Weak Enforcement Research Articles

Challenges of Occupational Health and Safety Management in Healthcare Institutions in Kosovo.

Occupational health and safety (OHS) in healthcare institutions are crucial for the well-being of healthcare workers who are exposed to numerous risks in their working environment. In Kosovo, where healthcare institutions operate under resource constraints, understanding the challenges of OHS management challenges is vital for developing effective strategies. This study aims to explore the challenges of OHS management in Kosovo's healthcare system, focusing on three levels of healthcare provision in both the public and private sectors. The study aims to identify gaps in policies, practices, and infrastructure that affect the safety of healthcare workers and propose actionable recommendations. A qualitative research design was used, involving 191 healthcare professionals from primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of healthcare. Participants were randomly selected from public and private institutions. Data collection methods included semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of OHS practices, perceptions, and barriers. Thematic analysis was used to identify key patterns and findings. The findings revealed significant challenges in OHS management, including inadequate infrastructure, lack of personal protective equipment, insufficient training, and weak enforcement of regulations. Healthcare professionals reported high exposure to biological, chemical, and physical hazards, compounded by limited institutional support. Private sector facilities demonstrated slightly better resource availability but faced similar regulatory gaps. The study highlights critical deficiencies in OHS management in Kosovo's health system, posing risks to health professionals and the overall service quality. Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach, including policy reforms, enhanced enforcement mechanisms, capacity-building initiatives, and improved resource allocation. Strengthening OHS management is essential for safeguarding the health workforce and ensuring sustainable healthcare delivery in Kosovo.

Law Enforcement for Violence against Children

As the next generation of the nation, children should get their rights and needs adequately. On the other hand, they are not objects (targets) of acts of arbitrariness and inhumane treatment from anyone or any party. Children who are considered vulnerable to acts of violence and abuse, should be cared for, cared for, educated as well as possible, so that they grow and develop in a healthy and normal manner. That alone needs to be done, so that in the future there will not be a lost generation. Criminal law enforcement regulations for perpetrators of violence against children in Indonesia are not based on the value of justice because of the perpetrators of violence against children themselves, where the perpetrators are does not see the law as a law that will bind an action that he has committed but only as an ordinary rule that can be deceived by perpetrators of violence, it is evident that in recent years in Indonesia and in neighboring countries violence against children is still relatively high, This proves that criminal law regulations for perpetrators of violence against children are still considered small, and even more so if there is peace between the parents of the victim and the perpetrator, peace here is in the form of compensation or restitution which does not create a sense of the value of justice for victims of violence, which is essentially considered to have no deterrent effect on perpetrators of violence against children. The focused data is from the Province of North Sumatra, where for some time this area has always received public attention regarding violence against children. In North Sumatra in 2018 there were 1,030 cases recorded with Medan City being the highest, in 2019 there were 705 cases, in 2020 there were 641 cases, in 2021 there were 994 cases with Langkat Regency being the highest, and in 2022 there were 962 cases the highest. It should be noted from the data obtained, from 2018 to 2022 the age of children as victims is between the ages of 13-17 and sexual violence is the highest type of violence, and ranks number two in types of physical violence weak law enforcement in the process of not being able to make legal wishes come true. These legal regulations will also determine how law enforcement will be carried out. As is the case in Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection where prosecution is lighter than the threat of punishment stipulated by law so that the judge's decision is considered relatively light in cases of violence against children. Reconstruction of criminal law regulations for victims of violence against children in the application of a statutory regulation must look at all elements of life in society, especially if it concerns law in the public sphere. Children as shoots, potentials and the younger generation to continue the ideals of the nation's struggle have a strategic role, special characteristics as well, so they must be protected from all forms of inhumane treatment that can result in violations of human rights.

The limits of derisking. (Un)conditionality in the European green transformation

The ecological transformation of the economy is frequently approached politically with market-based policy, in particular derisking, which attempts to steer private financial actors into ecological and climate sustainability by taking on risks. To understand the effects of such approaches, I point to the relational and concrete dynamics that unfold between states and finance. Conceptually, I propose analyzing the investment chains that surround these programs, and the conditionalities that constitute its relations, which I read as manifestations of infrastructural power. I argue that conditionalities are the qualifier of the transformative potential of market-based policy programs. The proposed “micro-financial” analysis allows to unpack the inherent limitations of derisking-based governance approaches. These approaches come with a dependence on financial intermediaries, which results in weak conditionality and enforcement. Concretely, I analyze how under BlueInvest, a pilot within the European Green Deal (EGD), the European Commission (EC) mandates the European Investment Fund (EIF) to harness venture capital (VC) funds in order to foster the blue economy. I show how, as a consequence of investors’ intermediary position in derisking-based operations and the EIF’s profitability orientation, policymakers come to depend on venture capitalists, hindering strong and effective conditionality and hardwiring limited sustainability effects into the investment chain.

Dispersion in Shallow Moment Equations

Shallow moment models are extensions of the hyperbolic shallow water equations. They admit variations in the vertical profile of the horizontal velocity. This paper introduces a non-hydrostatic pressure to this framework and shows the systematic derivation of dimensionally reduced dispersive equation systems which still hold information on the vertical profiles of the flow variables. The derivation from a set of balance laws is based on a splitting of the pressure followed by a same-degree polynomial expansion of the velocity and pressure fields in a vertical direction. Dimensional reduction is done via Galerkin projections with weak enforcement of the boundary conditions at the bottom and at the free surface. The resulting equation systems of order zero and one are presented in linear and nonlinear forms for Legendre basis functions and an analysis of dispersive properties is given. A numerical experiment shows convergence towards the resolved reference model in the linear stationary case and demonstrates the reconstruction of vertical profiles.

Analisis Penerimaan Pajak Reklame Guna Meningkatkan Pendapatan Asli Daerah Dibadan Pendapatan Daerah Kota Medan

Research conducted at the Medan City Regional Tax and Retribution Management Agency aims to find out and analyze the actual value of advertising tax revenue with the aim of increasing Regional Original Income (PAD). This research also seeks to understand and analyze the causes of the decline in advertising tax revenues, as well as the factors that cause low taxpayer compliance. Using a descriptive approach, this research relies on interview findings and data regarding advertising tax targets and realization from 2014 to 2018. Data analysis involves surveys at research locations to collect information and draw conclusions, comparing identified problems with relevant theories to obtain support.The lack of contribution from advertising tax revenues to the Medan City Regional Tax Revenue and Retribution Agency is hampering the increase in PAD, due to low performance in achieving predetermined targets and the ineffectiveness of existing regulations. These regulations, especially those that limit the placement of advertisements, such as prohibiting sidewalks and roads and requiring the placement of advertisements on privately owned land, create obstacles for advertising businesses in obtaining location permits. The lack of taxpayer compliance is influenced by several factors such as weak enforcement and supervision of Satpol PP, limited awareness of advertisers, tax officers' inadequate efforts to interact with taxpayers, the large number of taxpayers who do not report, and public expectations regarding the solution. advertising tax arrears.

First insights into per-and polyfluoroalkyl substance contamination in edible fish species of the Indus water system of Pakistan

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a group of emerging contaminants, that have a wide range of applications in industrial and commercial products. The direct discharge of untreated industrial and domestic wastewater into freshwater bodies is a common practice in developing countries, which are the main contributors to PFASs in the aquatic environment. The situation is further worsened due to poor wastewater treatment facilities and weak enforcement of environmental regulations in countries like Pakistan. The current study was designed to assess PFASs contamination in muscle tissues of edible fish species from major tributaries of the Indus System, including Head Panjnad (HP), Head Trimmu (HT), Chashma Barrage (CB), Head Blloki (HB) and Head Qadirabad (HQ). The analysis of target PFAS was performed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a quadrupole Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. The highest levels of ∑17PFASs were observed in S. seenghala, C. mirigala from HB, and C. mirigala from HQ with a mean value of 45.4 ng g-1, 43.7 ng g-1, and 40.8 ng g-1, respectively. Overall, the compositional profile of fish samples was predominated by long-chain PFASs such as PFOA, PFOS, PFHpS, and PFDS. The accumulation of PFASs in fish species is dependent on the physiochemical properties of PFASs, characteristics of the aquatic environment, and fish species. Significant associations of PFASs with isotopic composition (p < 0.05), feeding habits (p < 0.05), and zones (p < 0.05) indicate that dietary proxies could be an important predictor of PFASs distribution among species. The C7–C10 PFASs exhibited bio-accumulative tendency with an accumulation factor ranging from 0.5 to 3.4. However, none of the fish samples had sufficiently high levels of PFOS to cause human health risk (HR < 1). For future studies, it is s recommended to conduct seasonal monitoring and the bioaccumulation pattern along trophic levels of both legacy and emerging PFASs.

Tantangan dan Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Penundaan Implementasi Pajak Karbon di Indonesia

This research analyzes the challenges and factors influencing the delayed implementation of carbon tax in Indonesia using a qualitative descriptive approach through literature review and document analysis. The research findings indicate that the challenges and factors affecting the delay in carbon tax implementation can be seen from various aspects. This study has shown that the challenges in the carbon tax implementation process include the balance between environmental goals and economic well-being, public awareness and acceptance, infrastructure readiness and emission monitoring, as well as weak law enforcement in carbon tax policy determination. Various factors influencing the delay in carbon tax implementation include dependence on fossil energy sources, resistance from affected industries, the absence of a carbon tax roadmap, and unclear carbon exposure thresholds. With this research, it is hoped to provide an in-depth understanding of Indonesia's unique challenges in addressing climate change and offer insights needed to design effective policies for reducing carbon emissions and achieving environmental protection goals while considering existing socio-economic impacts.

Philippine mangroves: species composition, characteristics, diversity, and present status

Through the years mangrove areas in the Philippines continued to decline due to human activities. This paper aims to present the status of the Philippine mangroves based on species composition, diversity, and mangrove forest area through manuals, books, and other local and international online resources. Results showed that there were 35 species of mangroves described in terms of their external features, substrate, and zone preference. Bohol had the most diverse mangrove ecosystem with 26–34 species. The most prevalent species were Avicennia, Sonneratia, and Rhizophora that grew in muddy substrates. Among the provinces, 18.52% had mangrove areas recognized as protected areas. Mangrove decline is attributed to the increase of brackish water culture ponds and the greatest decline occurred when shrimp culture boomed in the 1980s. Other causes are over exploitation, weak law enforcement, lack of manpower and resources, corruption, and poor management of mangrove areas and brackish water ponds. Along with this is the loss of flood control and coastal protection indicating increased susceptibility to climate change. Thus, reforestation and reversion of abandoned brackish water ponds are needed. Reforestation must ensure the suitability of mangrove species to the physical characteristics of the environment. Also, the government must actively spearhead the sustainable use of mangrove ecosystems.

LEARNING INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES IN PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA: OVERVIEW, PROBLEMS AND THE WAY FORWARD

&lt;p&gt;Indigenous languages face extinction in the near future despite the important role they play in communication, cultural preservation, and identity of indigenous people. The threat is the direct consequence of colonialism and colonial practices and is currently exacerbated by globalization. Article 13 of the United Nations Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples guarantees rights to these peoples to revitalize, use, develop, and transmit to future generations their languages, oral traditions, writing systems, and literatures. Further, it provides that states shall take effective measures to protect this right, including through interpretation in political, legal, and administrative proceedings. Consequently, Kenya’s language-in-education policy dating from the colonial period has been supportive of the teaching of indigenous languages in schools. For example, in the more recent curriculum reforms of 2017, Kenya set out to offer indigenous languages both as a medium of instruction and as a subject right from pre-primary to lower secondary levels of education as spelled out in the Basic Education Curriculum Framework. However, weak enforcement of the language policy coupled with a myriad of implementation challenges have been major drawbacks to the success of indigenous language instruction in schools. Hence the discussions about the importance of the use of indigenous languages in schools are still hotly debated. Therefore, the focus of this paper is to present an overview of and problems of learning indigenous languages in public primary schools in Kenya. Finally, relevant suggestions have been put forward to overcome the problems.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/soc/0073/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Bound by ancestors: Immigration, credit frictions, and global supply chain formation

This paper shows that the ancestry composition shaped by century-long immigration to the US can explain the current structure of global supply chains. Using an instrumental variable strategy combined with a novel dataset that links firm-to-firm global supply chains with their location information and historical migration data, we find that the co-ethnic networks have a positive causal impact on global supply chain relationships between foreign countries and US counties. The positive impact not only exists in supplier–customer relationships but also extends to strategic partnerships and trade in services. The positive impact is stronger in counties in which a larger number of firms are credit constrained, and such a stronger effect becomes even more pronounced when foreign firms are located in countries with weak contract enforcement. The results suggest that co-ethnic networks serve as social collateral to overcome credit constraints and facilitate global supply chain formation.

Road Safety for All Road Users – Current Situation and Perspectives for 2030

Abstract This article presents a brief overview of Romania’s road infrastructure and road safety situation in general, and outlines perspectives for reducing the number of lives lost in road crashes by 2030. Romania’s road fatality rate per 100,000 population has improved overall from a 2008 high of around 15 to the current 2020 value of 8,5. However, despite a 30,8% reduction in road deaths during the past decade, Romania’s total annual number of road deaths has remained at an average of around 1890 fatalities per annum over this period, and compared to the EU average of 36,7%, Romania is positioned among the worst performing countries in the European Union (EU) in recent years in terms of road safety. A World Bank road safety management capacity review performed in 2016 found a series of factors to be contributing to this high number of road deaths, such as inadequate political commitment to effective actions to reduce road fatalities, fragmented government road safety activities across a number of regulatory entities, speed limits set at levels that exceed internationally accepted survivable limits, weak traffic law enforcement including a lack of speed enforcement cameras resulting in a failure of drivers to comply with speed limits, and a lack of structured programs to implement human error tolerant road infrastructure constructed according to Safe System principles. A series of recommendations from the capacity review were adopted since 2016, although much remains to improve road safety in Romania, especially in light of the Second Decade of Action for Road Safety 2021-2030 and the United Nations Sustainable Goals.

Impact of forest governance and enforcement on deforestation and forest degradation at the district level: A study in West Bengal State, India

According to the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), the world loses 1.0 ​× ​106 ​hm2 forest land through deforestation annually. About 1.6 ​× ​106 people who depend on forests for livelihood are negatively affected by deforestation and forest degradation. The paper attempts to study the impact of forest governance, enforcement and socio-economic factors on deforestation and forest degradation at the local level in West Bengal State, India. The study was based on questionnaire survey data during 2020–2021 collected from three western districts (Purulia, Bankura, and Paschim Medinipur) where deforestation and poverty rates are higher than other districts in West Bengal State. The total number of selected villages was 29, and the total sample households were 693. A stratified random sampling technique was used to collect data, and a questionnaire was followed. Forest governance and enforcement indices were constructed using United Nation Development Programme (UNDP) methodology and a step-wise logistic regression model was used to identify the factors affecting deforestation and forest degradation. The result of this study showed that four factors (illegal logging, weak forest administration, encroachment, and poverty) are identified for the causes of deforestation and forest degradation. It is observed that six indices of forest governance (rule of law, transparency, accountability, participation, inclusiveness and equitability, and efficiency and effectiveness) is relatively high in Purulia District. Moreover, this study shows that Purulia and Bankura districts follow medium forest governance, while Paschim Medinipur District has poor forest governance. The enforcement index is found to be highest in Purulia District (0.717) and lowest for Paschim Medinipur District (0.257). Finally, weak forest governance, poor socio-economic conditions of the households, and weak enforcement lead to the deforestation and forest degradationin the study area. Therefore, governments should strengthen law enforcement and encourage sustainable forest certification schemes to combat illegal logging.

Assessing the Compliance of a Coastal Municipality to the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA 9003)

To bring about a significant change in the SWM situation in the Philippines, the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA 9003) was enacted to provide local government units with frameworks that would help them solve the looming garbage problem in the country. Despite the presence of the decree, managing wastes remains a problem in the country particularly in the CALABARZON. This study was conducted to assess the extent of compliance of a coastal municipality to RA 9003 in terms of institutional mechanism, comprehensive solid waste management, incentives, and financial solid waste management and compare the assessments of 72 public officials, 396 residents, and 126 business establishments regarding the local government units’ compliance. The research utilized a descriptive design and gathered data using the questionnaire complemented with interview and focus group discussion. Frequency, weighted mean, standard deviation, ANOVA and Scheffe’s Test were used in treating the gathered data. Results revealed that Calaca has not fully complied with RA 9003. The solid waste management (SWM) implementation in the component barangays and waste segregation are not strictly monitored. There is weak enforcement of waste segregation, provision of appropriate bins, technical capacity of waste handlers, and utilization of the materials recovery facilities. Waste collection remains the primary issue in the city. The assessments of the officials, residents, and establishments regarding Calaca’s compliance with institutional mechanisms, financial SWM, and incentives significantly differed despite their agreement regarding comprehensive SWM, indicating a low level of awareness among stakeholders and a weak SWM system.

Urgensi Etika Pejabat Publik dan Peranan Generasi Z dalam Studi Administrasi Publik

This paper aims to explore how the phenomenon of demoralizations and ethical dysfunction in the realm of public administration has developed massively, so there is a risk of creating a wave of public distrust. It’s necessary to have a critical study of public ethics, along with the transformation of service ethics assessment standards in accordance with the time and paradigms. This study used library research with data collection technique is carried out by reviewing scientific journals that are considered relevant to this study. The results of this study indicate that there are two types of ethical violations that are mostly done by public official in Indonesia, namely abuse of power and maladministration. Factors causing the proliferation of ethical violations in Indonesia are weak law enforcement and public permissiveness towards unethical behavior. The active role of Generation Z is needed to maintain a healthy democratic climate and reduce public permissiveness toward various forms of ethical violations.

A Comparative Review of the Statutory Periodic Building Inspection Implementation in the Klang Valley Region, Malaysia and Hong Kong, China

Government response to building calamities using certain approaches depends on the types of building failures. Such approaches are the Periodic Building Inspection (PBI) in Malaysia and the Mandatory Building Inspection Scheme (MBIS) in Hong Kong. Both statutory requirements are meant to maintain the safety and structural integrity of buildings, and MBIS is selected for comparison with PBI because of the many parallelisms between the applications of both laws. Since it was made a statutory requirement in 1994, studies have found that PBI implementation by various local authorities in the Klang Valley region, Malaysiawas insufficient. Comparing both statutory requirements offer insight and understanding into the compliance issues and solutions, therefore, benefiting the PBI from the proposed improvements. To achieve the aforementioned goal, the following objectives are proposed: a) To compare both statutory periodic building inspections; b) To identify gaps and best practices in both statutory periodic building inspections; and c) To propose improvements for PBI implementation. This research involves data gathering and comparative reviews of prior studies on PBI and MBIS. The study's outcomes suggest significant similarities in the challenges faced during the implementation of both statutory periodic inspections. These challenges encompass unclear legal procedures, insufficient government participation, and weak enforcement. Building owners in both localities also encounter hurdles related to financial limitations, gaining consensus from residents, and selecting suitable engineers. Hong Kong's targeted inspection using a risk-based approach prioritycan be emulated by local authorities in Malaysia.Hong Kong's approach of allowing other qualified professionals like registered architects and building surveyors to perform initial visual inspections could also be applied in Malaysia. KPKT should consider providing financial support to low cost building owners, similar to the initiatives of the Hong Kong Housing Society (HKHS) and Urban Renewal Authority (URA). Local authorities and KPKT need to refine their service delivery through improved inter-departmental collaboration and heightened engagement with building owners. Revisions to Act 133, mirroring enforcement methods in Hong Kong, would be beneficial. Additionally, efforts should be made to raise public awareness about the significance of conducting PBI.

EKSISTENSI PENGADILAN HAM DALAM PENYELESAIAN KASUS PELANGGARAN HAM

The issue of upholding human rights always goes hand in hand with the issue of law enforcement, where this is one of the crucial things that is most often complained about by citizens at the moment. Namely weak law enforcement. The application of law to human rights violations in Indonesia is guided by Law no. 26 of 2000 concerning Human Rights courts, where in this law it is stated about ad hoc courts which are used to try human rights violators in Indonesia. The aim of this research is to find out the role of human rights courts in resolving human rights violations. The method used is a research method using normative legal research methods. The research results show that the Human Rights Court is a tool that can be used to resolve cases of human rights violations, especially serious human rights violations. The Human Rights Court has the authority to examine and decide cases of human rights violations, including settling cases involving compensation, restitution and rehabilitation in accordance with statutory regulations.

Prevalence and Causes of Software Piracy among Tertiary Students in Ghana

In the era of the Knowledge Economy, Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) have become a crucial aspect of the twenty-first-century environment. Software piracy, characterized by the unauthorized copying, downloading, sharing, selling, or installation of copyrighted software, remains a serious problem worldwide, and Ghana is no exception. Various forms of software piracy, such as software lifting, hard disk loading, counterfeiting, and unauthorized renting, are prevalent in the country, leading to negative economic consequences. These consequences include distorted competition, loss of tax revenue and jobs due to the absence of a legitimate market, and increased costs for recovery. The impact of software piracy affects the social well-being of the Ghanaian citizenry. This research aims to explore the causes and effects of software piracy in Ghana, especially among tertiary students, and proposes potential solutions. A quantitative survey design was used via an online questionnaire to collect data from a sample of 47 students in the tertiary institutions especially public universities in Ghana with backgrounds in IT and are familiar with evolving trends in IT. The findings revealed that software piracy is prevalent in the country as a result of a lack of awareness, poor economic conditions, and weak legal framework and/or enforcement. The study recommends increased public education and awareness, strict enforcement of laws related to software piracy, and the promotion of domestic software development as measures to address the menace.

Protection of Human Rights Against the Environment in the Indonesian Legal System

Purpose: This research examines the relationship between human rights and environmental protection in the context of Indonesia's legal system. Theoretical Reference: It refers to Indonesia's legal system and the 1945 Constitution to understand the regulation and implementation of human rights and environmental protection. Method: The study employs the normative law method with philosophical and analytical approaches. Results and Conclusion: Indonesia's constitution guarantees the right of every individual to a good and healthy environment; the enforcement and safety of these rights often face various challenges. The challenges include the imbalance between economic goals and environmental protection, weak law enforcement, and a need for more understanding of Human Rights and public participation in environmental issues. Implications of Research: Through a deeper understanding of the relationship between human rights and environmental protection, it is expected that Indonesia's legal system can be more effective in ensuring a sustainable and habitable environment for all its citizens. Originality/Value: This article suggests the importance of enhancing the integration of human rights and environmental protection within the framework of the Constitution and daily practices.Additionally, increasing awareness and compliance among all parties with existing regulations is highly necessary. Hopefully, these efforts will support achieving sustainable development goals in Indonesia, which encompass human rights and a healthy environment.

Coral restoration in the Philippines: Interactions with key coastal sectors

Much work on coral restoration to date has focused on experimenting with diverse technical approaches and techniques. As the implementation of coral restoration globally increases, it is increasingly recognized that there is a need to better understand how to govern this emerging technology effectively, which requires assessing the social, economic and political contexts in which reefs are restored. This study examined the interactions (both current and potential) between the dominant economic sectors in coastal Philippines and coral restoration. Informed by ongoing coral restoration efforts in Pangasinan province, the paper draws on social data collection of the major coastal economic sectors in the province. Large-scale aquaculture of milkfish generates significant challenges to existing and new efforts at coral restoration as the industry is poorly regulated and environmentally damaging. Destructive fishing methods persist due to weak enforcement capacities and likewise pose challenges to coral restoration. Tourism, as an increasingly important economic activity in the region, potentially provides synergies between coral restoration and local economies. This study highlights that interactions between these business sectors and organisations working to protect coral reefs will go a long way to shaping the eventual governability and sustainability of coral restoration projects. Future reef restoration initiatives need to understand the interactions and dynamics of these sectors in specific contexts, and to identify strategies to manage them for the restoration interventions to work effectively and ultimately generate sustained benefits.

Building a green state? Environmental politics in Georgia

ABSTRACT Can green states exist in a non-Western context? Much research has been focused on environmental politics in advanced industrialized economies, and the associated institutions, policy, and resources available for environmental protection efforts. Outside this narrow context however, we know far less about the progress states have made in developing their national systems of environmental governance. This gap in our understanding is particularly evident when it comes to the post-Soviet context. Using a case study of Georgia, this analysis evaluates environmental governance capacity in a transition state drawing on a framework derived from the green state literature. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Georgia has faced considerable political and economic upheaval, and in the midst of it all, the country has embarked on an ambitious program of environmental reform. The findings suggest that while the basic internal foundations of a green state exist, including considerable policy and legislative development and solid environmental financing, key challenges remain. These are centered on an unstable institutional environment, and weak policy enforcement. However non-state actors such as NGOs and international organizations provide crucial support and are likely to remain essential in building and maintaining environmental capacity in the future.