, practice, fear of God, and knowledge; Keep forbidden things far away from our home; Make our children grow to Torah and good deeds. Commentary: Enlighten: The imperative as it appears in our text is dayyi; it may have been pronounced da?i. The classical form would be dawwiy. The form dayyi is unattested elsewhere. F. Corriente has noted that some "peculiar" solutions for doubly weak verbs are found in Andalusian Arabic, and he cites some...

Computational verb systems: The paradox of the liar

In this paper, the paradox of the liar is studied in the framework of (computational) verb logic. Unlike other research on liar's paradox, which were based on classical logical or fuzzy logic framework, the study of liar's paradox in verb logic emphasizes the contribution of verbs to the perception of TRUTH in verb statements or sentences. A new interpretation of the paradox of the liar under verb logic is presented. Then the conditions under which verb liar's paradoxes occur are presented based on BE-transformations. Based on different paradoxical functions, the concepts of strong and weak verb paradoxes are presented. The main conclusion is that liar's paradoxes in verb logic are dynamical processes with time-varying degrees of being paradox (paradoxical value) and are sensitive to different contexts; namely, different BE-transformations. Another conclusion is that in natural language systems, weak verb paradoxes can be used intuitively correctly due to the uncertainties in brain dynamics and can be useful for expressing human emotions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Some Quantitative Characteristics of Polysemy of Verbs, Nouns and Adjectives in the German Language

The purpose of this work is to analyze the correlation between the number of meanings of a polysemantic word and its other characteristics, namely, the belonging of a word to (1) a certain grammatical class (verb, noun, adjective); (2) a certain grammatical subclass (masculine, feminine, neuter gender of the noun, strong and weak verbs); (3) a certain semantic class (22 classes of the verb, 23 classes of the noun, 17 classes of the adjective); (4) a word-building subclass (simple, derivative, and compound words). More accurate data on the distribution of polysemantic words in the dictionary and their use in text were obtained which made it possible to correct some conclusions made earlier by other researchers.

Nominalizations vs. Denominalizations: Do They Influence What Readers Recall?

Technical writers and editors assume that readers are generally helped when nominalizations and the weak verbs that accompany them are replaced with the verb form of the nominalization. The study discussed here tests that assumption. Specifically, the study assessed the effect of nominalizations, nominalization imageability, and idea importance on readers' recall of technical prose. The results indicate that denominalized text is most effective in helping native speakers focus on more important information. Yet for non-native speakers, nominalized text may work quite well. Conclusions and recommendations for further study are offered.

Old Irish verbs and vocabulary By Antony Green (review)

234 LANGUAGE, VOLUME 74, NUMBER 1 (1998) Old Irish verbs and vocabulary. By Antony Green. Somerville, MA: Cascadura Press, 1995. Pp. v, 145. $15.00. Virtually all students of Old Irish are introduced to the subject with John Strachan's Old-Irish paradigms and selections from the Old-Irish glosses (fourth edition revised by Osborn Bergin, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 1949) supplemented by E. G. Quin's Old-Irish workbook (Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 1975). These get the student started, but Strachan's glossary is only selective, and Quin does not supply one, thus leaving the beginner to face the unwieldy Dictionary of the Irish language (Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 1913-76). And neither of them addresses the most daunting aspect of Old Irish for the learner, the complicated phonological alternations that exist between forms of the verb which occupy absolute initial position in the clause and those which are preceded by a variety of null-position elements such as negators, preverbs, and interrogative particles. Thus, for example, absolute initial as beir '(s)he says' alternates with epir, eiper, and con ice '(s)he is able' alternates with cumaic, cumaing, cumuing . The rules underlying these alternations have now been addressed in Kim McCone's The Early Irish verb (Maynooth: An Sagart, 1987), but it is not a book for absolute beginners. They require more basic pedagogical support. Both of these matters have now been addressed by Green's slim volume, which he tells us in his preface he originally compiled as a learner for his own use. It is no surprise that demand for such a commodity immediately developed among his fellow learners, and it is a boon for all that it is now widely available. The first part of the volume gives the paradigms for many of the verbs found in the exercises in Quin's Workbook. Those not given include the weak verbs, whose predictable forms can be extrapolated from the sample paradigms given, and compound verbs whose forms can likewise be extrapolated from the paradigms of verbs with the same base. G lists each verb in normalized orthography , noting conjugation class and the exponents employed as tense and mood markers. Not every form in a given paradigm is attested, of course, but when they can be uncontroversially reconstructed, G distinguishes them with italic type. Throughout this section , he is also careful to provide explanatory notes on individual forms as they are required. The second part of the volume is composed of Old Irish-English and English-Old Irish glossaries which include every word in the Strachan and Quin volumes as well as some other common words. In the Old Irish-English section, conjugated verb forms are often separately alphabetized and referred to the relevant head word—a work saver for beginning students—and in both glossaries nomináis are listed with a notation of their gender and stem classes. All instructors of Old Irish will want to bring this valuable tool to the attention oftheir students. [Joseph F. Eska, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.] The biology of language. Ed. by Stanislaw Puppel. Amsterdam & Philadelphia : John Benjamins, 1995. Pp. x, 300. Cloth $84.00. This book collects the papers presented at a December 1988 international symposium held at Czerniejewo , Poland. The papers address questions of human language's biological origins; the authors present essentialist, evolutionist, and alternative arguments about the source of our ability to communicate linguistically. The volume includes indices of names and terms. Many ofthe authors posit that evolution has played an important role in our language abilities, but Mary Ritchie Key offers convincing insight from an essentialist stance. In "The biological imperatives in communicative interaction' (147-56), Key illustrates the relationship between physiology and language through a model based on the structure of cognate sets in comparative linguistic studies. One theme that runs through many of the evolutionist articles is the relationship of animal or homimd symbol use to human language. In 'Animal communication and human language: Searching for their evolutionary relationship' (99-126), Gábor Gyori suggests ways that human language might have evolved from animal communication and discusses language as a cognitive system. Also, Robert Payson Creed posits, in "The invention of...

Wie die Alten sungen ... Zur Rolle von Frequenz und Allomorphie beim präteritalen Numerusausgleich im Frühneuhochdeutschen

Article Wie die Alten sungen ... Zur Rolle von Frequenz und Allomorphie beim präteritalen Numerusausgleich im Frühneuhochdeutschen was published on January 1, 1998 in the journal Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft (volume 17, issue 2).

Derivational Processes: Underlying Forms and Analogies in Ḥayyûjs Linguistic Works

This study examines Rabbi Yehuda Hayyûj′s (945–1000 C.E.) use of two derivational processes: underlying forms and linguistic analogies (singular: ArabicHebrew), which were an integral element of his work. Since his goal was to show the derivation of Hebrew verbs from triliteral roots, he focused on weak verbs whose surface forms did not demonstrate all three radicals. He compared many weak verbs to other verbal forms in order to identify the exact inflection of words, especially their verbal patternand consonantal roots.

THE Germanic Fourth Class of Weak Verbs

THE Germanic Fourth Class of Weak Verbs

Biblical Hebrew: An Introductory Grammar

Comprehensive in scope, this carefully crafted introductory grammar of Hebrew offers easy-to-understand explanations, numerous biblical illustrations, and a wide range of imaginative, biblically based exercises. According to Page Kelley, his book is not so much for seasoned travelers as for those who are just starting out on a strange and wonderful journey. The book consists of thirty-one lessons arranged as follows: the nonverbal aspects of the language (lessons 1-10); the verb forms and their functions, with special attention to the strong verbs (lessons 11-20); the coordinate relationship of verbs, a topic alluded to but seldom developed in other grammars (lesson 21); and a comprehensive introduction to each of the ten classes of weak verbs (lessons 22-31). The grammar is accompanied by eleven complete verb charts, an extensive vocabulary list, a glossary of grammatical terms, and a subject index. Kelley employs a method that one reviewer has described as a cross between a straight presentation of grammatical principles and rules and a semi-inductive presentation of concepts through the exercises. Each lesson first presents new grammatical concepts, with biblical examples, and then provides reinforcing exercises that Kelley has judiciously selected from the biblical text (the exercises do not presuppose vocabulary and grammar not already covered). Deriving from the author's forty years of experience in teaching Hebrew to seminary students, and enthusiastically employed in its developing stages by instructors at a variety of colleges and seminaries, Kelley's Biblical Hebrew: An Introductory Grammar promises to be an excellent teaching tool with high potential as a textbook. Kelly has designed it for use in either a one-semester or a two-semester course.

REVIEWS

Journal Article REVIEWS Get access ORA RODRIGUEZ SCHWARZWALD, Markedness Relations in the Pronunciation of the Prefixed Particles in Modern Hebrew and Analogy and Regularization in Morphophenemic Changes. The Case of the Weak Verbs in Post-Biblical and Colloquial Modern Hebrew. GEORGE N. SAAD and SHMUEL BOLOZKY, Causativization and Transtivization in Arabic and Modern Hebrew. Afroasiatic Linguistics, vol. 9, Issue 2, June 1984. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1984. Pp. 38. TAKAMITSU MURAOKA TAKAMITSU MURAOKA LEIDEN UNIVERSITY Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Semitic Studies, Volume XXXIX, Issue 1, SPRING 1994, Pages 112–113, https://doi.org/10.1093/jss/XXXIX.1.112 Published: 01 March 1994