Way In Warfare Research Articles

Warfare in Serbian State from the End of the 14th to the Middle of the 15th Century

The aim of this paper is to present the changes in the way of warfare in the Serbian state in the late Middle Ages. The Ottoman pressure on Serbian territories, starting from the eighth decade of the 14th century, influenced changes in the military organisation of their rulers. In order to defend themselves more effectively from attackers, they established various types of military service. Despot Stefan Lazarević implemented a reform of the local government system by creating new administrative units. During the period that is the subject of research, there were also changes in armaments.

RUSSIA’S EMBRACE OF ATTRITIONAL WARFARE: "WINNING BY NOT LOSING"

Abstract: This paper argues that once President Putin was no longer able to achieve his initial objectives of regime change in Kyiv in 2022 by using blitzkrieg operations, Russia’s grand strategy underwent a reassessment towards narrower strategic objectives. This paper will provide an account of the changing nature of Russia’s strategic aims and goals, as well as exploring the ‘Russian’ way of warfare. The shift in war aims is evident in the partial mobilisation of fresh troops, the annexation of Ukrainian territory and waging of a war of attrition. Russia has increased its military budget, the manufacturing of weaponry, as well as the import of military technology from Iran and North Korea. However, NATO allies, including Romania, have provided military aid to Kyiv to continue fighting. Taking all these factors into account, this paper argues this conflict has become a ‘long war’ of attrition.

Russian operational art for attrition in Ukraine

Originally intended as a swift regime-change operation by the Russian leadership, the Russo-Ukrainian War has evolved into a prolonged war of attrition. In that sense, this paper reassesses the transformation of the Russian way of warfare during the war through a focus on the battles of Severodonetsk-Lysychansk, Kharkiv, Kherson, Bakhmut, Avdiivka, and the Ukrainian Summer Offensive. Accordingly, the theoretical underpinnings of Russian strategy, particularly the enduring influence of Soviet-era legacy, are highlighted in the first part. In the second part, this research offers insights into the Russian military praxis during the war by drawing on various sources, including Telegram channels. It is shown that the Russian army has focused on the combined employment of a new reconnaissance-fire system (ROS), reconnaissance-strike system (RUS), infantry assaults, and umbrella of integrated air defence and electronic warfare systems for force protection and attrition during costly offensives like Bakhmut and Avdiivka. Consequently, this paper asserts that the Russian war machine effectively responded to the necessities of attrition warfare by updating its operational art, drawing on the Soviet legacy.

Autonomous Weapons in the Light of Care Ethics

The development of autonomous weapons systems is ongoing, and in the future, there may be a serious risk of deployment of these weapons without human control. The world is facing a possible new way of warfare separated from human intervention. This raises the urgency for conceptual, moral thinking on this matter. In this essay, care ethics provides constitutional elements to this moral reflection. According to care ethics, humans are intertwined, dependent on each other, and always related. In these relations, care is the central notion. The overarching goal of providing care is promoting and sustaining human dignity. The violation of this human dignity is the main argument to oppose the deployment of fully autonomous weapons.

Large-scale violence in Late Neolithic Western Europe based on expanded skeletal evidence from San Juan ante Portam Latinam

This paper explores the nature and extent of conflict in Late Neolithic Europe based on expanded skeletal evidence for violence from the San Juan ante Portam Latinam rockshelter in present-day Spain (ca. 3380–3000 cal. BC). The systematic osteological re-examination has identified 65 unhealed and 89 healed traumas—of which 77 were previously undocumented—consistent with aggression. They affect 23.1% of the 338 individuals represented. Adolescent and adult males are particularly affected (44.9% of the 107 identified), comprising 97.6% of unhealed trauma and 81.7% of healed trauma recorded in individuals whose sex could be estimated and showing higher frequencies of injuries per individual than other demographic subgroups. Results suggest that many individuals, essentially men, were exposed to violence and eventually killed in battle and raids, since warriorship is mainly restricted to this demographic in many societies. The proportion of casualties is likely to have been far greater than indicated by the 10.1% individuals exhibiting unhealed trauma, given the presence of isolated cases of unhealed postcranial trauma and of arrowheads potentially having impacted into soft tissues. This, together with skeletal indicators of poor health and the possible socioeconomic outcomes evidenced in the region, suggest wider social impacts, which may relate to a more sophisticated and formalized way of warfare than previously appreciated in the European Neolithic record.

Detect and Engage: A New American Way of War

The threat that paces American force planning is not from Russia, but rather from China. This is leading to a new way of warfare. The authors call it ‘detect and engage’. The confluence of artificial intelligence, applied quantum mechanics and satellite networking permits dispersed and diverse units and platforms to operate as a unified joint force across sea, air, land and space. Cyber operations, practically indifferent to location, further enable the United States to reduce reliance on geographically concentrated and exposed forces. Advanced technology is just one step in operationalising new forms of warfare. Others include anticipating adversary responses; building robust inventories of extended-range weapons; knowing when and how to conduct close-in operations; integrating and empowering defence allies; and maintaining US forward presence. Harnessing leading-edge technology to improve global US military effectiveness reflects neither an isolationist nor an insular policy, but rather one of ongoing engagement.

A History of Military Engagements: The Contrasting Warfare Tactics of Frankish and Turkic-Syrian Field Armies

The purpose of this study is to showcase the Battle of Dorylaeum, fought between the invading Frankish forces of the First Crusade and the defending Turkic-Syrian armies of the late eleventh-century in Anatolia, as a unique case study to explore the maladapted nature of the opposing factions’ modes of warfare. While the Frankish armies naturally favoured western tactics such as heavy cavalry charges and thus developed their entire marching and fighting system to protect the knightly core of their forces, their Turkic-Syrian opponents entered the battlefield in a rapid and erratic way which had led to their dominance in oriental warfare for decades prior. Upon a survey of the tactics used by both Frankish and Turkic-Syrian, based solely on the information evident through the relevant primary sources of the Battle of Dorylaeum, a twofold proof becomes apparent. Firstly, the maladapted nature of the two forces becomes incredibly apparent, stemming from the pitting of the heavily armed Frankish forces and the nomadic way of warfare utilized by their Turkic-Syrian opponents. Secondly, Dorylaeum comes to the forefront as the battle most representative of this maladapted nature; while the First Crusade is largely composed of sieges with remarkably few field battles, Dorylaeum is the first instance of both factions wielding their respective modes of warfare in a way which decided the fate of the following years of the First Crusade.

Upotreba veštačke inteligencije u rusko-ukrajinskom ratu

The Russo-Ukrainian conflict, with its geopolitical importance, goes beyond regional borders, which is why it is inevitable that we talk about it as a conflict of global proportions. The direct and/or indirect involvement of numerous countries of the world in this conflict, especially in the form of military-technical, technological, economic and economic involvement, confirms the above. The focus of our work is the military-technical aspect, i.e., the use of artificial intelligence and its importance for the present and future of warfare. In the first part of the work, artificial intelligence is conceptually defined, and then the use of artificial intelligence in the military industry is elaborated, as well as its importance in changing the conventional way of warfare. Finally, the authors deal with the use of artificial intelligence in the Ukrainian war, in order to point to a new form of arms race.

‘Prototype warfare’: Innovation, optimisation, and the experimental way of warfare

AbstractIn recent years, the concept of ‘prototype warfare’ has been adopted by Western militaries to accelerate the experimental development, acquisition, and deployment of emerging technologies in warfare. Building on scholarship at the intersection of Science and Technology Studies and International Relations investigating the broader discursive and material infrastructures that underpin contemporary logics of war, and taking a specific interest in the relationship between science, technology, and war, this article points out how prototype warfare captures the emergence of a new regime of warfare, which I term the experimental way of warfare. While warfare has always been defined by experimental activity, what is particular in the current context is how experimentation spans across an increasingly wide range of military practices, operating on the basis of a highly speculative understanding of experimentation that embraces failure as a productive force. Tracing the concept of prototype warfare across Western military discourse and practice, and zooming in on how prototype warfare takes experimentation directly into the battlefield, the article concludes by outlining how prototype warfare reconfigures and normalises military intervention as an opportunity for experimentation, while outsourcing the failures that are a structural condition of the experimental way of warfare to others, ‘over there’.

Atlantic Wars: From the Fifteenth Century to the Age of Revolution by Geoffrey Plank

Reviewed by: Atlantic Wars: From the Fifteenth Century to the Age of Revolution by Geoffrey Plank Michael A. McDonnell Atlantic Wars: From the Fifteenth Century to the Age of Revolution. By Geoffrey Plank. New York: Oxford University Press, 2020. 338 pages. Cloth, ebook. Over the last three decades, a generation of scholars have turned to Atlantic history as a means to transcend the limitations of national and imperial borders. Recognizing the extraordinary array of fresh relationships that developed beginning in the early fifteenth century, historians have rushed to examine the many and diverse interactions, connections, and commonalities across Africa, Europe, and the Americas in the early modern world. European empires still loom large in these works, but researchers have striven to recover the full range of levers driving the creation and maintenance of a coherent Atlantic world from the Age of Exploration to the Age of Revolution. Through this work, they have produced rich and complex studies of trade, migration, mobilities, cultural interactions, and the exchange of ideas, illuminating a dynamic web of relations enmeshing the peoples, products, beliefs, and ecosystems of the Atlantic. In his expansive and ambitious Atlantic Wars, Geoffrey Plank builds on this literature to draw attention to another important element at work—the formative influence of war. In doing so, he makes more explicit one of the themes raised by Peter Linebaugh and Marcus Rediker in The Many-Headed Hydra—that violence was at the heart of the Atlantic world.1 Indeed, Atlantic Wars makes the bold but compelling claim that warfare and violence were not only central to the creation of the Atlantic world but shaped the experiences of the peoples of Europe, Africa, and the Americas perhaps more than any other factor. Beginning with the skirmishing on European coastlines and seas in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, conflict and violence were endemic to maritime ventures and also at the heart of European expansion, fueling colonial ventures, imperial ambitions, and the Atlantic slave trade for three hundred years. The tendrils of oceanic warfare also reached deep into the continental land masses, as naval developments increasingly facilitated the movement of warriors and soldiers who brought violence and terror to the lives of millions and disrupted and reconfigured the sociopolitical geography of the Atlantic world. Writing for historians and a wider public, Plank draws on an impressive array of both primary and secondary sources to tell an engaging—if depressing—story of the many different peoples enmeshed in this Atlantic world of warfare. The first two parts of the book survey the lives of the diverse, evolving, [End Page 345] and polyglot group of Atlantic sailors and the challenges they faced, their many kinds of contact and conflict with coastal peoples around the Atlantic, and the projection of violence, terror, and warfare on land. Plank gives us a layered, multifaceted story of a developing Atlantic way of warfare. He is also careful to fold the Atlantic slave trade and slavery itself into the story as a critical component of the spread of interconnected violence, as conflict in West Africa—both between Africans and between Europeans and Africans—shaped the nature of the slave trade in the Americas. Put bluntly, as Plank does: "Violent conflict was intrinsic to slavery, embedded in its origins and part of its operations" (198). One of the great strengths of Atlantic Wars is its weaving of the micro and the macro—from stories of people entangled in warfare to the broader patterns and meanings that emerged from the violence. In the earlier chapters, Plank elaborates the brutal details of fishing wars, coastal raids, kidnappings, shipboard violence, and desperate and bloody maritime and coastal struggles from Boston to Buenos Aires and from the Senegal River to the Saint Lawrence. From this welter of richly detailed stories, Plank builds a case that the forging of an interconnected Atlantic world was predicated on these disparate and seemingly random conflicts. Starting with maritime conflict on the Baltic, the North Sea, and the Mediterranean, Plank outlines the technological changes in shipbuilding and naval warfare that facilitated local and regional commerce even while spreading violence. The growth of these trade networks, moreover, allowed European nations a measure...

Poslednji Makedonski pohod na Iran - jedna zaboravljena vojna revolucija

The campaign of the Seleucid king Antiochus VII led against the newly expanded empire of the Parthians (the Arsacid dynasty) is a very important, but largely forgotten episode of ancient military history. Conducted during 130 and 129 BC, it was the final attempt by the Macedonian dynasty of Seleucids to preserve its position as the leading power in Western Asia, against growing Arsacid might that gradually took control over Iran, Mesopotamia and parts of Central Asia. Apart from marking the definitive end of Seleucids as a great power, this event is noteworthy because of the consequences it had for the Parthian military organization and doctrine. The very beginning of the war was marked by massive defeats on the side of the Parthians, with battles, entire armies and regions lost. The Parthian king Phraates II learnt appropriate lessons from the defeat and reorganized what was left of his army for the type of warfare: instead of leading massive positional battles, the victory is to be won through maneuver warfare, exhaustion of the enemy and the elimination of the smaller and isolated parts of the hostile force. There is significant support for the claim that the changes brought on by this experience had a character of a true military revolution - a revolution that shaped the classical Parthian way of warfare. This was one of the most important factors for the later (and mostly successful) Parthian resistance to the Romans, and particularly in their greatest military triumph: the victory over the Army of Marcus Crassus at Carrhae in 53 BC.

From “Shock and Awe” to Asymmetric Warfare in Modern Military Warfare

This study aims to present the strategies from “Shock and Awe” to asymmetric warfare in modern military warfare. The main points in the article are: Introduction: The lessons of a war - The Yom Kippur War; In the years before the Yom Kippur War; After the Yom Kippur War, the American military understood that it had to focus on mobile and rapid warfare against regular armies, an issue that had been neglected over the past decade; The “Shock and Awe” battle strategy. In conclusion: a very important element for coping with asymmetric warfare is the psychological strength of the civilian population. As stated, one of the ways of warfare of the weak side against the strong side is the marking the psychological sensitivity of the civilian population of the strong side as a target. A psychological attack on the civilian population can manifest itself in the launching of missiles at it, the control of its information, the multiplicity of casualties of its soldiers and the sowing of a sense of frustration in it due to prolonged confrontation.

Book Review: Charles E. Callwell and the British Way in Warfare by Daniel Whittingham

Book Review: <i>Charles E. Callwell and the British Way in Warfare</i> by Daniel Whittingham

GOLUB BABIĆ I MILETA DESPOTOVIĆ: SKICE ZA BIOGRAFIJE USTANIČKIH VOĐA U BOSNI 1875–1878.

Golub Babić and Mileta Despotović do not have separate biographies. These are sketches for their biographies, during the time they were at the head of the uprising in southwestern Bosnia from 1875 to 1878. In the 1860s, Golub Babić, still a migrant from Krajina, was involved in the conspiratorial activities of the Serbian government in Bosnia. He came to southwestern Bosnia in August 1875 from Belgrade, although a supporter of the guerrilla way of war, Duke Babić was the first to start forming a military organization according to the modern European model, while Educating the “Head Authority of the Rebellion” on that inaccessible terrain. With Serbiaʼs entry into the war against Turkey on June 28, 1876, the uprising in Bosnia became part of a united Serbian front. Babić was deposed and a native of Šumadija and a former Russian officer, Colonel Mileta Despotović was entrusted the work on further insurgent military organizations. With that change the previous guerrilla way of warfare was replaced by frontal warfare, however the insurgent army in southwestern Bosnia failed to defend itself from the superior Turkish enemy on August 4, 1877. A year later, the Berlin Congress and the Austro–Hungarian occupation found the insurgent army in complete disarray.

FOREIGN POLICY IN HYBRID WARFARE ENVIRONMENT – WAY FORWARD FOR PAKISTAN

Hybrid warfare is neither a novel idea nor a new phenomenon. It has been evolving for ages, yet its manifestation in the contemporary era has intensified. Taking advantage of politico-ethnic fault lines, socio-religious vulnerabilities, and identity conflicts, hybrid warfare advocates using all means available including regular or irregular and conventional or unconventional ways of warfare to subdue the will of an adversary. An externally motivated and supported threat requires essential measures in the foreign policy domain to thwart and foil it outside the borders. Therefore, this paper deals with the conceptual aspects of hybrid warfare and highlights the contours of the hybrid threat currently confronting Pakistan. It navigates through the challenges for foreign policy formulation and implementation in a hybrid warfare environment and identifies loopholes and grey areas while recommending tangible measures. &#x0D; &#x0D; Bibliography Entry&#x0D; Naz, Imtiaz Hussain. 2021. "Foreign Policy in Hybrid Warfare Environment – Way Forward for Pakistan." Margalla Papers 25 (1): 1-11.

Charles E. Callwell and the British Way in Warfare, by Daniel Whittingham

Charles E. Callwell and the British Way in Warfare, by Daniel Whittingham

Shaw and Legacy: Introduction

Shaw and Legacy: Introduction

The Way of War fare and Military thoughts in Eastern Han Dynasty

법치주의를 내세워 중국을 통일한 진제국은 17년 만에 멸망했지만, 무를 기반으로 한 진의 법치주의가 모두 폐기된 것은 아니었다. 한 초기의 정치사상가들은 ‘문무병용’과 ‘유법절충’이라는 개념으로 부분적으로 진제국의 군사와 법치체계를 수용하고 있었다. 특히, 『회남자』는 한 대에 왕패관의 공존이라는 군사사상적 특징을 잘 보여준다. 『회남자』에서는 적국의 폭정에 대해서 적극적인 무력행사를 옹호하고 있지만, 전쟁 승패의 본질을 ‘정치’에서 찾는다거나 바람직한 장수의 상을 ‘덕(德)’과 ‘인의(仁義)’에서 찾았다. 이는 법가적이라기 보다는 더욱 유가적이다. 『회남자』에 보이는 이러한 군사사상적 특징은 한 초기의 ‘문무병용’과 ‘유법절충’이라는 시대적 상황을 반영하고 있다고 보아야 한다. 한편, 전한 시기의 전쟁형태는 기병전 위주로 변화했다. 기병을 주력으로 삼은 한군은 흉노와의 전쟁에서 기존의 성곽 위주의 방어전에서 벗어나 공세적인 기동전을 수행했다. 기병이 주전장을 누빔에 따라 한군의 작전거리는 상상을 초월할 정도로 신장되었으며, 전투 속도의 증가와 우회, 후방차단 등의 다양한 전술이 사용되었다. 이러한 기병 위주의 군사력 강화는 한 무제가 흉노를 패배시키고 영토를 확장할 수 있는 기회를 제공했다.The imperialism that unified China with the rule of law was destroyed in 17 years, but not all of the rule of law based on force was abolished. In the early days of Han dynasty, political thinkers were partially accommodating the military and the rule of law of Qin dynasty with the concepts of ‘a combination with literary and martial arts’(文武竝用) and ‘a compromise with Confucianism and Legalism’(儒法折衝). In particular, Huainanzi(『淮南子』) shows the military ideological characteristics of the coexistence of ‘wangba-guan’(王&#38712;觀) in Han dynasty. Huainanzi advocates active use of force against the tyranny of the enemy state, but it finds the essence of winning or losing in ‘Politics’ and desirable image of a general in ‘virtue’(德) and ‘humanity’(仁). This is not Legalism but Confucianism. It should be seen that these military ideological features in Huainanzi reflect the circumstances of ‘a combination with literary and martial arts’(文武竝用) and ‘a compromise with Confucianism and Legalism’(儒法折衝) in the early Han dynasty. Meanwhile, after Emperor Gaozu of Han(劉邦) was defeated by Hsiung-nu, Han has implemented military strengthening measures in many ways. In particular, as the cavalry played an important role in the battle against the Hsiung-nu, they strengthened the breeding of warhorses and training of knights, and expanded the mounted troops. In the battle, unlike the previous era, where infantry was assisted by cavalry, the way of conducting war turned into a cavalry battle. As a calvary become the main force, Han military carried out an offensive maneuvering away from the existing defensive wars centered on the castle. As the cavalry traversed the main battlefield, the operational range of the Han military was extended beyond imagination, and various tactics such as increase in combat speed, bypass, and rear blockage were used. This cavalry-driven military reinforcement provided an opportunity for an imperial to defeat the Hsiung-nu and expand its territory.

The Theory and Practice of New Generation Warfare: The Case of Ukraine and Syria

ABSTRACT By employing well-known methods of warfare, but in innovative ways and with the help of new technologies, Russia’s concept of operations in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine took many in the West by surprise. Almost immediately, Western analysts embarked on a search for definitions for this ‘new’ approach, most of them within the West’s own theoretical framework. These have included the Gerasimov Doctrine, hybrid warfare and hybrid threat, non-linear warfare, fourth-generation warfare, and most recently ‘gray zone’ conflict. Nevertheless, a vast volume of Russian theoretical debates about new ways of warfare has remained under-studied. This has resulted in misconceptions in the characterization of Russian strategy, through molding it to fit Western theoretical constructs as opposed to those within which it was developed. Rather than helping assess the real options open to Russia, each of the aforementioned terms has tended to be unhelpful, as none reflects Russia’s doctrine or assumptions about the nature of war in the 21st century. This article’s main aim is to describe the Russian way of ‘sub-threshold warfare’ as defined by Russia itself. This was done by researching more than 30 years of Russian military literature, case studies from Crimea and Eastern Ukraine built from interviews with Ukrainian military and security personnel, and information on the Syrian case based on Russian sources. An analysis of the Russian military literature when compared to the empirical evidence of Russian tactics in Ukraine and Syria shows that its strategy is multi-layered and comprehensive. It is counterproductive to frame the Russian strategy within artificial frameworks established outside of the threat context, such as Hybrid Warfare. The Russians have their own framework that, although influenced by Western military doctrine, is the result of their own theoretical developments.

A hibrid hadviselés és a jövő háborúja

Jelen tanulmány célja, hogy bemutassa annak az újszerű orosz hadviselésnek a hadtudományi hátterét, mely a közvélemény számára hibrid hadviselés néven vált ismertté. Az írás célja, hogy az orosz (és részben a nyugati) katonai szakértők által kifejtett gondolatok alapján átfogó elemzést adjon az úgynevezett hibrid hadviselés helyéről és szerepéről az orosz katonai gondolkodásban. A tanulmány tartalma túlmutat a laikus olvasóközönség számára is minden bizonnyal ismert (a szakértők körében pedig unásig idézett és elemzett) Valerij Geraszimov orosz vezérkari főnök gondolatainak részletes taglalásán. Helyette olyan ismert és kevésbé ismert – ám a téma szempontjából releváns – orosz hadtudományi gondolkodók publikációit veszi górcső alá, melyekről eddig kevés szó esett mind a hazai, mind pedig a nemzetközi szakirodalomban. A szerző különös figyelmet szentel mindazon írásoknak, melyek már az ukrajnai háborút követően születtek.A tanulmány hipotézise, hogy az orosz szakértők szerint a Nyugaton hibrid hadviselésnek nevezett orosz stratégia nem egy korlátozott érdekérvényesítési eszköz, hanem a jövő háborújának általános formája.