Way Of Disposal Research Articles

Impact assessment of alternative fuels on production Cost, plant operation and Environment- case study of Indian cement industry

The cement industry is highly energy intensive, consuming ∼ 15% of total energy demand and responsible for 26% of total industrial CO2 emissions. With the world’s second-largest installed production capacity of 594.14 million tonnes, presently Indian cement industry is struggling with uncertainty in availability as well as the cost of fuel (coal & petcoke), forcing the industry to replace conventional fuels with Alternative Fuels (AFs). This study assesses the impact of AFs on production cost, environment, operation, and maintenance of Indian cement plants and highlights that utilization of AFs provides cost benefits, mitigates CO2 without any environmental issues, and is a holistic way of waste disposal. Jamming of the transfer chute & feeding chute to calciner is found to be a major operational problem contributing to 50 to 70% of system breakdown hours. This study recommends the utilization of AFs in the cement industry and further research to establish design parameters for a transfer chute that can handle the majority of AFs & their mix without jamming, flushing, and plugging issues.

REVERSE LOGISTICS: A CASE STUDY IN RELATION TO POST-CONSUMER RECYCLED PET BOTTLES (RPET) OF MINERAL WATER

Plastic packaging in general, due to its significant generation, has been configured as an environmental problem, especially when associated with inadequate disposal. In this context, the objective of the present work was to analyze the strategies and the reverse logistics process employed for the production of post-consumer recycled PET (rPET) bottles of mineral water from a factory located in the city of Poland, Maine, the United States (US) and point out reverse logistics actions between Brazil and the US. Data for mapping the reverse logistics process were obtained from secondary data, available electronically. The production cycle begins with the consumer through the correct disposal of the bottle, preferably in the vending machines, allowing the recycling company to recycle the residue and enable the manufacture of pellets. The company under consideration uses pellets to manufacture new rPET bottles, promoting a circular economy. Regarding reverse logistics strategies, the use of water bottle label was identified as a means of communication to inform the proper way of disposal, and the reimbursement given to consumers when disposing of their packaging in reverse vending machines.

Solid Waste Disposal: A Potential Threat to Aquatic Environment

The disposal of solid waste close to water bodies is becoming a threat to the potability of water and the survival of aquatic organism. This research work was carried out to assess the impact of solid waste disposal on Nwaorie River in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. This was to ascertain the level of some heavy metals and physico-chemical parameters that could affects the quality of the water. Three sampling stations were established along the length of the study area and water from untreated effluent discharged points, 50m upstream, 50m midstream and 50m downstream respectively from the point of discharge. The water sample collected was taken to the Laboratory for analysis. Parameters such as pH, turbidity, Temperature, Total Dissolved Solid, Electrical conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen, Zinc, Arsenic, Iron, Cadmium were measured in situ using a multi-parameter water quality monitor and flame absorption spectrometry. The results obtained revealed the concentration of dissolved Oxygen ranged 6.900-7.400mg/l, Biochemical Oxygen Demand ranged 0.250-0.540mg/l, mean of pH has the highest value of 5.30±0.0 at the downstream, electrical conductivity highest value was 98.00±0.0 at the downstream and temperature was found highest at the upstream with a value of 31.2±0.01 Zinc was less than 0.003mg/l in all sampling points, Iron, zinc and Arsenic were not detected while CaCO3 ranged 13-29mg/l and turbidity was 0.00. When compared the results of the measured parameters with World Health Organization Standard, all the measured parameter fell within the permissible limit. The study therefore concluded that river Nwaorie is slightly impacted by untreated waste deposited within the vicinity of the river, which could have implications for people that depend on the river for domestic uses and also aquatic organism in the river. Measures should therefore, be taken to stop this unhealthy way of waste disposal.

Impact elements of feed grinder: a review

The article deals with the issue concerning the working bodies of technological equipment designed for grinding pieces and particles of feed raw materials. The most profiTable feed raw materials are by-products and waste materials of animal origin, which have a valuable high-protein content. An alternative way of mandatory waste disposal is their processing, including mechanical grinding to obtain feed products. In the process of grinding, particular importance is given to the working bodies, with the help of which the raw material is directly divided into parts. In this case, the destruction of the feed material often occurs by means of impact. Impact phenomena have proven to be highly effective in the process of intense cracking and chipping, which leads to the desired separation of the crushed particles into smaller ones. However, it is found that crushers have insufficient efficiency of impact elements. The work analyzes the processes of impact grinding from the standpoint of a number of scientific hypotheses, theories, modeling, simulation, experience and approbation, presented in various scientific publications. When studying and improving the theory of impact, attention is paid to nonlinear problems, cracking, modernization of the theory of brittle fracture, diagrams of force changes during impact force, impact equations, wave theory of impact, peridynamic theory. It should be noted that the main scientific results are directly reflected in the improvement of the design features of hammers. It has been revealed that the main improvement in the design of impact elements is in the direction of increasing the efficiency of working surfaces and developing the combination of impact with cutting, abrasion and crushing

Co-pyrolysis of low-rank coal and waste truck-tire: A comprehensive study on product distributions, product properties, and synergistic effects

Co-pyrolysis of low-rank coal and waste polymer materials is thought to be a promising way for solid waste disposal and recovering value-added chemicals. In our study, the co-pyrolysis of waste truck-tire (WTT) and Hongliulin low-rank coal (HLL) was carried out in a bench scale fixed-bed reactor to further investigate the synergistic effects during the co-pyrolysis process. The results showed that WTT volatiles inhibited the crosslinking and polycondensation reactions of HLL volatiles to a degree, showing an increase in tar yields. Volatiles-volatiles interactions improved the quality of tar products by enhancing the conversion of heavy components into more light tar, effectively lowering the average molecular weight of tars. The co-pyrolysis produced more chain hydrocarbons and aromatics while producing fewer terpenoids compared with individual pyrolysis, which was attributed mostly to the catalytic effects of char. Volatiles-char interactions increased the graphitization degree and ordered structure of the co-pyrolysis chars, and the pore structure of the co-pyrolysis chars became more developed. The large number of hydrogen-rich radicals produced by WTT pyrolysis consumed the reactive functional groups on the surface of HLL char, resulting in a decrease in the volatiles and cross-linking degree of co-pyrolysis chars. Finally, the potential synergistic mechanism for co-pyrolysis of WTT and HLL was summarized and depicted based on the analysis results.

When aging gets on the way of disposal: Senescent cell suppression of efferocytosis.

Chronic senescence can trigger pathological inflammation. In this issue, Schloesser et al. (2022. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202207097) demonstrate that senescent cells employ "don't eat me" signals that inhibit the ability of macrophages to engulf them and additionally prevent macrophages from removing neighboring corpses, revealing a new mechanism by which senescence may contribute to triggering inflammation.

Using machine learning models to assess the population dynamic of the freshwater invasive snail Physa acuta Draparnaud, 1805 (Gastropoda: Physidae) in a tropical urban polluted streams-system

The poor understanding of the spread conditions and the geographical patterns of the exotic freshwater snail Physa acuta in sub-Saharan Africa urban streams makes it difficult to design and implement sustainable management tools, especially in deteriorating global and local environments. This study aimed to determine the ecological preferences and the major environmental variables associated with P. acuta abundance, occurrence and distribution in Douala urban streams-system using modelling approaches based on discriminant factor analysis, canonical Spearman correlation and random forest tree models. We inductively define four clusters for snail’s distribution along a geographical and upstream–downstream pollution gradient. Snail’s specimens were collected monthly over a 13-month period in two forest and ten urban sites using a long-handled net (30x30cm side, 400-µm mesh). Meanwhile, measurements of the physicochemical properties of water and streambed sediment were taken. In addition, ten metal contents were determined in P. acuta tissues to assess its ability of bioaccumulation of heavy metals. Results revealed that urban streams of Douala are adversely impaired, especially downstream of industrial effluents. Discriminant factor analysis and random forest regression trees model showed that dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, alkalinity, salinity, pH, water depth, wetted width, zinc, iron, cadmium, encumbrance rate of the sediment and sediment types (high sandy mud, sandy mud and muddy sand) were the major environmental variables responsible for structuring P. acuta distribution. Abundances decline drastically following pollution gradient, with great decrease observed in juvenile size classes. High contents of metals were detected in P. acuta tissues, especially downstream of industrial effluents. This study highlights that P. acuta spread in Douala urban-streams system is structured by key environmental variables related to an upstream–downstream pollution gradient. Therefore management plans should emphasize on proper disposal ways of industrial wastes, and stakeholders should take responsible actions in water pollution control and implement the polluter-payer principle.

ВИРОБНИЧІ ЗАПАСИ: ЇХ ЕКОНОМІЧНА ПРИРОДА ТА РОЛЬ В ГОСПОДАРСЬКІЙ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

Production stocks are an integral part of the production process, and their sufficient quantity and effective use have a significant impact on the economic security of the enterprise. The inventory management system is inextricably linked with the accounting system. Accounting information is the basis for making strategic management decisions. And the possibility of using credentials is ensured by the qualitative properties of the information itself. The article analyzes dissertation works in which “inventories” were studied as an economic and accounting category. The research of the category “inventories” was carried out according to the directions: inventories (in general), production inventories, merchandise inventories, material inventories. It was established that the most popular area of research was production stocks, which were considered taking into account the sectoral characteristics of enterprises. In order to highlight the features that reveal the economic nature of production stocks, the interpretation and approaches to understanding their essence have been studied. Signs that identify stocks as production are: 1) used in production business processes; 2) transfer their cost to the manufactured product; 3) lose (or change) their shape during the production process; 4) are consumed completely during one operating cycle. An important role in scientific knowledge belongs to classification, which makes it possible to detail objects, to highlight connections between them. The article summarizes the views of Ukrainian scientists on the construction of the classification of production stocks. The expediency of their use in the accounting practice of enterprises has been determined. An alternative approach to the grouping of production stocks in the accounting system is proposed, with the allocation of classification features: by sources of income; for the purpose of use in economic activity; according to the evaluation method; according to ways of disposal. The classification is accounting, built through the prism of operations that take place with production stocks in the economic activity of the enterprise. The purpose of the classification is the reliable assessment of production stocks at the stages of their movement, the completeness of the display of operations in the enterprise’s accounting system.

Комплексный подход к обеспечению снижения риска взрывов голубого топлива на угольных шахтах с одновременной добычей угольного метана

Methane explosions in coal mines are the most dangerous type of accident, they often lead to serious destruction and casualties among workers. The main means of ensuring safety is the timely degassing of mines and coal seams, which requires special equipment, financial and time costs. The discharged gas-air mixture is released into the atmosphere or burned, but the most appropriate way of disposal is to use it as fuel for boilers, turbines and other devices. About 7% of mine methane is usefully used in Russia. The article discusses the problems of implementing such projects, analyzes foreign experience and tools for achieving return on investment in coal methane projects.

Prevalence and Determinants of Household Medication Storage During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Southwest Ethiopia

Most households worldwide keep medicines on hand for various reasons, including emergency use, treatment of acute and chronic diseases, and anticipated future use. Being infected or fear of getting COVID-19 in the current pandemic could increase the storage of drugs at home. Thus, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of household storage of medicines and associated factors in southwest Ethiopia during the COVID-19 outbreak. A cross-sectional household survey was conducted from February 1 to May 30, 2022. Data on the extent of storage, storage conditions, their current status, disposal methods, among others, were collected through structured interviews and observations. The data were entered into EPI info, exported, and analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS). Bivariate followed by multivariate logistic regression was used to identify associated factors. P-value <0.05 was used as a cut-off point to decide statistical significance. The magnitude of household medication storage was 48% (95% CI). Analgesics (28.7%) and antibacterial (21.1%) agents were the most predominant class of drugs stored in the households. The most significant proportion of the home-stored medications (34.7%) was reserved for future use, and 31.8% were for treating current medical conditions. The majority of the respondents (84.1%) had never heard/learned about the safe disposal ways of drugs. The presence of children aged less than 5 years in a household [AOR = 1.90 (1.19, 3.05)] and the existence of chronically sick patients in a household [AOR = 4.3 (2.25, 8.45)] were factors significantly associated with household medication storage. The current study revealed a high prevalence of home medication storage; thus, to lessen or eliminate the negative consequences of storing medications at home, it is necessary to review the medication utilization chain and offer community-based training on proper medication storage and disposal techniques, including establishing take-back programs.

Investigation of Toxicological Properties of Organic Agricultural Waste

The increasing volumes of formation and accumulation of organic agricultural waste pose the task of investigating the nature of the impact of waste on the environment and finding ways to efficiently dispose of them. The toxicological properties of organic animal waste (cattle manure) were investigated by the method of biotesting. Planktonic non-oceanic crustaceans Daphnia magna Straus were used as test objects. The physicochemical characteristics of the waste were also determined: humidity, ash content, bulk density, the value of the hydrogen pH of the water extract. It is shown that the waste has hazard class IV, that is, it is low-hazard. Possible ways of waste disposal in the conditions of an agro-industrial enterprise are considered.

TECHNOLOGY OF PRODUCTION OF WATERPROOFING MATERIALS BASED ON ASPHALT-RESINOUS-PARAFFIN DEPOSITS AND POLYMERS

Complexes for processing, utilization and neutralization of oil wastes do not allow to significantly reduce the volume of oil wastes and eliminate objects of temporary disposal of oil wastes. Therefore, it is necessary to minimize the runoff of waste sent for recycling, with maximum distribution and use of a group of wastes with useful properties. It is necessary to build a centralized or decentralized network of installations for the disposal of solid oil wastes. The article discusses the ways of disposal of oil wastes in the course of research and promising solutions. The composition of the formed ASF at the Akshabulak field has been verified, the composition has been determined and studied.

The Study on the Way of Radioactive Waste Disposal in China

The Study on the Way of Radioactive Waste Disposal in China

Apparel Consumer Behavior and Circular Economy: Towards a Decision-Tree Framework for Mindful Clothing Consumption

The apparel consumer, one of the vital stakeholders in the apparel supply chain, has a significant role to play in moving the clothing industry in a sustainable direction. From purchasing and care practice to donation and disposal, every step of their decisions impacts the environment. Various internal and external variables influence those decisions, including culture, customs, values, beliefs, norms, assumptions, economy, gender, education and others. Therefore, we believe having a scientific understanding is very important, because consumers need to be aware of what makes eco-conscious apparel behavior; only then will the circular transition be eased. However, the key concern is whether the apparel consumers are aware of this knowledge or not. Therefore, we formulated a prospective study from a life cycle thinking point of view with a key focus on synthesizing apparel consumer behavior concerning clothing acquisition, maintenance and disposal through the circular economy lens. Hence, a circular economy lens framework is proposed, followed by three research questions’ (RQ) formulation: RQ1. What is the current norm of clothing acquisition, maintenance and disposal behavior?; RQ2. Is apparel consumer clothing acquisition, maintenance and disposal behavior circular-driven?; RQ3. What is the sustainable way of clothing acquisition, maintenance and disposal? These questions are followed by circular economy lens framework development for apparel consumers. Second, following the research questions, state-of-the-art literature-driven decisions were gathered to form constructive consumer-centric decisions over the apparel lifecycle. Third, building on this synthesis, a critical discussion is offered, following the decision-tree approach to inform relevant behavioral guidelines for consumers and other stakeholders in the apparel supply chain. Overall, our findings on apparel consumer behavior through the circular economy lens could serve as new guidelines for consumers to exercise mindful clothing consumption behavior.

Minimizing the environmental impact of unused pharmaceuticals: Review focused on prevention

Pharmaceuticals are essential for human health, but they become an environmental concern when entering the environment which occurs when residues are excreted after consumption or when unused pharmaceuticals are discarded improperly. Although there are no developed detection methods for all pharmaceuticals that reach the ecosystem, certain groups have been proven to cause adverse effects on ecosystems, including increased mortality in aquatic species and changes in physiology, behavior, or reproduction. Particular attention is devoted to these groups of pharmaceuticals and their environmental impact. In this review, the authors suggest measures for the reduction of unused pharmaceuticals in the environment, with a strong emphasis on prevention. Various policy interventions are recommended across the lifecycle including source-directed, user-orientated, and waste management measures, to prevent the creation of household pharmaceutical waste and to ensure environmentally friendly ways of pharmaceutical household waste disposal. Preventive measures include rational pharmaceutical consumption, prescribing greener drugs, or designing pharmaceuticals that are benign and easily biodegradable, improved disease prevention, personalized medicine, enhanced dimensioning of pack sizes, and marketplaces for redistribution of unused pharmaceuticals. The next step is to prevent unavoidable waste to reach the environment, so proper collection and disposal of unused pharmaceuticals is of utmost importance. Finally, educating health professionals and the public and partnership between environmental and healthcare scientists are of vital significance in all stages of the pharmaceuticals’ lifecycle. Minimalization of the level of pharmaceuticals in the environment will benefit human life.

Nickel-Ion Activating Discarded COVID-19 Medical Surgical Masks for Forming Carbon-Nickel Composite Nanowires and Using as a High-Performance Lithium Battery Anode.

With the prevalence of COVID-19, wearing medical surgical masks has become a requisite measure to protect against the invasion of the virus. Therefore, a huge amount of discarded medical surgical masks will be produced, which will become a potential hazard to pollute the environment and endanger the health of organisms without our awareness. Herein, a green and cost-effective way for the reasonable disposal of waste masks becomes necessary. In this work, we realized the transformation from waste medical surgical masks into high-quality carbon-nickel composite nanowires, which not only benefit the protection of the environment and ecosystem but also contribute to the realization of economic value. The obtained composite carbon-based materials demonstrate 70 S m-1 conductivity, 5.2 nm average pore diameters, 234 m2 g-1 surface areas, and proper graphitization degree. As an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, the prepared carbon composite materials demonstrate a specific capacity of 420 mA h g-1 after 800 cycles at a current density of 0.2 A g-1. It also displays good rate performance and decent cycling stability. Therefore, this study provides an approach to converting the discarded medical surgical masks into high-quality carbon nanowire anode materials to turn waste into treasure.

Analysis on the business model of waste market-oriented operation and management in China’s JX region based on the perspective of circular economy

Since 2000, China’s JX region has been actively promoting pilot work on waste separation and treatment. Although some goals have been achieved, progress is slow and generally unsatisfactory. A new waste classification and disposal method that is suitable for a commercial marketing operation in the JX region of China is the problem to be solved in this paper. The purpose of the study is to analyze the business model of market-oriented activities and waste management based on the cyclical perspective of the economy in the JX region of China. In this work, the characteristics, current situation and strategic environment of the functioning of the waste market were investigated and analyzed using the method of system analysis. The application of the theory of joint management and the theory of circular economy, waste classification, ways of waste disposal, waste collection, processing, analysis of the difficulties of waste management in China’s JX region, found that the waste management industry in this region (JX) is facing a market situation that is not is optimistic. It is in the short-term perspective that the scale of the problem, the lack of funding and technical support, and the quality of practitioners must be improved. According to the existing problems, the practical value of this article is to provide a list of measures from the successful experience of managing the operation of the waste market in advanced countries and developed regions of China, as well as to suggest reasonable countermeasures

An Evaluation of Circular Economy Development in the Baltic States

Abstract Research background: The fact that all resources are not infinite and the needs of society are steadily increasing, new ways of producing, consuming and waste disposal should be adopted. A circular economy as a modern alternative to a linear economy became one of the priorities of the European Union in order to create a modern, resource-efficient and competitive system. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to present the concept of a circular economy and the justification of its implementation based on a literature review. The article focuses on determining the factors of a circular economy and evaluating its importance in the Baltic States. In other words, the main aim of the article is to highlight the factors of a circular economy and assess its significance. Research methodology: A panel regression analysis was used in order to evaluate which indicator of the selected circular economy factors is the most important. Results: The survey reveals that waste electrical and electronic equipment has the most significant potential for increased circular material use rate in the Baltic States. All electrical and electronic equipment should be designed so that it would be possible to repair and reuse it to extend the product life cycle and reduce the carbon footprint. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in conjunction with increasing the usage of renewable energy could increase resource productivity and domestic material consumption (DMC) and ensure Baltic States’ independence in the energy sector through offshore wind farms that have the region’s most considerable potential. Novelty: There is a lack of studies conducted in the Baltic States focused on circular economy development using panel data. Most of the previous studies were focused on the European Union as a whole or individual countries. This study presents a deeper analysis of circular economy development in the Baltic States.

Production of sustainable self-consolidating mortar with low environmental impact.

Reusing industrial by-products and agricultural waste as supplementary cementitious materials for producing sustainable concrete is one of the most promising ways to reduce cement production and the detrimental effects of concrete constructions on the environment. However, when it comes to preparing self-consolidating concrete (SCC) and mortar (SCMO) containing such materials in high volume, bleeding, and segregation of theirfresh mixture are the crucial factors hindering theirlarge-scale application. In this regard, the main aim of this study is to address such issues by designing sustainable SCMO using ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) in high volume and rice husk ash (RHA) with comparatively lower environmental impact and high quality. To achieve this goal, the workability of fresh mixture and all its three main characteristics, including segregation resistance, passing ability, and filling ability, were evaluated with recently developed empirical apparatuses. For this purpose, 12 mixtures with different compositions were prepared to investigate the fresh properties, compressive strength, setting time, and environmental impact index. The results indicate that there are inextricable links between mixing proportions, strength, and carbon emissions of the mixture. Sustainable SCMO with an embodied-CO2 index lower than 4.5kg/MPa.m3, good workability, and compressive strength of 49.7MPa was designed by optimizing cementitious content, while the e-CO2 index of the control mixture was around 8kg/MPa.m3. The addition of GGBFS and RHA not only decreased the e-CO2 index but also increased the unit cement strength contribution index. The results also indicated that by increasing GGBFS, the fluidity and segregation of the mixture increased while adding RHA increased viscosity and modified bleeding and the segregation index. Moreover, the growth rate of the compressive strength in mixtures containing GGBFS was much higher than that of the control mix at the same age. The promising results of this experimental study indicate that utilization of GGBFS and RHA in SCMO mixture can provide a practical way to reduce the environmental effects of cement production and pave the way for friendly disposal of slag and waste products.

Pyrolysis temperature-switchable Fe-N sites in pharmaceutical sludge biochar toward peroxymonosulfate activation for efficient pollutants degradation

Pyrolysis of pharmaceutical sludge (PS) is a promising way of safe disposal and to recover energy and resources from waste. The resulting PS biochar (PSBC) is often used as adsorbent, but has seldom been explored as catalyst. Herein we demonstrate that PSBC (0.4 g/L) could efficiently activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to 100% degrade 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) with rate constants of 0.42–1.70 min−1, outperforming other reported catalysts. Interestingly, the PMS activation pathway highly depended on PSBC pyrolysis temperature, which produced dominantly high-valent iron species (e.g., FeIVO2+) at low temperature but more sulfate radical (SO4·−) and hydroxyl radical (·OH) at higher temperature, e.g., 0.17, 0.23, 0.12 mmol/L of FeIVO2+ and 0.009, 0.038, 0.102 mmol/L of SO4·−/·OH were produced within 10 min by PSBC-600/PMS, PSBC-800/PMS, and PSBC-1000/PMS, respectively. Characterization, density functional theory (DFT) simulation and Pearson correlation analysis revealed that along with the increase of pyrolysis temperatures, the active sites of PSBC gradually shifted from atomically dispersed N-coordinated Fe moieties (FeNx) to iron nitrides (FexN), which activated PMS to produce FeIVO2+ and SO4·−/·OH, respectively. This study clarifies the structure-activity relationships of PSBC for PMS activation, and opens a new avenue for the treatment and utilization of PS as high value-added resources.