Abstract

법치주의를 내세워 중국을 통일한 진제국은 17년 만에 멸망했지만, 무를 기반으로 한 진의 법치주의가 모두 폐기된 것은 아니었다. 한 초기의 정치사상가들은 ‘문무병용’과 ‘유법절충’이라는 개념으로 부분적으로 진제국의 군사와 법치체계를 수용하고 있었다. 특히, 『회남자』는 한 대에 왕패관의 공존이라는 군사사상적 특징을 잘 보여준다. 『회남자』에서는 적국의 폭정에 대해서 적극적인 무력행사를 옹호하고 있지만, 전쟁 승패의 본질을 ‘정치’에서 찾는다거나 바람직한 장수의 상을 ‘덕(德)’과 ‘인의(仁義)’에서 찾았다. 이는 법가적이라기 보다는 더욱 유가적이다. 『회남자』에 보이는 이러한 군사사상적 특징은 한 초기의 ‘문무병용’과 ‘유법절충’이라는 시대적 상황을 반영하고 있다고 보아야 한다. 한편, 전한 시기의 전쟁형태는 기병전 위주로 변화했다. 기병을 주력으로 삼은 한군은 흉노와의 전쟁에서 기존의 성곽 위주의 방어전에서 벗어나 공세적인 기동전을 수행했다. 기병이 주전장을 누빔에 따라 한군의 작전거리는 상상을 초월할 정도로 신장되었으며, 전투 속도의 증가와 우회, 후방차단 등의 다양한 전술이 사용되었다. 이러한 기병 위주의 군사력 강화는 한 무제가 흉노를 패배시키고 영토를 확장할 수 있는 기회를 제공했다.The imperialism that unified China with the rule of law was destroyed in 17 years, but not all of the rule of law based on force was abolished. In the early days of Han dynasty, political thinkers were partially accommodating the military and the rule of law of Qin dynasty with the concepts of ‘a combination with literary and martial arts’(文武竝用) and ‘a compromise with Confucianism and Legalism’(儒法折衝). In particular, Huainanzi(『淮南子』) shows the military ideological characteristics of the coexistence of ‘wangba-guan’(王霸觀) in Han dynasty. Huainanzi advocates active use of force against the tyranny of the enemy state, but it finds the essence of winning or losing in ‘Politics’ and desirable image of a general in ‘virtue’(德) and ‘humanity’(仁). This is not Legalism but Confucianism. It should be seen that these military ideological features in Huainanzi reflect the circumstances of ‘a combination with literary and martial arts’(文武竝用) and ‘a compromise with Confucianism and Legalism’(儒法折衝) in the early Han dynasty. Meanwhile, after Emperor Gaozu of Han(劉邦) was defeated by Hsiung-nu, Han has implemented military strengthening measures in many ways. In particular, as the cavalry played an important role in the battle against the Hsiung-nu, they strengthened the breeding of warhorses and training of knights, and expanded the mounted troops. In the battle, unlike the previous era, where infantry was assisted by cavalry, the way of conducting war turned into a cavalry battle. As a calvary become the main force, Han military carried out an offensive maneuvering away from the existing defensive wars centered on the castle. As the cavalry traversed the main battlefield, the operational range of the Han military was extended beyond imagination, and various tactics such as increase in combat speed, bypass, and rear blockage were used. This cavalry-driven military reinforcement provided an opportunity for an imperial to defeat the Hsiung-nu and expand its territory.

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