Waves Of Immigration Research Articles

Kartini Day

Kartini Day

Caries and genetic variability of Streptococcus mutans

In the last two decades, the increase in population genetics studies has contributed to elucidating important questions about the evolution of the pathogenesis of bacteria of clinical interest. The objective of this study is to revise and update the knowledge of the last fifteen years regarding the genetic variability of Streptococcus mutans and their association with dental caries. Streptococcus mutans, one of the most widely distributed bacteria in the world, are heavily associated with this condition. This research shows the results of numerous studies carried out in various countries that, using molecular and biochemical methods, revealed associations between different serotypes and caries activity. In addition, it is reported that the population genetics structure of Streptococcus mutans in Argentina is highly recombinant, which reflects the largest waves of human immigration that occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries. On the other hand, demographic analysis suggests that these bacteria experienced a population expansion that coincided with the beginning of agricultural development.

Effects of country of origin and wave of immigration on prevalence of schizophrenia among first and second-generation immigrants: A 30-year retrospective study

ObjectivesTo compare the rates of schizophrenia among 1st and 2nd generation immigrants from two distinct backgrounds and across sequential periods of immigration. MethodsA 30-years retrospective cohort study (187,184 individuals) of 1st and 2nd generation East-African immigrants (EAIs) and former Soviet-Union immigrants (FSUIs) who migrated to Israel between 1980 and 2012. EAIs were further divided according to waves of immigration. Period prevalence was calculated between the years 2002–2012. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the association between immigration-related factors and prevalence of schizophrenia (Native-Born Israelis serving as reference group). ResultsThe prevalence of schizophrenia in 1st generation EAIs and FSUIs was 1.8% and 1.2%, respectively, compared to 1.0% among NBIs (p<0.001). The prevalence of schizophrenia among 2nd generation EAIs and FSUIs was 1.3% and 0.8%, respectively, compared to 0.6% among NBIs (p<0.001). Adjusted odds ratios for developing schizophrenia compared to NBIs were 1.6 (95%CI:1.4–1.8) and 2.1 (95%CI:1.6–2.7), among 1st and 2nd generation EAIs and 1.1 (95%CI:0.9–1.2) and 1.3 (95%CI:1.0–1.8) among 1st and 2nd generation FSUIs respectively. Among EAIs, we observed the highest rate of schizophrenia in the pioneer wave of immigrants with gradual decline across subsequent waves: 2.4%, 1.9% and 1.0% for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd waves of immigration, respectively (p<0.001). ConclusionsThe increased risk for developing schizophrenia among 2nd generation immigrants and among pioneer groups of immigrants emphasizes the importance of persistent investment in acculturation. Further studies elucidating the impact of country of origin and ethnic density on the risk for developing schizophrenia are warranted.

The Labor Market Experience and Impact of Undocumented Workers

Working Paper 2008-7 February 2008 Abstract: Using administrative data from the state of Georgia, the authors find that a greater share of undocumented workers in an industry has a statistically significant negative impact on the wages of documented workers. The practical impact, however, is small, given the size of the undocumented workforce. In addition, undocumented workers have significantly lower labor supply elasticity, likely as a result of their limited employment and grievance opportunities. Furthermore, the inflow of undocumented workers does more to displace earlier hired undocumented workers than it does to displace documented workers. JEL classification: J61, J31, J42, F22 Key words: illegal immigration, wage impact, worker displacement The Labor Market Experience and Impact of Undocumented Workers I. Introduction and Background The United States has a long history of immigration debate. Through the last century and into this one, immigration policy has been subjected to changing economic needs, fears, and political whims. Positive contributions of immigration have been identified by Neal and Uselding (1972) who estimate that the flow of immigrants into the United States between 1790 and 1912 resulted in a 13 to 42 percent higher level of capital stock than would have prevailed in the absence of immigration during these years (also see Barro and Sala-i-Martin 1995 and Chiswick et al. 1997). (1) Immigration has also been more recently explored in various countries as a mechanism for replacing retiring baby-boom workers (e.g., Hamada and Kato 2007, Hotchkiss 2005, Denton and Spencer 1997). The concerns surrounding immigration are rooted in an expectation that the arrival of new workers into a labor market would displace native workers and/or put downward pressure on wages. The literature presents a wide range of estimates of the effects of immigration on wages and employment of native workers. The consensus settles on a one to four percent decrease in native wages resulting from a 10 percent increase in the population share of immigrants (for example, see Friedberg and Hunt 1995 and Borjas et al. 2006). The measured impact of immigration on the displacement of workers is less clear. Card (1990), Wright et al. (1997), Butcher and Card (1991), and Card and DiNardo (2000) find no evidence of immigrant inflows affecting native migration patterns or employment outcomes. Whereas, Frey (1996) and Borjas (2005) identify a significant relationship between immigrant inflows and either native outflows or lower net native in-migration, and Card (2001) finds lower rates of employment within cities with high immigrant arrivals. While firmly rooted in the empirical literature measuring the impact of legal immigration on the labor market experiences of natives, this paper deviates slightly by exploring the impact of undocumented workers (assumed to be immigrants) on wages of documented workers, some of which are likely immigrants themselves. The analysis makes use of administrative data from the state of Georgia to investigate how the proportion of undocumented workers affects the wages of documented workers, the displacement of documented workers, and what role different labor supply elasticities might play in the observed wage gap between the two groups of workers. The results presented in this paper are of particular relevance as the immigration debate has recently narrowed its focus on undocumented immigrants. A. The Impact of Immigration The impact of immigration on native worker wages essentially comes down to how complementary or how substitutable the immigrants are with native workers, and how responsive native migration patterns are to the influx of additional workers. Goldin (1994) documents significant wage effects of the large European migration to the United States in the early 20th century. Measured effects of more recent waves of immigrants have been more modest. …

The Difficulties of Adapting the New Wave of Immigrants from Europe to New York at the Turn of the 19th-20th Centuries (Socio-Economic and Psychological Aspects)

The research subject of this article is the reasons behind the increase in social problems in American cities, examined through the prism of psychological factors. The author chose as the main example the city of New York, which at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries experienced rapid urbanization and was one of the first cities to face the growth of social deviations in a rapidly changing urban environment. Additionally, the author is particularly interested in the destructive behavior of the &amp;ldquo;new&amp;rdquo; citizens in the context of national-cultural specifics. In order to study this phenomenon, the author applied an interdisciplinary approach, using the experience of related sciences, such as sociology and psychology. The author's main conclusion is that the difficulties associated with the fast adaptation of people to new living conditions often became a determining factor in pushing the poor New York population, which mainly consisted of immigrants, to antisocial behavior, which was expressed not only in addiction to drugs and alcohol, but also drove to violations of the city's laws.

Genotyping of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Cases Detected Before and After Migration with Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction in Hatay

Leishmania tropica (L. tropica) and Leishmania infantum (L. infantum) are the species causing cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) in Turkey. There was a wave of immigration due civil war in Syria in 2011. Migration from Syria, where CL is endemic, to other countries is thought to affect the number of CL cases and species diversity. The aim of the study was to typify the samples of CL positive, pre-migration and post-migration Turkish patients and importe (Syrian) patients whose smears were found in the archive and to reveal the difference of CL species before and after migration in Hatay. Smears of a total of 150 patients (50 Turkish patients before migration, 50 Turkish patients after migration and 50 Syrian patients) which had been prepared with dermal scraping, stained with Giemsa and determined as CL positive by microscope examination were included in the study. DNA isolation of selected preparations was performed and GZ-PZR analysis with ITS-1probe was performed for species determination. L. infantum/donovani was detected in 40 (80%), L. tropica in 8 (16%), and L. major in 2 (4%) of the samples belonging to pre-immigration Turkish patients. L. infantum/donovani was detected in 28 (56%), L. major in 3 (6%) and L. tropica in 19 (%38) of the samples belonging to post-immigration Turkish patients. L. infantum/donovani was detected in 2 (4%), L. major in 1 (2%) and L. tropica in 47 (94%) of the samples belonging to Syrian patients. It was observed that in local cases in Hatay before immigration, L. infantum/donovani was the common species that caused CL and that after immigration L. tropica began to raise and that L. major was more encountered than before. It was concluded that Syrians coming to Hatay may have caused diversity in the Leishmania species which were the causative agents of CL, and that further research was needed on the subject.

The HIV epidemic in Latin America: a time to reflect on the history of success and the challenges ahead.

The HIV epidemic in Latin America: a time to reflect on the history of success and the challenges ahead.

Demography and the Future of Democracy

The world is in the midst of a demographic recession. This counters what should be a long-term trend toward greater democracy. Recent research has shown that progress toward stable democracy is strongly associated with progress in the demographic transition. Since most of the world is rapidly dropping in fertility as more countries complete this transition, democracy should be spreading. However, a resurgence of anxiety, nationalism, and support for strong-man governance is associated with sudden waves of immigration from unfamiliar sources. Because certain parts of the world—mainly Central America, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Middle East—still have very young and rapidly growing populations who suffer from poor economic prospects, adverse climate change, and bad governance, those regions are sending waves of migrants seeking asylum to Europe and the United States, raising anxieties that undermine liberal democratic governance. Global democracy is thus being tugged in opposing directions by current demographic trends. Improving governance in poorer countries to cope with the negative impact of climate change and to create better economic prospects, as well as efforts to reduce fertility, are essential to diminish the surges of migrants and restore the impetus toward democracy that should prevail in mature societies.

Classical and Modern Prejudice toward Asylum Seekers: The Mediating Role of Intergroup Anxiety in a Sample of Italians

(1) Background: Increasing waves of immigration have not only changed the demographic features of European societies but have also had important implications for intergroup relationships. Based on the theoretical model of intergroup threat theory, this study examined whether and to what extent intergroup anxiety mediates the relationship between antecedents and attitudes toward asylum seekers. (2) Method: In a sample of 470 Italians (mean age 30.21), using a survey-based study, we assessed the antecedent of intergroup anxiety (national identification) and its consequences (classical and modern prejudice). (3) Results: The results supported most of the expected predictions. While intergroup anxiety was positively associated with prejudice toward asylum seekers, national identity was positively related to intergroup anxiety and prejudice. Moreover, the relationships between antecedents and consequences were mediated by intergroup anxiety. (4) Conclusion: This study has identified antecedents that can potentially increase or decrease intergroup anxiety and proposes certain strategies for improving social inclusion policies and relationships between asylum seekers and settled communities. The implications for future studies are discussed.

Jewish Religious Music in Nineteenth-Century America: Restoring the Synagogue Soundtrack. By Judah M. Cohen

In his new book, Judah Cohen promises a thorough examination of Jewish musical practices in the United States in the nineteenth century, a place and time that are largely overlooked and heavily misunderstood by scholars of music and Jewish history alike. For the most part, Cohen delivers on this promise, although there are several notable caveats and omissions that raise significant further questions even as they shape and give focus to his narrative. Cohen’s story is fascinating and full of colourful characters. One can learn a great deal from this book, even as it leaves the reader wanting to know more. The great migration of Eastern European Jews to the United States between 1880 and 1924 was a hugely influential cultural event that permanently changed the face and the ethnic makeup of the American Jewish community. The cultural influence of this migration has been so powerful that the popular memory has lost track of the Jewish communities that existed in the United States prior to 1880. Cohen uses this book to reintroduce the rich cultural developments of a prior wave of Jewish immigrants. Largely German and Central European, this wave of immigrants arrived in the 1830s and 1840s and shifted American Jewish cultural life away from its earliest, British- (and, through this line, Spanish- and Portuguese-) derived practices. Cohen focuses intensely on this phase of American Jewish musical life, narrowing the span of his study from ‘the nineteenth century’ as a whole to a period spanning roughly 1840 to 1903, which he describes as the ‘German period’ (p. 14). Many of the musical foundations for contemporary American Jewish musical life were laid during this ‘German period’, so this book provides an invaluable resource by documenting this history.

Historia imigracji Chińczyków do Stanów Zjednoczonych – trzecia fala

The third wave of Chinese immigration to the United States of America This article offers an exploration of the history of the third wave of Chinese immigration to the USA which began after 1943. After a brief introduction to previous legislation promoting Chinese exclusion from America, the article provides a detailed description of immigration policies that influenced the influx of Chinese. Moreover, it considers background information relating to the socio-economic challenges that the Chinese faced in their new homeland. Chinese Americans also experienced cultural alienation, which they expressed, among other ways, in literature. After years of exclusion, since the second half of the 20th century, Chinese may finally immigrate to the United States on equal terms to those enjoyed by representatives of other nationalities.

"КАЛЕНДАРНІ КОНФЛІКТИ" В СЕРЕДОВИЩІ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ГРЕКО-КАТОЛИКІВ США І КАНАДИ У 1950–1960-Х РОКАХ

The article covers the “calendar conflicts” on the parishes of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (Ukrainian Catholic Church) in the United States and Canada in the 1950s and 1960s, which led to the creation of parallel “old calendar” parishes in Chicago, Cleveland, Philadelphia and Washington. The arrival and adaptation of the post-war wave of Ukrainian immigrants to life in the United States and Canada were accompanied by a series of conflicts with representatives of the “old” emigration, including in the religious sphere. The desire to overcome disorientation in the new environment and to slow down the process of assimilation prompted representatives of the third wave of emigration to maximize the preservation and exacerbation of those elements of the religious tradition that would, on the one hand, more closely associated them with their homeland and, on the other, separated them from their surrounding culture. This approach did not always coincide with the desires of the descendants of previous waves of immigrants and the leadership of the UGCC in these countries, which sought a more in-depth adaptation of church life to local culture. As a result, the third wave of the Ukrainian emigration developed a phenomenon of the diasporic religion inherent for the first generations of immigrants in general, and which comprises the formation of such a religious environment (the “old” calendar became one of its elements), institutions and discourse that would connect newly arrived immigrants to their homeland and keep them from assimilation.

Kugel and Frijoles: Latino Jews in the United States by Laura Limonic

Reviewed by: Kugel and Frijoles: Latino Jews in the United States by Laura Limonic Amalia Ran (bio) Kugel and Frijoles: Latino Jews in the United States. By Laura Limonic. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2019. viii + 256 pp. Recent scholarship on immigration stresses the various, often contradictory, ways in which processes of social integration, acculturation, [End Page 466] linguistic barriers and economic challenges shape individual and collective identities. The history of Jewish immigration to the Americas is well documented, beginning with sporadic and unorganized settlements of individual Jews in colonial Latin America following the Spanish Inquisition. During the modern era, Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe and Sephardic Jews from the declining Ottoman Empire arrived in growing waves of immigration due to socioeconomic and political unrest, as well as antisemitic persecutions in the Old World. Jewish immigrants were drawn to the United States by the principle of religious freedom inscribed in the US Constitution and by the hope of finding a tolerant society. From the 1960s onwards, new waves of Jewish immigration from the Southern Cone and Central America were drawn toward the northern neighbor on American shores. This historical context is at the core of Laura Limonic's research. Kugel and Frijoles: Latino Jews in the United States explores the different ways in which Jewish immigrants from Latin America (mostly from Argentina, Venezuela and Mexico) navigate the different ethnic and racial landscapes upon arriving in the US, where 39.5% of world Jewry currently resides. The book focuses on the processes of group construction within US society and the formation of a panethnic identity as Latino Jews. According to the author, this is an interesting case study, since Jewish immigrants from Latin America are not clearly identified in the US racial and ethnic classification system and instead are commonly viewed as white; i.e. as privileged newcomers who quickly acquire the status of insiders, unlike non-Jewish Latino immigrants. Limonic studies the in-between status of this group of immigrants: Although primarily classified as Jewish (i.e. white), in certain situations national identities overlap ethnic or religious identities as they correlate to fellow immigrants from their home countries. Moreover, a new panethnic identity emerges, as stated by the interviewees, as Latinos in the US, yet this social construct of Latin American identity is not embraced without conflict or doubt. Class, family status, prior social capital, and level of education are among the factors that determine their successful integration into the US and their affiliation with different groups. The book opens by reviewing the history of Jewish immigration to Latin America and the formation of ethnoreligious identity as a minority group within the wider Catholic society in Argentina, Mexico and Venezuela. The following chapter shifts to focus on the formation of the Jewish community in the United States as a "majority minority," a privileged group accepted by the mainstream despite its relatively small size in comparison to other racial and ethnic migratory groups (21). The author then shifts to examine the difficulties associated with defining a [End Page 467] Latino panethnic identity in the US as a post-migratory construct, which constitutes a secondary or tertiary identity for Latin American Jews. The analysis of the various circles of identification in which Latin American Jews affiliate with fellow Jews, Latinos or compatriots highlights the fluidity and ambiguity of such ethnic membership in the United States. Furthermore, as indicated in Chapter six, various institutional, informal, social and religious networks provide Latino Jews support and cater to different individual and collective needs. Institutions such as the Jewish Latin Center in New York or the various synagogues, Jewish schools and community centers in Aventura, Florida, emphasize the relevance of geographical proximity and of an identified tangible place to express these affiliations. This sociological research is based upon eighty-five in-depth interviews with Jewish immigrants from Latin America who settled in Southern Florida, New York and the Northeast, and California. It is based also on participant observations at Latino Jewish organizations and social events, conducted from 2010 to 2016, combined with quantitative data from the Pew Research Center's study on American Jews. By employing combined methodology, Limonic arrives at the following conclusions: Navigating...

Nativism in South African municipal indigent policies through a human rights lens

ABSTRACT The dawn of constitutional democracy in South Africa triggered a new wave of immigration into the country. Foreign migrants post-1994 now make up about seven per cent of the country's population. The majority of the new intake are Africans pursuing economic opportunities, or refugees seeking asylum. The convergence of South African citizens and foreigners, especially in the country's major cities, generates competition over space and limited social welfare services which at times degenerates into conflicts with dire consequences. Some South African Ministers and local government leaders have resorted to a nativistic discourse to address competition over limited welfare services and to shield themselves for the failures of the State to achieve the large-scale egalitarian transformation envisaged by the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. This article uses local government indigent policies to show how several South African municipalities use citizenship as a mandatory condition for accessing free basic services, and discusses how the institutionalised blanket exclusion of foreigners from accessing these services violates the obligation of non-discrimation which is protected in international and South African human rights law. Against the backdrop of the government's socio-economic rights obligations, this article argues that it is necessary for some municipal indigent policies to be amended to at least cater for the basic needs of indigent foreigners with a permanent residence permit and those with official refugee status in South Africa. It is argued that the blanket exclusion of these categories of destitute non-citizens without consideration of their immigration status fails to distinguish between those who have become part of South African society and have made their homes in the country and those who are in South Africa on a transient basis. Keywords: Nativism, municipal indigent policies, free basic municipal services, socioeconomic rights, foreigners, permanent residents, refugees, South Africa.

A Jewish &lt;em&gt;Millet&lt;/em&gt; to a Jewish National State-Within-A-State

The Jewish community of Palestine (the Yishuv) began its transformation to a semi-autonomous entity shortly after the arrival of the Second Immigration to Palestine, from 1900-1914. During those years, the building blocks of a secular national governing framework were organized, and as WW I began, Ashkenazi leaders attained hegemony over the millet. During the war, the Jewish Diaspora's munificent financial transfers underwrote the survival and development of the millet. By 1918, the Yishuv, as a state-within-a-state, was poised to further expand its economy and militarize under British auspices. In 1920, only two years after the end of the war, the Jewish community selected the members of its internal governing body, the Va'ad HaLeumi (National Council) and as it gained in political and economic strength, bolstered by waves of immigration, the Va'ad HaLeumi prepared to establish a Jewish State.

A New Rival State? Australia in Tsarist Diplomatic Communications by Massov Alexander (review)

REVIEWS 177 off of the altars of its Nativity and Intercession cathedrals, preventing their use for religious services. It was only at Easter 1905, against the background of the developing revolution, that the altars were re-opened, on the eve of Nicholas II’s decree on religious toleration. De Simone’s account of the history of the Rogozhskoe community provides a detailed and illuminating picture of many aspects of the lives of the Moscow popovtsy, including the architecture of their cathedrals, the activities of their charitable and educational institutions and the growth of merchant dynasties such as the Morozovs and the Riabushinskiis. The author has made good use of archival materials, although his attitude towards his sources is somewhat uncritical, producing a highly sympathetic picture which sometimes verges on the hagiographical. De Simone focuses on the relationship of the Rogozhskoe community to the state and the official Orthodox Church, while largely ignoring its position in the broader spectrum of Old Belief. He says little about the attitude of the Rogozhskoe priested community to its priestless counterpart, the Moscow Preobrazhenskoe Cemetery community, nor to other priestless and priested communities throughout the Empire. Many of the more radical groups considered the Moscow popovtsy to be hopelessly compromised, not least by their swearing of the oath of loyalty to Alexander III after the assassination of Alexander II in 1881. It is not too surprising, therefore, that the authorities were mistrustful of professions of loyalty by a community that aspired to a leading role in a movement that included groups which still identified the tsar as Antichrist. The monograph is thoroughly researched, with a full scholarly apparatus and some well-chosen illustrations. Unfortunately, however, the author’s style is somewhat pedestrian and repetitious, and the publisher has allowed far too many typos to slip through the proof-reading net. But overall this is a valuable contribution to our knowledge of Russian religious history. Centre for Russian, European and Eurasian Studies Maureen Perrie University of Birmingham Massov, Alexander; Pollard, Marina and Windle, Kevin (eds). A New Rival State? Australia in Tsarist Diplomatic Communications. Australian National University Press, Acton, ACT, 2018. xiii + 353 pp. Illustrations. Tables. Notes. Index. AUS$ 55.00 (paperback). This volume covers six decades of despatches by imperial Russia’s consular representatives in Melbourne, from the establishment of a Russian consular service in the Australian settler colonies in 1857 to the Russian revolutions SEER, 98, 1, JANUARY 2020 178 of 1917. The reports selected from the Arkhiv vneshnei politiki Rossiiskoi Imperii (AVPRI) throw an interesting light on the growing relations between the two countries in this period. But they also offer useful insights into the economic, social and political history of the Australian federation. Ever since Leopold von Ranke based his history of the Reformation on the Venetian relazioni ambasciatori, historians have learnt to appreciate the value of foreign diplomatic sources for the study of a country’s internal history. Historians of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Australia will similarly find much of interest in the reports compiled by the eight Russian consuls. At the same time, their despatches also reveal the cultural, social and political norms of the country which they represented in this fast modernizing outpost of the British world in the Southern hemisphere. Its dynamism elicited admiration and fascination, but it also met with an altogether more traditional Russian response of hostility towards uncontrolled, from-the-bottom-up change, unfettered by governmental direction. Russia’s first contact with the Antipodes occurred in 1807, when the Russian sloop Neva put into Sydney harbour en route from Kronstadt to Alaska. From the early 1850s onwards there was an increase in immigration from Russia to Australia, triggered initially by the ‘gold fever’ of 1851. This first wave of immigration lasted until the 1890s, to be followed by a second in the decade before 1914. Indeed, on the eve of the First World War, the Russian community inAustraliaincreasedby120–150permonth.Inbothperiods,therecentarrivals were drawn mostly from the peasant class, reflecting the shortage of available land in Russia. But there was also a significant element formed of political refugees and oppressed ethnic minorities. Following the Polish uprising in 1863, Poles arrived in substantial numbers (doc. no...

Better Migrants, Worse Migrants: Young, Educated Poles Look at New Incomers to Poland

This article concerns select aspects of social perceptions and categorizations of foreigners settling in Poland. The core of this work is an analysis of a series of qualitative interviews conducted with young, educated residents of Warsaw. Herein the authors draw attention to a significant change in the consciousness of Polish society: a recognition of the permanent presence of migrants in Poland as well as discernment of the sociocultural problems associated with that presence. In the eyes of our interlocutors, the past two decades have been a time in which the attitude of Poles towards incoming aliens has shifted. Influencing opinions have been personal or familial experiences of emigration, particularly after the 2004 accession of Poland into the European Union. Also affecting attitudes have been an immigration wave from Ukraine as well as the tangible consequences of the 2015 migrant crisis. On the one hand, all these factors together have caused Poland to be seen today as not only an emigration, but also an immigration country. On the other hand, these have also provoked a conscious classification of various categories of migrants with regards to their geographic and cultural background along with the roles they might possibly fill in this country.

Remembering Lattimer: Labor, Migration, and Race in Pennsylvania Anthracite Country by Paul A. Shackel

Reviewed by: Remembering Lattimer: Labor, Migration, and Race in Pennsylvania Anthracite Country by Paul A. Shackel Thomas Mackaman Remembering Lattimer: Labor, Migration, and Race in Pennsylvania Anthracite Country. By Paul A. Shackel. (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2018. 176 pp. Illustrations, maps, references, index. Cloth $99; paper, $28.) On the afternoon of September 10, 1897, near the small anthracite patch town of Lattimer, one of the worst labor massacres in American history took place. About 450 striking miners, peacefully marching to call fellow workers out on strike with them, were fired on by a posse of some 150 deputies and mine guards under the command of Luzerne County sherriff James F. Martin. The initial fusillade and subsequent fire from Martin’s forces left nineteen dead and nearly forty wounded, all of them eastern European immigrants from Poland, Lithuania, Slovakia, and other lands. University of Maryland industrial archaeologist Paul A. Shackel brings this largely forgotten event to life by connecting the Lattimer massacre of immigrant coal miners to the anti-immigrant politics of the present, which, ironically, have been particularly pronounced in the nearby town of Hazleton, Pennsylvania. Shackel, the author of dozens of books and articles, including The Archaeology of American Labor and Working Class Life (University of Florida Press, 2011), has written a book that is at once a labor history, a study in public history and memory, a forensic archaeology, a contemporary sociology, and a plea for intercultural understanding. Shackel first situates the Lattimer massacre within the development of the late nineteenth-century anthracite industry and the struggle of “new immigrant” coal miners—at first dismissed even by the union, the United Mine Workers (UMW)—to defend their most basic interests. He then presents a detailed study [End Page 120] of the massacre itself, followed by the trial, during which the legal defense for Martin and his deputies deployed anti-immigrant tropes to secure acquittal. Shackel then studies the history and memory of Lattimer. The event was kept alive in oral traditions, he shows, but it was largely forgotten—at least in a public sense—until the early 1970s, when UMW officials, Catholic clergy, and local politicians began to invoke its memory, and contentious efforts were made to memorialize the massacre. This discussion is followed by a chapter detailing the archaeological study he carried out, which corroborates the overwhelming historical evidence from the time that Martin and his posse carried out the massacre. Shackel then turns to the present. Today the immediate area’s leading town is Hazleton, whose former mayor (2000–2010) and US congressman (2011–19), Lou Barletta, made a national name for himself by pushing forward a local ordinance to block what he claimed was a tidal wave of illegal immigration to the depressed coal town. Hazleton, whose population is now roughly half Latino, once again found itself at the center of the immigration debate—as it had one hundred years earlier, at the time of the massacre. Shackel draws out these connections. Shackel’s book, part of the University of Illinois Press series “The Working Class in American History,” is now the leading scholarly study of the Lattimer massacre. But it is more than that. Written in direct language, it will be of interest not only to scholars but also to a general readership and to teachers interested in helping students draw connections between past and present. Thomas Mackaman King’s College Copyright © 2020 The Historical Society of Pennsylvania

Assimilation and ethnic marriage squeeze in early 20th century America: A gender perspective.

BACKGROUNDDuring the 19th and early 20th centuries, large waves of international immigrants, often heterogeneous in terms of age and sex structure, arrived in the United States. Within a relatively short time, many of these immigrants were assimilated. While prior studies have identified an impact of the marriage squeeze on intermarriage, the role of gender is less known.METHODSWe use data from the 1930 census to examine the role played by variation in the sex ratios of the six largest immigrant groups at the beginning of the 20th century on marital outcomes by sex.RESULTSOur analyses show that the probability of marrying outside one’s ethnic group in this period is strongly tied to local ethnic sex ratios. Marital outcomes are affected for both sexes, but sex ratios are found to be more influential on males marrying out of their ethnic group. While a surplus of one’s own sex increases the probability of exogamy for males, it is likely to increase the probability of being single for females.CONTRIBUTIONOur findings highlight the importance of ethnic sex ratios in local marriage markets at a critical juncture of American immigration and its consequences. We focus on an understudied aspect of this process: gender differences in the association between sex ratios and marital assimilation. We show that marital decisions differed by sex and that the high levels of intermarriage in this period are more likely to be explained by unbalanced sex ratios for males than for females.

Education of Refugee Adolescents at the End of Secondary School: The Role of Educational Policies, Individual and Family Resources

In the recent wave of refugee immigration to Germany, many children and adolescents were among the migrants. Their integration into the German educational system will be a major challenge for the years and decades to come. The paper’s aim is to examine both general and refugee-specific mechanisms that likely explain ethnic and social inequality in education among refugee adolescents. The study is based on ReGES (Refugees in the German Educational System) data collected in five German federal states. Our results show that refugee adolescents attend lower grade levels and lower school types than the general pupil population in Germany. We further posit that established mechanisms to explain social and ethnic inequality are also applicable to refugee adolescents. Among refugee-specific aspects, we identify factors at the federal state level that influence the school placement of young refugees. Furthermore, at the individual level, post-traumatic stress disorder is associated with differences in educational achievement among refugee students.