Weak Law Research Articles

Socialization of the Dangers of Drugs and Drug Crime Patterns to High School Students as an Effort to Make Teenagers Clean from Drugs in Pelalawan Regency

The use of narcotics and illegal drugs (narcotics) among teenagers is considered to be caused by several things, including because Indonesia is located between three continents and considering the development of science and technology, the influence of globalization, very advanced transportation flows and rapid technological developments. very sophisticated as a target dynamic for illicit drug trafficking. Drug abuse and illicit trafficking is an increasingly widespread, complex and complicated problem faced by the Indonesian people recently, because it can cause various negative impacts, especially among the younger generation, such as health problems, social and economic problems, and also politics. Drugs have a very broad negative impact both physically, psychologically, economically, socially, culturally, on defense and security, and others. Those who use drugs will feel dependent after continuous use. The drug problem in Indonesia is still something that is urgent and complex. In the last decade this problem has become widespread. This is proven by the significant increase in the number of drug abusers or addicts, along with the increasing disclosure of drug crime cases with increasingly diverse patterns and increasingly massive syndicate networks. The impact of drug abuse not only threatens the survival and future of the abuser, but also the future of the nation and state, regardless of social, economic strata, age or level of education. Various efforts to overcome the growth of drug addicts have been made, but have been hampered by weak laws.

Quasi (-social) citizenship, the common travel area, and the fragmented protection of employment rights in the United Kingdom after Brexit

Irish citizens living in the United Kingdom (UK) enjoy a privileged immigration status, which in turn facilitates access to a number of economic and social rights, perhaps most importantly a right to—and thereby rights in—work. European Union (EU) law played an important role in facilitating the latter, but with freedom of movement and the right to work of Irish citizens now dependent on the Common Travel Area (CTA) and associated legislative protections. This article argues that the CTA constitutes a workers’ rights ‘intervention’, which necessitates a clearer articulation of how this instrument fits within the wider context of post-Brexit UK employment law, including the rights deriving from the withdrawal arrangements governing the UK's departure from the EU. There are a number of asymmetries in the CTA that undermine its value as an employment rights conduit. Brexit, it is argued, has led to further fragmentation of the category of ‘Irish citizen’ in the UK, despite the purported recent recognition of such citizens as a distinct class within UK immigration law. More significantly, the CTA lacks normative purpose, and is a rather weak employment law instrument, in that it represents no more than a facilitation of national legislative intervention to ensure (roughly) equivalent treatment between British and Irish citizens in matters of employment (among other economic and social rights). The current CTA arrangements are thereby devoid of any underpinning (social) objectives or values and lack explicit recognition of their role as a facilitator of access to fundamental economic and social rights. Non-political, and rights-based conceptions of social citizenship are suggested as potential normative groundings for the CTA and derived (employment) rights in the absence of the protective framework offered by EU free movement and labour law.

Tantangan dan Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Penundaan Implementasi Pajak Karbon di Indonesia

This research analyzes the challenges and factors influencing the delayed implementation of carbon tax in Indonesia using a qualitative descriptive approach through literature review and document analysis. The research findings indicate that the challenges and factors affecting the delay in carbon tax implementation can be seen from various aspects. This study has shown that the challenges in the carbon tax implementation process include the balance between environmental goals and economic well-being, public awareness and acceptance, infrastructure readiness and emission monitoring, as well as weak law enforcement in carbon tax policy determination. Various factors influencing the delay in carbon tax implementation include dependence on fossil energy sources, resistance from affected industries, the absence of a carbon tax roadmap, and unclear carbon exposure thresholds. With this research, it is hoped to provide an in-depth understanding of Indonesia's unique challenges in addressing climate change and offer insights needed to design effective policies for reducing carbon emissions and achieving environmental protection goals while considering existing socio-economic impacts.

Philippine mangroves: species composition, characteristics, diversity, and present status

Through the years mangrove areas in the Philippines continued to decline due to human activities. This paper aims to present the status of the Philippine mangroves based on species composition, diversity, and mangrove forest area through manuals, books, and other local and international online resources. Results showed that there were 35 species of mangroves described in terms of their external features, substrate, and zone preference. Bohol had the most diverse mangrove ecosystem with 26–34 species. The most prevalent species were Avicennia, Sonneratia, and Rhizophora that grew in muddy substrates. Among the provinces, 18.52% had mangrove areas recognized as protected areas. Mangrove decline is attributed to the increase of brackish water culture ponds and the greatest decline occurred when shrimp culture boomed in the 1980s. Other causes are over exploitation, weak law enforcement, lack of manpower and resources, corruption, and poor management of mangrove areas and brackish water ponds. Along with this is the loss of flood control and coastal protection indicating increased susceptibility to climate change. Thus, reforestation and reversion of abandoned brackish water ponds are needed. Reforestation must ensure the suitability of mangrove species to the physical characteristics of the environment. Also, the government must actively spearhead the sustainable use of mangrove ecosystems.

Road Safety for All Road Users – Current Situation and Perspectives for 2030

Abstract This article presents a brief overview of Romania’s road infrastructure and road safety situation in general, and outlines perspectives for reducing the number of lives lost in road crashes by 2030. Romania’s road fatality rate per 100,000 population has improved overall from a 2008 high of around 15 to the current 2020 value of 8,5. However, despite a 30,8% reduction in road deaths during the past decade, Romania’s total annual number of road deaths has remained at an average of around 1890 fatalities per annum over this period, and compared to the EU average of 36,7%, Romania is positioned among the worst performing countries in the European Union (EU) in recent years in terms of road safety. A World Bank road safety management capacity review performed in 2016 found a series of factors to be contributing to this high number of road deaths, such as inadequate political commitment to effective actions to reduce road fatalities, fragmented government road safety activities across a number of regulatory entities, speed limits set at levels that exceed internationally accepted survivable limits, weak traffic law enforcement including a lack of speed enforcement cameras resulting in a failure of drivers to comply with speed limits, and a lack of structured programs to implement human error tolerant road infrastructure constructed according to Safe System principles. A series of recommendations from the capacity review were adopted since 2016, although much remains to improve road safety in Romania, especially in light of the Second Decade of Action for Road Safety 2021-2030 and the United Nations Sustainable Goals.

Concentration inequality and the weak law of large numbers for the sum of partly negatively dependent [formula omitted]-subgaussian random variables

We obtained the inequality of the φ-subgaussian standard, concentration inequality for the sum, and weak law of large numbers for partly negatively dependent φ-subgaussian random variables. Furthermore, results for m-acceptable φ-subgaussian random variables were obtained.

Local conservation laws of continuous Galerkin method for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in EMAC form

We consider local balances of momentum and angular momentum for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. First, we formulate new weak forms of the physical balances (conservation laws) of these quantities, and prove they are equivalent to the usual conservation law formulations. We then show that continuous Galerkin discretizations of the Navier–Stokes equations using the EMAC form of the nonlinearity preserve discrete analogues of the weak form conservation laws, both in the Eulerian formulation and the Lagrangian formulation (which are not equivalent after discretizations). Numerical tests illustrate the new theory.

A Weak Law of Large Numbers for Dependent Random Variables

A Weak Law of Large Numbers for Dependent Random Variables

Urgensi Etika Pejabat Publik dan Peranan Generasi Z dalam Studi Administrasi Publik

This paper aims to explore how the phenomenon of demoralizations and ethical dysfunction in the realm of public administration has developed massively, so there is a risk of creating a wave of public distrust. It’s necessary to have a critical study of public ethics, along with the transformation of service ethics assessment standards in accordance with the time and paradigms. This study used library research with data collection technique is carried out by reviewing scientific journals that are considered relevant to this study. The results of this study indicate that there are two types of ethical violations that are mostly done by public official in Indonesia, namely abuse of power and maladministration. Factors causing the proliferation of ethical violations in Indonesia are weak law enforcement and public permissiveness towards unethical behavior. The active role of Generation Z is needed to maintain a healthy democratic climate and reduce public permissiveness toward various forms of ethical violations.

EKSISTENSI PENGADILAN HAM DALAM PENYELESAIAN KASUS PELANGGARAN HAM

The issue of upholding human rights always goes hand in hand with the issue of law enforcement, where this is one of the crucial things that is most often complained about by citizens at the moment. Namely weak law enforcement. The application of law to human rights violations in Indonesia is guided by Law no. 26 of 2000 concerning Human Rights courts, where in this law it is stated about ad hoc courts which are used to try human rights violators in Indonesia. The aim of this research is to find out the role of human rights courts in resolving human rights violations. The method used is a research method using normative legal research methods. The research results show that the Human Rights Court is a tool that can be used to resolve cases of human rights violations, especially serious human rights violations. The Human Rights Court has the authority to examine and decide cases of human rights violations, including settling cases involving compensation, restitution and rehabilitation in accordance with statutory regulations.

Aperture size distribution, length, and preferential location of bed-parallel veins in shale

Bed-parallel, calcite-filled veins (BPVs) are common in shale formations, and although they have been widely described in other studies, little is known about their population aperture size distribution. To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed BPV sizes in outcrops and cores from the Vaca Muerta Formation, Neuquén Basin, Argentina; in two cores from the Marcellus Formation, Appalachian Basin, northeast Pennsylvania; and in one core from the Wolfcamp Shale, Delaware Basin, West Texas. Nine out of ten aperture size populations follow a negative exponential distribution, with one following a weak power law. Bed-parallel vein size distribution and intensity vary among formations and within the same shale. We define three groups of distributions: (1) Vaca Muerta outcrops, with the highest BPV intensity and the largest BPVs (cumulative frequency of 4.9 BPVs per meter [BPVs/m] for apertures 0.265 mm to 8.7 cm); (2) Vaca Muerta cores with a similar BPV intensity overall but with no apertures wider than 1.2 cm; and (3) Vaca Muerta, Wolfcamp, and Marcellus cores with the fewest BPVs (cumulative frequency up to 0.63 BPVs/m) and very few wider than 1 cm. Aperture and length in two outcrop data sets are weakly positively correlated and follow power laws with exponents of 0.44 and 0.49. Mechanical interfaces at boundaries between different lithologies exert a strong control on BPV location, with 65–75% of observed interfaces having BPVs along them. Only 25–30% of the BPVs occur at observed material interfaces, however, and unless subtle, unobserved mechanical layering is present, other factors must also control location. BPV intensity and organic richness (TOC) from Vaca Muerta well logs are correlated in some instances but not in others, indicating TOC is not always a good proxy for BPV location or intensity. These findings provide useful information for modeling of hydraulic fracture treatments where BPVs may influence development of the stimulated fracture network, for example by limiting height growth.

Protection of Human Rights Against the Environment in the Indonesian Legal System

Purpose: This research examines the relationship between human rights and environmental protection in the context of Indonesia's legal system. Theoretical Reference: It refers to Indonesia's legal system and the 1945 Constitution to understand the regulation and implementation of human rights and environmental protection. Method: The study employs the normative law method with philosophical and analytical approaches. Results and Conclusion: Indonesia's constitution guarantees the right of every individual to a good and healthy environment; the enforcement and safety of these rights often face various challenges. The challenges include the imbalance between economic goals and environmental protection, weak law enforcement, and a need for more understanding of Human Rights and public participation in environmental issues. Implications of Research: Through a deeper understanding of the relationship between human rights and environmental protection, it is expected that Indonesia's legal system can be more effective in ensuring a sustainable and habitable environment for all its citizens. Originality/Value: This article suggests the importance of enhancing the integration of human rights and environmental protection within the framework of the Constitution and daily practices.Additionally, increasing awareness and compliance among all parties with existing regulations is highly necessary. Hopefully, these efforts will support achieving sustainable development goals in Indonesia, which encompass human rights and a healthy environment.

SHADOW OF ARMY ON POLITICS AND “ABOVE-PARTY” GOVERNMENTS, 1971-1973

1971 was a turbulent year, with many serious internal difficulties left unresolved. There was loss of confidence in the Government and partial collapse of public security, especially in the universities. The armed forces demanded and obtained Demirel’s resignation. He was replaced by Dr. Erim and an “above-party” Government, with a majority of technocrats from outside Parliament with a programme of radical, left-wing, reforms. Martial Law was needed to restore security. The Constitution was amended, meaning more power for the Government. In 1972 Turkey suffered from weak administration, intermittent terrorism, and repressive martial law, but Parliamentary democracy survived. The armed forces did not maintain their resolve to force reforms through Parliament. Dr. Erim’s above-party Government resigned, and was replaced by Melen’s, which was more acceptable to the Conservatives in Parliament. 1973 was a momentous year in which the republic founded by Atatürk celebrated its 50th anniversary. His last surviving close associate İnönü had died at 89, martial law was lifted, the armed forces failed to impose their candidate for President and Parliamentary democracy prevailed. An honest general election was held but there was no follow-through to a new Government, over which the armed forces remained patient with the politicians.

On a central limit theorem in renewal theory

Serfozo (2009, Theorem 2.65) gives a useful central limit theorem for processes with regenerative increments. Unfortunately, there is a gap in the proof. We fill this gap, and at the same time we weaken the assumptions. Furthermore, we give conditions for moment convergence in this setting. We give also further results complementing results in Serfozo (2009) on the law of large numbers and estimates for the mean; in particular, we show that there is a gap between conditions for the weak and strong laws of large numbers.

Analyzing the Effects of Political Power on Criminal Behavior among Political Elites in Nigeria

This study explores the correlation between political power and criminal behavior among political elites in Nigeria. It utilizes a qualitative methodology, including a thorough examination of existing literature, to understand the nature and consequences of criminal behavior in Nigeria. The study finds that socioeconomic inequality is a key factor influencing criminal behavior, and factors contributing to criminal behavior among political elites include weak law enforcement, corruption, and a culture of deviance. The study applies theoretical frameworks such as strain theory, social disorganization theory, rational choice theory, and elite theory to analyze the effects of political power on criminal behavior among political elites. Institutional factors play a significant role, and the level of transparency within institutional frameworks plays a crucial role in shaping the behavior of political elites. Criminal networks and power consolidation pose ongoing challenges for the government, with various criminal activities prevalent in Nigeria. The study recommends strengthening law enforcement and the legal system, enhancing transparency and accountability, combating corruption and bribery, strengthening oversight institutions, addressing socio-cultural factors, fostering international collaboration, promoting public accountability and civil society engagement, and establishing strong institutions to mitigate the influence of political power on criminal behavior. In conclusion, this study provides insights into the close connection between political power and criminal behavior in Nigeria, emphasizing the need for interventions and reforms to address this issue.

Understanding tilapia mortalities and fish health management in Lake Volta: a systematic approach

Unusual fish mortalities in aquaculture threaten global food security and carry significant socio-economic burdens. In 2018, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) suffered unusual patterns of mortalities, attributed to disease-causing agents in Lake Volta cage aquaculture. In recent times, disease investigations have shifted from single to consideration of multiple factors to understand the puzzling range of causal risk factors. This study therefore aimed at expanding on tilapia mortality risk factors, while documenting fish health and Lake Volta management practices for sustainable aquaculture. We interviewed relevant aquaculture stakeholders operating on Lake Volta and conducted thematic analysis on their responses to map out mortality risk factors and management practices. The identified risk factors were conceptualized in established models of causation web and Social-Ecological System to explain the practical significance of the findings. The results showed that the risk factors of tilapia mortalities are a combination of pathogens and non-infectious factors mediated by weak law enforcement. The results further suggested mortality reinforcing mechanisms through the horizontal transmission of pathogens, namely, Streptococcus agalactiae and Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus. Moreover, the recognition of weak enforcement as a possible factor reinforcing human activities is a non-infectious route that can be deleterious to fish health. Health management practices comprised phytotherapy, vaccination, heat shock treatment, biological controls, and best husbandry practices. Lake management involves creating a waterfront buffer of 85.34 m, surveillance, and executing the framework guiding aquaculture development on the Lake. The findings are suggestive of complementary quantitative studies that augment the qualitative evidence herein. Such follow up studies can disclose precise mortality risk factors to inform policy directives and effective remedial strategies that can secure fish and lake health.

From 30 percent to gender parity in everything: the steady route to raising women’s political representation in Mexico

ABSTRACT This article assesses 30 years of gender quota adoption and reform in Latin America through the lens of earlier theorizing about the incremental and fast tracks. Focusing on women political actors’ ongoing efforts to transform weak quota laws into comprehensive parity requirements, we argue that most fast-track countries follow a steady route. This route builds on Drude Dahlerup and Lenita Freidenvall’s landmark conceptualization of the fast track, introducing countries’ reliance on iterative quota reforms and demonstrating how innovation in quota design continuously raises the bar for what constitutes a “good” quota or parity law. We demonstrate this route using a case study from Mexico, focusing on the 2014 adoption of gender parity for the federal and state legislatures and the 2019 adoption of “parity in everything,” meaning parity for the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

A Pointed Weak Energy Conservation Law via Noether's Theorem

A Pointed Weak Energy Conservation Law via Noether's Theorem

Further results on laws of large numbers for the array of random variables under sub-linear expectation

– Motivated by risk measure, super-hedge pricing, and modeling uncertainty in finance, Shige Peng established the theory of sub-linear expectation. In this article, we derive two results of laws of large numbers in the framework of sub-linear expectations. One is the strong law of large numbers for the array of random variables, which satisfies non identical distributed and exponential negatively dependent under sub-linear expectation. The other is the weak law of large numbers for the array of random variables, which satisfies non identical distributed and Φ -negatively dependent under sub-linear expectation. These results include and extend some existing results.

Economic and Corporate Criminal Responsibility Policy in Renewing National Criminal Law

<em>There needs to be a realignment of arrangements regarding corporate criminal liability which concerns regulation of when a corporation is said to have committed a crime, who within the corporation can be held accountable and the provision of appropriate sanctions for corporations that commit crimes, so that there is alignment of rules that have an impact on achieving legal objectives. Based on this background, this study uses two problem formulations, the first is how to regulate corporate criminal responsibility in economic crimes and how to reform the law on corporate criminal responsibility in economic crimes in Indonesia? This research method uses a normative method that departs from differences in criminal liability arrangements for corporations that commit criminal acts under Indonesian law which will result in weak law enforcement against corporate crimes. The results of this study are first, Corporate Responsibility has been regulated in several laws and regulations in Indonesia, but each law and regulation that regulates corporate crime in terms of scope, definition and subject matter varies, therefore there is a need codification and harmonization. provisions regarding corporate crime in order to create legal certainty. </em>