Way Of Comprehension Research Articles

Developing Learner Positive Attitudes Towards Reading Comprehension: A Strategy Instruction Approach

This quantitative study sought to explore how Strategy Instructions Approach (SIA) as reading comprehension technique can help develop positive attitudes in learners towards reading. This study was necessitated by the fact that most South African children do not have positive attitudes towards reading and, as such, are not motivated to do reading on their own. To develop a positive attitude towards reading, learners must acquire a rich vocabulary. To acquire a rich vocabulary, learners must be acquainted with the strategies required for decoding meaning from texts. Researchers revealed that English First Additional Language teachers do not have adequate skills to teach learners to effectively comprehend what they read. This study used SIA, which was found to be an effective way of teaching reading comprehension, to grade 8 learners in Elliotdale Circuit Management Centre (CMC) in the Amathole East District of the Eastern Cape of the Republic of South Africa. The aim of this study was to find out if SIA could be used to develop positive attitudes in the learners towards reading. Sixty learners were sampled from three schools, twenty per school, to take part in the study. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse the data. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize and describe the data collected before and after the interventions. The study revealed that the use of SIA to teach reading comprehension developed positive attitudes of the learner participants towards reading. The study also recommends that school-based staff induction programs should equip teachers on how to use SIA as a strategy for reading comprehension. Teacher training should also equip pre-service teachers on SIA and other reading comprehension strategies.

KWL Strategy in Students’ Reading Comprehension of Descriptive Text

This study focused on the KWL (Know-Want-Learned) strategy in students’ reading comprehension of descriptive text. The objective of this study was to find out how the KWL strategy could improve students’ reading comprehension of descriptive text. The design of the research was collaborative classroom action research. This research was conducted in two cycles; each cycle consisted of planning, action, observation, and reflection. By using the purposive sampling technique, the students in XD of a certain school in Semarang were selected as the sample of this study. The sample consisted of 30 students, 20 females and 10 males. The researchers used an observation sheet and a test to collect the data. The result showed that the KWL strategy was a way of teaching reading comprehension of descriptive text. Based on the test score, in cycle one, there were 50% students who achieved a minimum standard score, and in cycle two, 90% students achieved a minimum standard score. Thus, it could be concluded that the KWL strategy could improve students’ reading comprehension of descriptive text in the way of helping students to reach the minimum standard score.

Metaphorical models «Sleep» and «Conscience» in the poetic work «To Sleep» by J. Keats

The article discusses the results of the research of conceptual metaphorical models representing a fragment of the author’s worldview. The fact that conceptual metaphorical models are an integral component of human consciousness and are a tool of cognition, categorization and conceptualization of knowledge about the surrounding reality, substantiates the importance of the performed research of conceptual metaphorical models in a poetic work, since they accumulate the intellectual and emotional experience of the author. Poetic works are sources of author’s metaphors, which act as a means of forming unique, vivid images expressing the author’s language and poetic worldview. In the process of analyzing the poem «To Sleep» by J. Keats the combination of descriptive and conceptual methods is applied within the identified conceptual metaphorical model «sleep» to determine the semantic parameters of the concept «sleep». The metaphorical model «conscience» was differentiated and its features were described; the semantic potential of the concepts «sleep» and «conscience» was investigated. The use of methods of conceptual and semantic analysis allowed us to establish the presence of the opposite semantic features of the metaphorical models «sleep» and «conscience». The creation of contradictory images is a signal of internal contradictions experienced by the poet, a reflection of his worldview, a way of personal perception, comprehension and interpretation of events. In the process of linguistic and stylistic analysis there are metaphors verbalizing the concepts of «sleep» and «conscience», reflecting the author’s worldview; poetic archaic words that give the work solemnity, create the flavor of the era. Phonostylistic means give expressiveness to the work, and the language of symbols creates additional hidden meanings. The identified linguistic means organize the artistic and semantic space of the poetic work, reflect the author’s unique way of conceptualization of reality. It is proved that the ground of the basic mental model is the conceptual metaphorical model «sleep», incorporating a conceptual matrix characterized by certain semantic features. The research results enhance understanding of the metaphorical modeling mechanism in poetic texts at the microsystem level, the role of conceptual metaphor in the representation of individual knowledge about the world.

A Relevance Theoretical Approach to Translators Subjectivity in Subtitle Translation

While translation is always indispensable in international communication and exchange, the value of translators always seems to be underestimated. As an intermediary between the source and target language, translators can and should play their subjectivity in the translation practice. The translators subjectivity can be further interpreted from a relevance theoretical approach. This theory believes that translators are responsible for leading the way of comprehension of the audience by building a most identical cognitive environment and avoiding misunderstanding. Translators also play the main role in the two ostensive-inferential communication processes between the author and the translator and between the translator and the audience. Specifically, this paper uses the relevance theory as a foundation to analyze how translators subjectivity is manifested in subtitle translation. It picks out three examples from the lines of a popular American sitcom and finds out that translators do use amplification, conversion, and other strategies to make the ostension in the target language more acceptable for the Chinese audience. From the theoretical basis, the author also gives suggestions for optimizing the translation to retain the same comic effect.

The world of interpretations in culture space

Text interpretation is essentially a dialogical form of knowledge. The sense of a text exists in reality only within human communication, within a situation of a dialogue. Dialogue turns out to be impossible when its participants only consider the interlocutor's messages through their own usual and limited set of senses, or they try to fully perceive the interlocutor’s way of comprehension by tending to break all links with their sociocultural environment’s normative-valued systems. And only partial digression beyond the limits of the conventional enables us to find common ground for understanding. Therefore, understanding always appears not simply as a dialogue, but as a collision of "the usual" and "the unusual". This process is connected with loosening of well-known ideas, taking phenomena out of their comprehension’s familiar context and destructing the old sense. Understanding starts from the initial point in dialogical movement – a given text requiring understanding as a communicative subject. A movement to the past – past contexts, when it is necessary to understand the text the way the author understood it himself without going beyond this understanding. The solution of this hermeneutic issue is rather difficult and requires the involvement of a huge amount of material. And finally, a movement to the future – prescience, construction of further contexts. Senses "flatten" without such a work of understanding. They transform into knowledge and stop dividing (changing). Every author is a prisoner of his epoch, of his contemporaneity. Subsequent times liberate him from this captivity, and literary studies are called upon to assist this liberation. Hence there is a need for the skills of not only understanding, but also explaining and interpreting texts. When we move from understanding a text to interpreting it, we leave the text in its semantic uniqueness and move into the communicative space of semantic transformations.

Автометаописание и автопсихологизм как метапоэтические принципы А. И. Солженицына

The autobiographical character of Solzhenitsyn’s oeuvre, inseparable nature of ethical and aesthetic views, have shaped the author’s unique aesthetics. From the point of view of the author of this article, eliciting the meta-poetic principles defines the way of comprehension of Solzhenitsyn’s artistic world, of his ‘phenomenon’. The article presents the analysis of two of Solzhenitsyn’s significant meta-poetic principles: self-meta-description and self-psychologism. The research is based on Diary R-17 which should be introduced into the readers’ and researchers’ circulation as an important key to understanding Solzhenitsyn’s artistic method. An insight into the French edition of the Diary has allowed the author of this article to trace the stages of working on The Red Wheel, and to regard Solzhenitsyn’s ‘creative laboratory’ as a whole. At the same time the diary records broaden the readers’ understanding not only of the ways of creating a historical novel, but of the writer’s biography, of his reading range and literary context, of his predecessors in the genre of historical narrative, of the writer’s techniques and methods. The article turns the spotlight on the fact that Solzhenitsyn does not bestow his biography on characters close to him, he imparts to them the train of his thoughts, the capacity for Tolstoy’s ‘soul dialectics’, making them the author’s self-psychological counterparts. This article is a part of a substantial research of Solzhenitsyn’s system of meta-poetic principles, including the ‘world vision’ on the functions and the responsibility of the artist and the art to the world; on the judgement on the creative work of other authors. The author of the article has an objective to understand the writer’s aesthetics, that was formed under the influence of a vital aspiration to record the history of the Russian revolution, to tell the hidden truth about the history of Russia.

The three Eras of the NBA regular seasons: Historical trend and success factors

The NBA (National Basketball Association) is going through a transition process in its way of practice, planning, and comprehension of the game. With the exponential growth of the data that has been collected, detailed statistical analyses have been conducted for each part of the game. This has been overwhelmingly exploited in a way never seen before, especially when dealing with the three-point shot. In this paper, we are interested in characterizing NBA’s gameplay over time to identify trends and success factors. In particular, this study aims: (i) to identify which factors were crucial for teams’ regular season success in the past and understand the factors that are more relevant to succeed in the present day; and (ii) to group seasons and regular season winning teams into clusters of common characteristics and gameplay behavior. Historical events and trends help us to understand how teams were successful in past regular seasons, how they played, and how their style of play has changed. Leading to a better comprehension of the game. The game-related statistics of the NBA’s regular seasons, from 1979-80 to 2018-19, were analyzed using principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and LASSO regression. It is possible to identify three main Eras that we define as the Classic Era of the NBA (1980–1994), the Transitional Era of the NBA (1995–2013), and the Modern Era of the NBA (since 2013). As the results of this study make a historic analysis of the NBA, indicating the three eras of NBA regular seasons since the introduction of the three-point line, their playing styles, and their respective factors for success, this present research may be the base study that will help researchers better investigate the NBA, its past, present, and future.

Lessons of Descartes: Metaphysicity of Man and Poetry

Purpose. To consider the uniqueness of Descartes’ way of interpreting poetry as a type of philosophizing that makes it possible to comprehend the metaphysical nature of man. Its implementation involves the consistent solution of the following tasks: a) understanding methodological changes in the philosophy of the 20th century in the process of actualization of anthropological interest; b) argumentation of the importance of poetic thinking for early Descartes in the process of addressing modern historians of philosophy and the thinker’s texts. Theoretical basis. I rely on the conceptual positions of phenomenology, existentialism and hermeneutics. Originality. Finding of the study is that poetic thinking is the most authentic way of meaningful comprehension of the metaphysicity of man. The paper outlines the nature of the expression of this correlation in the philosophizing of the 20th-21th centuries and substantiates the thesis about the importance of the poetic principle for understanding the phenomenon of man in early works by Descartes. Conclusions. The paper examined the methodological shifts in anthropologically oriented philosophizing of the 20th-21th centuries and focused on the manifestations of related moments in the philosophical legacy of Descartes. The latter demonstrates the existence of a still underestimated version of interpreting the metaphysical foundations of human existence, the form of understanding of which is poetic thinking. It is a form of caring for the humane in man.

Conceivability of Revelation: to the Enowning of Shoah

The article is concerned with philosophical and theological interpretation of the phenomenon of genocide of Jewish People in the days of the Second World War known as “Shoah”. The article presents comprehension of this phenomenon as the one possessing universal significance for the world history. The notion of Revelation is being interpreted in two ways: as a human message about the sense of Shoah, presented in testimonies of victims and survivors as well as a religious-philosophical way of conceptual comprehension of this message based on the idea of Revelation in Trinitarian theology. Testimony is interpreted from the point of ultimate theological value as a confessional testimony and as an actional one. Action is defined as a soteriological act committed with respect to Absolute Being. Absolute value rank of Shoah is set into direct correlation with the event of the Great Patriotic War as well as with separate intentions of Christological thought about the nature and genetic order of Theosis implication. The author is supported by the corpus of written works of Russian thinkers of the Silver Age, Nietzsche’s and Heidegger’s philosophy, along with transactions of modern Russian, Israeli, American and European philosophers and theologists.

Psychological and emotional complex of piano accompanist as a reflection of the PROFESSION EVOLUTION

Background. The article studies the accompanist culture as an artistic phenomenon. The accompanist art development processes at the given stage are distinguished by an intensive search for renewal of the content and means of musical expression, coupled with discoveries in composition practices, which puts forward new performance requirements. Scientific novelty is pre-determined by the tasks of detecting the historical origin of the organization of the “backgroundrelief” type in musical structures, specifying the stages of their development. Tracing back the origins of the art of accompanying allows us to reveal a variety of relationship models between the solo singing and accompanying function, which co-exist in various forms in modern artistic practices, thereby depicting the main professional qualities and skills of a piano accompanist. The purpose of this article is to discover the genesis of the types of accompanist art, their historical development, as well as to determine the components that form the basis of the professional activity of the accompanist and to identify major personal qualities characteristic to this profession. It should be noted that the issue of accompanist art is currently only passing the way of scientific comprehension, and we can distinguish a certain historical dynamics: from methodological developments to comprehending the role of an accompanist as an equal member of the ensemble, teacher and creator of original interpretations of compositions. Results of the research. The phenomenon of accompanist art is considered in the paper in terms of its connection with the general history of music. The history of accompaniment and the work of an accompanist should be recognized and studied, since the nature and role of the accompaniment depend on the era, nationality of music and its style. Concertmastering is one of those professions where the duties and modes of action are not clearly expressed, leaving the professional with the right to choose. A striking distinctive feature is the individual path of improvement and the final “bar” of mastery, determined by the traits of the character and personal aspirations of each accompanist. The article discusses the issue of the specific musical and psychological abilities of a concertmaster, which ensure compliance with professional requirements. Conclusions. The development of a theoretical concept of accompanist art will allow this profession to acquire the necessary completeness of permanent features and will open up new prospects for further study of methodological, practical and artistic aspects.

The role and place of ethnopedagogy in the educational ecosystem

This article addresses various educational systems that have led to the transition to the educational ecosystem. Application of ethno-pedagogical bases in the modern innovative educational process expands frontiers of knowledge on the way of comprehension of this environment, provides the formation of ecological consciousness and forms world outlook structures, a priori providing coevolution of the person and society, the individual and nature, the person and the world. The process of transition from the educational environment to the educational ecosystem, focuses on learning throughout a lifetime and continuous professional development, adapting the person to the new challenges of our time. The relevance of the transition is due to the progressive development of the human community, which tirelessly modernizes the essence and place of the educational system in the sociocultural environment. Not the lowest of the roles should be given to traditional folk pedagogical methods, mechanisms, and ways of education and training.

Memorial music as a way of comprehension and dialogue through time and space

This article is dedicated to the phenomenon of memorial music. Memoriality is characterized as one of the facets of cultural memory. The methodological basis of the work was made up of works dedicated to the “memory of culture” (J. Assman, P. Nora, J. Lotman) and musical memoriality (T.S. Andruschak, M.N. Lobanova, E.V. Nazaikinsky, O.V. Sokolov, N.L. Sokolvyak, V.N. Kholopova). The results of the study were the identification of thematic complexes, characteristic features and coordinate system of memorial music. Particular attention is paid to the manifestation in memorial music of a certain chronotope, embodied through the principle of “creative dialogue” with the addressee of the memorial dedication. Analytical characteristics of the coordinate system of “music of memory” are given by the authors on the example of memorial music of Siberian composers, composers of the Krasnoyarsk region in particular.

КАТЕГОРИЯ ПРАВОВОЙ РЕАЛЬНОСТИ В СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ПРАВОВОЙ НАУКЕ РОССИИ

The term “legal reality” is rarely used in Russian law. In this regard, the relevance of the article is due to the importance of such a phenomenon as legal reality in the framework of lawmaking and law enforcement. The purpose of the article is to analyze the application of the concepts of “law” and “reality” in Russian law, as well as to investigate the category of legal reality in modern legal science in Russia, to reveal the essence of this phenomenon in its various aspects. The possibility of establishing the boundaries of legal reality has been investigated and its components and a way of comprehension have been determined. The methodological basis of the research is the dialectical method of cognizing social phenomena. It has been established that legal reality, being a certain legal space, a regulator of public relations, is a multi-stage pyramid, consisting of consciousness and perception of the individual, certain attitudes, thoughts, as well as the peculiarities of the interaction of state authorities with citizens. Based on the research carried out, the concept of “legal reality” is given.

Archetype and matrix image (potential forms of an image)

The article is devoted to the analysis of potential forms of the image in culture and the development of the Jungian concept of an archetype in Wunenburger, Bachelard, Durand and modern cultural studies. The notion of archetype in Carl Jung’s concept is related to the distinction between the archetype in itself, noumenon and archetype image conceived as a phenomenal manifestation of archetypal forms in the space-time, historical and social reality. This distinction has a Kantian lineage, which Jung was clearly conscious of. He provides a reference to the conception of Kant, calling it “a school of philosophical criticism” several times in his writings. In the studies of Jung’s concept, his approach to transcendentalism (Z. Rosińska) is at times present, and a certain type of its specific, evolutionary interpretation is used. The archetype, being a “thing in itself ”, determines the appearance of phenomenal forms in the space-time, historical and social world, while remaining outside the direct entanglement and referring to the evolutionally active sphere of the unconscious as an anthropological datum. The archetypal image expresses the permanent approximation of manifestation of the semantic core of the archetype itself. The notion of an archetype has evolved in contemporary understandings and conceptions; it was conceived as a psychological expression of the evolutionary pattern of behavior, as an affective-representative node and ante rem of an idea, as a hermeneutic pattern of meaning or as a kind of matrix image. The archetype can be understood in connection with anthropological structures or with a cultural image; one way of comprehension does not exclude the other.

Andrey Smirnov: The Logic of Sense as a Logic of Culture

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the philosophical views of the Russian philosopher Andrey V. Smirnov. Smirnov has advanced and substantiated the idea that there exist at least two distinct ways of linking the subject and the predicate in a statement—one of these he calls the substance logic (S-logic) and the other, the process logic (P-logic). S-logic reveals the characteristics (predicates) proper to the subject of the statement, whereas P-logic demonstrates the relationship between the Agent and the Patient—a process in which the predicates become actualized. Each of these logics, according to Smirnov, forms a sense-positing field of a specific culture. Viewing consciousness as the actualization of the intuition of svyaznost’ and tselostnost’ * * The Russian term svyaznost’ is usually rendered in English as ‘cohesion.’ However, this English term does not reveal the specific connotations associated with svyaznost’. A similar semantic difficulty arises with the Russian term tselostnost’ that is often translated into English by using such words as ‘entirety,’ ‘integrity,’ or ‘wholeness,’ neither of which is able to convey an accurate meaning of the word in the original language. Since both terms, svyaznost’ and tselostnost’ are central to understanding of Smirnov’s thought, instead of translating these terms, we decided to use their transliterated forms. – Ed. , Smirnov suggests a novel treatment of the classical problem of philosophy posed long ago by Immanuel Kant: the problem of unity of cogito and the ability to form judgments (the transcendental unity of apperception). The article shows that when we regard the logic of sense as a way of comprehension and action in a world defined by oneness of consciousness and culture, we discover another subject plane in Smirnov’s reasoning—a plane of historical reality. Addressing the task of analyzing globalization processes, the philosopher compares and contrasts the two views of the historical meaning of globalization as represented by the categories of the obshchechelovecheskoe and the vsechelovecheskoe ** ** The vsechelovecheskoe and the obshchechelovecheskoe are the two Russian words that can hardly be rendered into English without distorting their meaning. They both point to the universality of the human mind, human culture, and human civilization, but there is a fundamental difference in logical vehicles used to arrive at the universal. The vsechelovecheskoe presupposes “gathering” logically diverse models without imposing any general restriction on them, while the obshchechelovecheskoe is an understanding of the universal as grounded in the generic or general, which is well-known to the Western reader. Since the obshchechelovecheskoe and the vsechelovecheskoe form a pair of concepts fundamental to Smirnov and to the understanding of his philosophical view, to avoid any misconception, they are used in this and all other articles included in the present special issue in their transliterated form. –For more details about these two terms and their key connotations central to Smirnov’s own discussion, see his essay “Classical Eurasianism as a Post-Revolutionary Philosophy” included in the present issue. The abstract to this essay provides a concise and well-articulated summary of the terms. - Ed. , which have been introduced by Russian thinkers Nikolai Danilevsky and Fyodor Dostoevsky. As opposed to the obshchechelovecheskoe, the meaning of the vsechelovecheskoe in globalization lies in the idea that any culture is fully entitled to existence and cannot be supplanted by some universal, “uniformly human” culture. This work compares the concepts of the logic of sense by Gilles Deleuze and Andrey Smirnov as two diverging views on the event of thought.

A literatura enquanto práxis educativa emancipatória e as possibilidades formativas dos Bildungsroman

O texto discute o modo de compreensão dos Bildungsroman, da arte e da formação humana nos formatos da Bildung alemã. Levanta questões, em primeiro lugar, sobre os caminhos que a racionalidade moderna foi tomando, com prejuízo da arte e da filosofia como maneiras do conhecer realizar-se. Em segundo lugar, e tendo presente o que foi dito relativamente às necessidades de produção de sentido para além do que é racional, detecta-se que a literatura pode exercer um papel fundamental para a formação humana. Ainda que pensemos que, em última instância, toda a literatura é formativa, debruçamo-nos sobre um caso emblemático: os romances de formação, dimensões literárias da formação do eu. Como caso exemplar de literatura que descreve, retrata a formação do sujeito, ainda na segunda parte do texto, trazemos uma abordagem sobre os Bildungsroman como oportunidade de resgate entre o que se perdeu na modernidade em termos de uma subjetividade que aflorara, apesar do progresso das ciências e do avanço da técnica. O texto traz como conclusão a necessária ênfase nos processos formativos que promovam os interesses integrais da multiplicidade das possibilidades humanas, entre eles, a emancipação dos sujeitos.

Творчество Ленины Никитиной как форма визуализации культурной памяти

In modern cultural studies, there is an increased interest in biography as a phenomenon associated with cultural memory. Subjective experience, the eff ect of getting used to someone else’s life allows the viewer to feel the personality of another, not like him as a valuable cultural experience. Lenina Nikitina is a Leningrad artist,a Petersburg artist whose work, unfortunately, is familiar to a small circle of viewers. The talent of the author was able to turn the events of his personal life into a cultural, artistic event. The works of Lenina Nikitina are relevant for the modern audience as a vivid example of the development of the ideas of fi gurative expressionism and asan example of visualizing the cultural memory of an entire era through a creative understanding of the events of her life and as documentary evidence of events of the history of the twentieth century, including the Siege of Leningrad. The artist’s talent launches the mechanism of bodily assimilation into what is happening, empathy givesthe image credibility, makes it immerse into it as what is happening here-and-now. In this case, the painting is more documentary than, for example, photography or video. The aff ectiveness of experience becomes not only a way of bodily comprehension, sensation of the past, but it can become an experience infl uencing here-and-now, personal cultural experience. Cultural memory in such a context can be seen as an interweaving of clumps of individual stories and experiences, not all of which correspond to the usual appearance of the historical period or the image of the event in the media, aff ecting our being here and now.

Utilizarea proverbelor în predarea limbii engleze

Maxims, proverbs and other forms of folk wisdom reveal the truth about the human nature and the physical world, and each culture expresses this truth in its own unique way. This article zeroes in on the relevance of proverbs as an effective pedagogic resource. The work tends to draw attention to the fact that the utilisation of proverbs in the process of teaching and learning a foreign language, in this instance the English language, is a pragmatic approach and a more stimulating, more thought-provoking and more effective way of instruction and comprehension of the material under study, and that diverse forms of popular wisdom can afford a basis for a multitude of classroom activities which would demonstrate their considerable didactic potential and impact.

The Impact of Audiobook on Improving Jordanian Basic Education Students' Reading Comprehension.

This study aimed at Improving Jordanian Basic Education Students' Reading Comprehension by using audiobooks. To fulfill this purpose, two instruments were constructed: a reading skills questionnaire to determine the necessary reading skills for tenth grade/ basic stage students and a pre – post reading comprehension test to assess EFL students' reading comprehension skills before and after the study intervention. The validity and reliability of the study instruments were established before their application in the study. The quasi-experimental design was adopted. The participants of the study were sixteen students selected from the tenth grade basic stage students at The Martyr Pilot Muath Al-Kasasbeh in AL-karak Directorate, Jordan . The experimental group students were taught through the proposed audiobooks activities while the control group students studied through the regular instructional activities. Results revealed that the experimental group students EFL reading skills were significantly improved. It was recommended that audiobook should be used in EFL teaching to improve speaking skills and other language skills. Key words: reading comprehension /audiobooks Introduction The four skills play a vital role at communication with others also in foreign learning-teaching process. Each one of these skills is related to another skill as there is a relation between listening and writing skills as well as reading and speaking skills. Currently, it is supposed that listening and writing as well as reading and speaking skills have a common connection. As one growths, so does other. Reading improves speaking skills, and speaking skills improve reading. Haboush (2010) defined reading as the majority of mental activities in which visible group of symbols turning into ‘talk’, or within the case of silent reading, into an image of speech sounds. Reading is also totally and comprehensively outlined it as “a visual and cognitive process to extract meaning from writing by understanding the written text, processing information, and relating it to existing experience. Language acquisition without reading is difficult. Reading is a good way of comprehension. A good reader is able to understand sentences and structures of a written text. It appears that reading is a key factor in language learning (Mart, 2012). Reading can play a big part in successful language learning. It can develop speaking skills. Learners through reading developed both fluency and accuracy of expression in their speaking. It is clear that speaking occupied an awfully important place in foreign language learning as speech messages are conveyed (Mart, 2012). In spite of the importance of reading comprehension skills for EFL learners, students face a number of difficulties that include inability to process new vocabulary and concepts in a meaningful manner, less prior knowledge and skill in relevant domain and difficulty in identifying the main idea.

The Refracted Muse: Literature and Optics in Early Modern Spain

The Refracted Muse: Literature and Optics in Early Modern Spain