Wave-like Dynamics Research Articles

Wavelike dynamics for high harmonic generation in solids

Wavelike dynamics for high harmonic generation in solids

Emergence of rogue-like waves in a reaction-diffusion system: Stochastic output from deterministic dissipative dynamics.

Rogue waves are an intriguing nonlinear phenomenon arising across different scales, ranging from ocean waves through optics to Bose-Einstein condensates. We describe the emergence of rogue wave-like dynamics in a reaction-diffusion system that arise as a result of a subcritical Turing instability. This state is present in a regime where all time-independent states are unstable and consists of intermittent excitation of spatially localized spikes, followed by collapse to an unstable state and subsequent regrowth. We characterize the spatiotemporal organization of spikes and show that in sufficiently large domains the dynamics are consistent with a memoryless process.

Sequentially activated discrete modules appear as traveling waves in neuronal measurements with limited spatiotemporal sampling.

Numerous studies have identified traveling waves in the cortex and suggested they play important roles in brain processing. These waves are most often measured using macroscopic methods that are unable to assess the local spiking activity underlying wave dynamics. Here, we investigated the possibility that waves may not be traveling at the single neuron scale. We first show that sequentially activating two discrete brain areas can appear as traveling waves in EEG simulations. We next reproduce these results using an analytical model of two sequentially activated regions. Using this model, we were able to generate wave-like activity with variable directions, velocities, and spatial patterns, and to map the discriminability limits between traveling waves and modular sequential activations. Finally, we investigated the link between field potentials and single neuron excitability using large-scale measurements from turtle cortex ex vivo. We found that while field potentials exhibit wave-like dynamics, the underlying spiking activity was better described by consecutively activated spatially adjacent groups of neurons. Taken together, this study suggests caution when interpreting phase delay measurements as continuously propagating wavefronts in two different spatial scales. A careful distinction between modular and wave excitability profiles across scales will be critical for understanding the nature of cortical computations.

Sequentially activated discrete modules appear as traveling waves in neuronal measurements with limited spatiotemporal sampling

Numerous studies have identified traveling waves in the cortex and suggested they play important roles in brain processing. These waves are most often measured using macroscopic methods that are unable to assess the local spiking activity underlying wave dynamics. Here, we investigated the possibility that waves may not be traveling at the single neuron scale. We first show that sequentially activating two discrete brain areas can appear as traveling waves in EEG simulations. We next reproduce these results using an analytical model of two sequentially activated regions. Using this model, we were able to generate wave-like activity with variable directions, velocities, and spatial patterns, and to map the discriminability limits between traveling waves and modular sequential activations. Finally, we investigated the link between field potentials and single neuron excitability using large-scale measurements from turtle cortex ex vivo. We found that while field potentials exhibit wave-like dynamics, the underlying spiking activity was better described by consecutively activated spatially adjacent groups of neurons. Taken together, this study suggests caution when interpreting phase delay measurements as continuously propagating wavefronts in two different spatial scales. A careful distinction between modular and wave excitability profiles across scales will be critical for understanding the nature of cortical computations.

International Legal Regulation of Counteracting Transnational Crime Within the Modern Trend of Regionalization

The article examines the relationship between regionalization and globalization at the present stage, identifies trends in the development of regionalization, as well as gaps in the international legal regulation of combating transnational crime in the SCO and CIS regions. The relevance of the fight against transnational crime in the modern conditions of the implementation of the state foreign policy of the Russian Federation and the development of regionalization processes is noted. Statistics on transnational crimes that affect the regions of the SCO, the CIS and the immediate territory of the Russian Federation are presented, and the wave-like dynamics in the number of these crimes is revealed. The relevance of the fight against transnational crime is, among other things, associated with the growing number of crimes of terrorist and extremist nature. The authors point out the need to conduct statistical studies of the number of transnational crimes and their individual types in order to establish the proportion of crimes committed exclusively on the territory of the Russian Federation and affecting the interests of foreign states (properly transnational). The system of measures aimed at combating transnational crime includes the following: legislative, procedural (international cooperation); professional (improving the qualification of law enforcement agencies’ employees); technical (development and implementation of innovative technologies) and financial measures. The work identifies promising directions for improving this system of measures. Statistical data from the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation are provided. The analysis of the state and level of transnational crime and the problems associated with countering it allowed the authors to identify a number of promising areas. Specifically, it is proposed that a number of pressing problems should be solved in order to stabilize international cooperation at the regional level.

Особенности эволюции экистического пространства Саратовской области во второй половине имперского периода (1800–1917 гг.)

This study delves into the profound transformation of demographic and Ecistic space within the contemporary Saratov region during the latter half of the imperial era (1800–1917). Spatial and temporal trends, as well as the driving forces behind their development, have been meticulously examined. The findings reveal a fascinating process of Ecistic space metamorphosis within the region. This intertwines with the wave-like dynamics of numerous socio-technical innovations (including the emancipation of serfs and the establishment of free land trade, state peasant reforms, the advent of the industrial revolution, and the sweeping Great Reforms). It is evident that the colonization phase of territorial exploration and the establishment of a fundamental hierarchical framework (governorate → district → volost → city → village) within the Ecistic space of the region have reached their culmination.

Classification of Atretic Small Antral Follicles in the Human Ovary

The reproductive lifespan in humans is regulated by a delicate cyclical balance between follicular recruitment and atresia in the ovary. The majority of the small antral follicles present in the ovary are progressively lost through atresia without reaching dominance, but this process remains largely underexplored. In our study, we investigated the characteristics of atretic small antral follicles and proposed a classification system based on molecular changes observed in granulosa cells, theca cells, and extracellular matrix deposition. Our findings revealed that atresia spreads in the follicle with wave-like dynamics, initiating away from the cumulus granulosa cells. We also observed an enrichment of CD68+ macrophages in the antrum during the progression of follicular atresia. This work not only provides criteria for classifying three stages of follicular atresia in small antral follicles in the human ovary but also serves as a foundation for understanding follicular degeneration and ultimately preventing or treating premature ovarian failure. Understanding follicular remodeling in the ovary could provide a means to increase the number of usable follicles and delay the depletion of the follicular reserve, increasing the reproductive lifespan.

ARTISTIC AND STYLISTIC REPERTOIRE (STYLING) IN THE DESIGN OF EDUCATIONAL SITES AND PORTALS

The article examines the issue of styling (artistic style repertoire) in the design of educational sites and portals. The author claims that the relevance of the mentioned issue is connected with a number of factors. Among them: 1) a short period of time for composing styles; 2) the communicative feature of web design, which at the same time borders with forms of media communication on purely technical directions (for example, engineering); 3) stylistic aspects in the evolution of web design cannot exist outside the aesthetic experience of graphic design, and in a broader context – print and graphic design. The purpose of the article is to study the artistic and stylistic properties in the design of educational sites and portals in historical retrospect, as well as from the point of view of the principles in the general design structure of web resources. The author identified three main markers of styling in the design of educational sites and portals: 1) artistic-emotional concreteness, which is achieved through the maximum certainty of iconic and symbolic aspects of the artistic language of website design; 2) association with the context, which is expressed through the connection between the message and its background qualities, between the central artistic idea and individual aspects that specify it; 3) functionality of decorative content: all elements of web design that stylize (decorate or create effects) must be subordinated to a utilitarian purpose, the meaning of which is obvious in the usability system. The results of the study prove that the historical genealogy of style formation has wave-like dynamics and is prone to periodic repetition of individual compositional or formal aggregates. This is visible in the design as the most typical and effective solutions. In this sense, the analysis of the practice of their development, change and transformation has a further research perspective.

Atmospheric Gravity Wave and Instability Observations From the International Space Station Using the Near InfraRed Airglow Camera (NIRAC)

AbstractThe Near Infrared Airglow Camera (NIRAC) is an imager that was deployed to the International Space Station (ISS) in May 2019. NIRAC's bandpass (1.5–1.72 microns) and field of view (∼23° × 23°) are ideal for observations of the bright OH Meinel airglow emission. NIRAC utilizes a 4‐megapixel Teledyne H2RG detector, a custom‐designed rectilinear lens, and a newly developed motion compensation system to obtain a spatial pixel‐resolution of about 83 m (66 m) at the ground (airglow layer). This design allows smear‐free, high (>50) signal to noise (S/N) imaging (of the ground or airglow layer) over the whole detector during multi‐second image acquisition times, even though the ISS is moving >7 km/s. NIRAC nominally acquires imagery at an ∼7.5 s cadence resulting in image sequences with significant overlap. These can be analyzed for wavelike features (gravity waves and instabilities) at 85 km using the relative displacement of these features as viewed from the two different viewing angles. This technique removes tropospheric cloud backgrounds and Earth background surface features that otherwise make identification of wavelike difficult in this band, an issue with remote sensing satellite instruments. Examples of imagery are presented that show how this technique can distinguish wavelike features that originate at ∼85 km from surface and tropospheric cloud features. This limited data set shows that complex wavelike dynamics are seen in the airglow directly over weather fronts. Because these regions are often cloudy and remote these dynamics have not been well‐studied.

Естественно-исторические предпосылки промысла сайгаков в Казахстане

Численность сайгаков казахстанской уральской группировки, обитающей в Волго-Уральском междуречье, в 2022 году возросла до рекордных 801 тыс. экземпляров. Местные фермеры утверждают о сильнейших потравах этими животными сельскохозяйственных полей и пастбищ и требуют искусственного сокращения поголовья. В то же время природоохранные организации предлагают их дальнейшую охрану. В работе проведен анализ литературных материалов и полученных ранее собственных результатов по сопряженному изучению динамики численности сайгаков и их весенней массовой гибели с особенностями изменения природно-климатических условий региона. Промышленный промысел уральской группировки сайгаков начался в 1954 году и с перерывами продолжался до 1994 года. Иными словами, добыча сайгаков представляла собой в это время обычное регуляторное мероприятие. Затем наступил долговременный период депрессии их численности, который связали с неумеренным отстрелом и браконьерством. Показано, что волнообразная динамика численности популяции сайгаков полностью зависит от продуктивности травостоя и обводненности мест их обитания. Глубокая и продолжительная депрессия в численности животных в 2000-х годах возникла в результате сильного сокращения мест водопоя, так как в этот период из-за 14-летнего отсутствия поверхностного стока весенних талых вод в местную гидрографическую сеть произошло повсеместное высыхание прудов и сор, обмеление озер и рек. Лишь в 2010–2011 годах началось новое пополнение открытых водоемов талыми водами, и с тех пор до 2022 года они никогда не пересыхали. Именно в это время началось интенсивное приращение численности поголовья сайгаков. Проанализированы причины весенней периодической массовой избирательной гибели сайгаков. Показано, что причиной этого явления может быть незаразная болезнь — тимпания, которая идентифицируется скоротечностью заболевания, что объясняет ее избирательный характер (гибнут, в основном, малоподвижные родившие самки). Тимпания, по-видимому, может служить триггерным механизмом запуска других второстепенных болезней в организмах животных, в том числе контагиозного пастереллеза, который постоянно регистрируют у погибших животных. Поголовье животных после массового весеннего падежа сайгаков восстанавливается через несколько лет до прежнего уровня из-за высокой плодовитости как в периоды депрессии, так и высокой численности. Поэтому нет никаких оснований для отмены промысла столь ценного самовозобновляемого ресурса с учетом динамики его численности под влиянием природно-климатических условий.

БАНДИТИЗМ В ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОМ ЧЕРНОЗЕМЬЕ В 1920-Е ГГ.

Due to significant socio-economic and political difficulties, the Central Chernozem region faced the problem of mass banditry in rural areas during the Civil War. Despite the end of war actions, the State, despite all the efforts of law enforcement agencies, only partially managed to fulfill the task of liquidating gangs. This article devoted the causes of the wave-like dynamics of banditry in the Central Chernozem region and the characteristic features of this type of criminal activity during the 1920 s.

Chemo-mechanical diffusion waves explain collective dynamics of immune cell podosomes

Immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, can utilize podosomes, mechanosensitive actin-rich protrusions, to generate forces, migrate, and patrol for foreign antigens. Individual podosomes probe their microenvironment through periodic protrusion and retraction cycles (height oscillations), while oscillations of multiple podosomes in a cluster are coordinated in a wave-like fashion. However, the mechanisms governing both the individual oscillations and the collective wave-like dynamics remain unclear. Here, by integrating actin polymerization, myosin contractility, actin diffusion, and mechanosensitive signaling, we develop a chemo-mechanical model for podosome dynamics in clusters. Our model reveals that podosomes show oscillatory growth when actin polymerization-driven protrusion and signaling-associated myosin contraction occur at similar rates, while the diffusion of actin monomers drives wave-like coordination of podosome oscillations. Our theoretical predictions are validated by different pharmacological treatments and the impact of microenvironment stiffness on chemo-mechanical waves. Our proposed framework can shed light on the role of podosomes in immune cell mechanosensing within the context of wound healing and cancer immunotherapy.

Analysis of Regional Scenarios of New Epidemic Waves of SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus Based on Equations with a Deviating Argument and Damping Functions

The methods we develop within the framework of transient technical process modeling are adaptable to the tasks of biophysics—both to the prediction of invasions of aggressive species and to the analysis of the dynamics of epidemics. The practical application of modeling results to predict the development of the modern pandemic in 2020 has shown the fundamental limitations of the basic methods of model building. Based on an analysis of the properties of the deterministic SIRS model, it has not been possible to present the variety of forms that the regional dynamics of coronavirus spread has taken. The characteristics of the epidemic process do not remain constant, as a variable pathogen evolves competitively. The phenomena since the outbreak of COVID-19 have proven to be much more complex than the naturally fading waves of pandemic influenza strains as immunity accumulates. The development of a scenario approach to the analysis of individual epidemic situations is promising, taking into account the logic of the evolution of the pathogen and adaptation to the peculiarities of its spread in local populations. We performed an analysis of the available data in terms of oscillation forms to get an idea of the real qualitative diversity of local wavelike dynamics of the epidemic of coronavirus strains and identify some special development scenarios described as a catastrophic cycle breakdown on the basis of the known phase-portrait transformations. Applying a bifurcation approach to the epidemic data, we were able to identify features of local forms of oscillatory epidemic processes. We classified the observed phenomena of outbreaks and attenuation of coronavirus infection waves by correlating the dynamics of epidemics with nonlinear effects. We derived scenarios for a number of epidemic situations (in Brazil, New York, and Japan) using lagged equations. It is shown on the basis of comparison of specific situations that the dynamics of epidemics evolve diversely and variably at the current stage according to the internal unpredictable logic of the confrontation process, which is determined by the rate of change in the joint evolution of the virus and population immunity, including the previously formed T-cell immunity. We were able to analyze variants of COVID-wave transformations in lagged equations using the idea of distinguishing bifurcation-inducing parameters. It is substantiated that all nonlinear effects and transformations of oscillatory modes, isolated by epidemic plots, cannot in principle be obtained within a single model. Comparative scenario analysis supports the hypothesis that epidemic processes are primarily influenced by population immunity and contact density. Vaccination has failed to complete the emergence of new waves of infections, but clearly affects the properties of local oscillatory regimes of disease incidence. Experience with new outbreaks of COVID-19 in 2023 in Sweden, New Zealand, Japan, and South India with fundamentally different coping strategies showed that sustained population immunity blocking coronavirus transmission could not be achieved over the long term. Our assumed scenario for the end of the pandemic is the formation of four stable strains whose sporadic circulation in the regions is controlled by CD8+ T-cell immunity.

Rats’ thyroid gland histological and ultrastructural changes 30 days after the experimental thermal injury on the background of NaCl injection

Very frequent natural and man-made disasters as well as current military conflicts are accompanied by injuries complicated by acute blood loss, burns and shock of different degrees of severity. Thermal injuries are one of the world modern medicine most urgent medical and social problems including the same in Ukraine. In response to a burn injury a significant number of pathological processes develop in the body which manifestation involves almost all organs and systems, leading to an expressed homeostasis disturbance and adaptative processes disorder. Thyroid gland is the one of the first which receives the alterative influence in conditions of both threshold and suprathreshold thermal exposure. The purpose of the work is to establish histological and ultrastructural changes in the thyroid gland of experimental animals 30 days after thermal skin injury. Experimental studies were conducted on 90 white male rats. Skin thermal burns were simulated using four copper plates application to previously depilated lateral surfaces of the rats’ body for 10 s. Rats were injected with a 0.9 % saline into the vena cava inferior during the first 7 days of the post-burn period. Thyroid gland pieces were fixed in a 10 % neutral formalin solution, dehydrated in alcohols of increasing concentration and embedded in paraffin blocks. The prepared sections of 5-6 μm thickness were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. In the rats’ thyroid gland the presence of complex changes of a destructive, adaptive-compensatory and regenerative nature was established on the 30th day after a skin burn against the background of 0.9 % NaCl administration. These changes indicate a relative organs hemodynamics normalization together with the structure of various diameters vessels walls which creates the basis for the follicular cells typical structure restoration and new follicles synthesis. The expressed osmiophily and thyrocyte nuclei pyknotization, cytoplasm vacuolization and follicle’s lumen cells desquamation are revealed in the gland parenchyma. These are signs of the organ fibrosis which are supported by connective tissue amount in the stromal component increase. The thyroid gland parenchyma and the vessels surrounding it micro- and ultrastructural changes caused by the thermal altering influence have a time-dependent expression which transforms from predominantly destructive to predominantly restorative throughout the 30-day post-burn period. The authors are sure that the detected morphological changes of the gland have a time-dependent reversibility which is important to consider from both the time-course and the quantitative aspects taking into account the pathogenetically based scheme of pharmacocorrection. The 30th day of the post-burn pathological process manifestation characterizes by a certain imbalance in the compensatory, restorative and synthetic processes manifestation as well as in the destructive and decompensatory processes manifestation which gives reason to hope for the thyroid gland functioning restoration together with organs and systems in case of pathogenetically determined pharmacological treatment administration. Taking into account the thyroid gland morpho-functional changes wave-like dynamics the authors believe that sanogenetic mechanisms activation might occurs which will allow to prescribe the complex pathogenetically determined correction assuming the above-mentioned patho- and sanogenetic mechanisms dynamics.

REGENERATIVE PROCESSES IN THE RENAL BODIES AFTER PRIVATE NEPHRECTOMY WITH THE USE OF THE ALLOPLANT SUTURE FOR SEWING

To date, the study of the process of cell proliferation in organs and tissues, as well as the possibility of its stimulation is very important in many types of pathology. Primary damage to somatic cell types in the glomerular apparatus of the kidneys is associated with various pathologies. Damaged endothelial and mesangial cells are restored due to the proliferation of neighboring cells. To study the reparative processes in the renal corpuscles, the change in the number of Ki-67+ cells was assessed. Ki-67 is expressed in the cell nucleus at all stages of the cell cycle, except for G0. Therefore, the number of Ki-67+ cells reflect proliferative activity. The search for new ways to stimulate organ regeneration and methods for its evaluation is an important direction. When evaluating the Ki -67 protein in the cells of the renal corpuscles, three types of expression are distinguished: granular, diffuse, and granular-diffuse. We found that an increased (by 40.21%) number of Ki-67+ cells in the damaged area on the 3rd day indicates active regeneration processes, then from the 6th day the values of this parameter decrease, but still remain higher. than during surgery. We associate such dynamics of changes in the studied parameter with alteration and active inflammatory processes localized in this zone. In the zone without damage, we noted a wave-like dynamics of changes in the number of Ki-67+ cells in the renal corpuscles in the zone without damage with 2 periods of increase (on the 3rd and 18th days) and a decrease to the values obtained during the operation by 60 -m days. We believe that this indicates an early (3rd day) regenerative activity of cells, as well as the process of tissue remodeling. Our results can help improve the diagnosis and treatment of animals with kidney pathologies.

Quantitative Analysis of the Word Spread Dynamics as a Factor in Identifying of the Youth Mass Media Significance

This study examines the role and place of youth media in changing the vocabulary of the Russian language. For a comparative analysis, three words were used, the factors of popularity of which are political propaganda, the frequent use of the word in a certain youth magazine and the widespread prevalence of the word on the Internet. A wave-like dynamics of an increase in the frequency of the word, which has become popular thanks to publications in the youth media, has been revealed: matured readers of the magazine, after 20-25 years, begin to actively use the word introduced into their vocabulary by the authors of the publications. The question is raised about the significance of the mass media for the dynamics of changes in the vocabulary of the language. A method has been developed to prove the influence of the mass media on the dynamics of changes in the vocabulary using the tools of quantitative linguistics. The history of the frequency of use of the analyzed words in the Russian language allows us to speak about the importance of youth mass media as determining the worldview and linguistic picture of the world of the text. Moreover, for other words in which the frequency correlates with the historical setting, the contexts of use themselves indicate the connection of the increased frequency with the personality of a particular publicist or writer and with the texts he generates.

Decoding the Bell-Shaped Calcium Spikes in Phosphorylation Cycles of Flagella

We investigate the messenger role of calcium ions implicated in the regulation of wave-like bending dynamics of flagella. The emphasis is on microtubules of flagellar axoneme serving as nonlinear transmission lines for bell-shaped spikes of calcium ions. The calcium sensitive proteins, such as calmodulin, exhibit activation dependence on the spike train frequency and amplitude. Here, we analyze a Ca2+ decoding module IDA-I1 whose activity is controlled by Ca2+ activated kinase. We find that trains of Ca2+ spikes are advantageous compared to a constant rise in Ca2+ concentration as being more efficient and much less prone to noisy fluctuations.

Wavelike propagation of quorum activation through a spatially distributed bacterial population under natural regulation

Many bacteria communicate using diffusible pheromone signals known as autoinducers. When the autoinducer concentration reaches a threshold, which requires a minimum population density or ‘quorum’, the bacteria activate specific gene regulatory pathways. Simple diffusion of autoinducer can activate quorum-dependent pathways in cells that are located at substantial distances from the secreting source. However, modeling has predicted that autoinducer diffusion, coupled with positive feedback regulation in autoinducer synthesis, could also allow a quorum-regulated behavior to spread more rapidly through a population by moving as a self-sustaining front at constant speed. Here we show that such propagation can occur in a population of bacteria whose quorum pathway operates under its own natural regulation. We find that in unstirred populations of Vibrio fischeri, introduction of autoinducer at one location triggers a wavelike traveling front of natural bioluminescence. The front moves with a well-defined speed ∼2.5 mm h−1, eventually outrunning the slower diffusional spreading of the initial stimulus. Consistent with predictions from modeling, the wave travels until late in growth, when population-wide activation occurs due to basal autoinducer production. Subsequent rounds of waves, including waves propagating in the reverse direction, can also be observed late in the growth of V. fischeri under natural regulation. Using an engineered, lac-dependent strain, we show that local stimuli other than autoinducers can also elicit a self-sustaining, propagating response. Our data show that the wavelike dynamics predicted by simple mathematical models of quorum signaling are readily detected in bacterial populations functioning under their own natural regulation, and that other, more complex traveling phenomena are also present. Because a traveling wave can substantially increase the efficiency of intercellular communication over macroscopic distances, our data indicate that very efficient modes of communication over distance are available to unmixed populations of V. fischeri and other microbes.

МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНЕ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ СУЧАСНОЇ ОЦІНКИ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК ТА ЯКОСТЕЙ НЕМАТЕРІАЛЬНИХ АКТИВІВ

Introduction. The relevance of research on the use of intellectual property rights is determined by: the wavelike dynamics of changes in the number of used intellectual property rights; reducing the number of applications and registered patents for inventions, utility models, marks for goods and services, etc. Certain circumstances require further qualitative research of the essence of intangible assets of industrial innovative enterprises both on the basis of adaptation of international experience and development of own methodological support. The purpose of the article is a methodological support for modern assessment of the characteristics and qualities of intangible assets in enterprises through the analysis of their main content components based on international experience. Research methods. The article used general scientific and special research methods: retrospective and systematic analysis, abstract logical, generalization and comparison; methods of induction and deduction in determining the problem of assessing the characteristics and qualities of intangible assets in enterprises. Results. The article offers an analysis of the essential characteristics and properties of intangible assets of the enterprise, which are combined into the following blocks: intellectual property, copyright, industrial property, business reputation, organizational costs. The basis for the formation of characteristics and properties of intangible assets are the following bases: the absence of material form, the presence of value, value creation, informativeness, and special forms of storage. Intellectual property is, first of all, objects created as a result of creative, intellectual activity of the person. Copyright is regulated by national law and international conventions on copyright protection and is one of the objects of intellectual property. Industrial property is considered as the exclusive right of the patent owner for an invention, industrial design, utility model and the exclusive right of the patent owner for selection achievements. The business reputation of the enterprise as an intangible asset is characterized by the level, value, factors of its formation. Organizational costs are characterized first by the cost of legal registration and registration, and then they are associated with the life cycle of the enterprise. The selected characteristics and properties of intangible assets allow to separate one asset from another, as well as to identify their place, role and methods of application in the economic activity of the enterprise. Conclusions. The above characteristics and features of intangible assets allow you to accurately separate one asset from another, i.e. identify them, and identify their place, role, and means of use in the economic activity of the enterprise, i.e. commercialization and capitalization.

Dynamics and Causes of Violations of Labor Discipline during the Great Patriotic War (on the Materials of the City of Kovrov)

This article explores the causes of labor discipline violations and their dynamics during the Great Patriotic War by the example of a compact rear industrial center - the city of Kovrov, which became part of the Vladimir Region, which stood out from Ivanovo in 1944. Based on the analysis of the documents of the city committee of the city party, including the minutes of the city committee meetings, memoranda from party instructors, plans and reports on the work of industrial enterprises, the author concludes that there is some dynamics in the violation of harsh labor laws at the city enterprises. Studying the stated problem, it was possible not only to identify the causes of numerous violations of labor legislation by workers and employees, but also to find out the attitude and reaction of the Kovrov city committee of the CPSU (b) to these processes. In the course of the study, a fact was confirmed in many respects, which was repeatedly indicated in both domestic and foreign historiography about the continuity of processes in industrial enterprises of the prewar and war years. Moreover, it would hardly be worthwhile to reduce all complex life phenomena and contradictions exclusively to system errors and manifestations of Stalinism. In each specific case described in the sources, there was a human factor and, accordingly, the choice of officials. The revealed historical sources allow us to ascertain the presence of a certain dynamics in the number of violations of labor discipline at the level of the city and individual large enterprises, but which was not observed across the region. If large enterprises were characterized by wave-like dynamics of violations with a tendency to increase sharply at the beginning of the war, then small factories and artels showed a permanent decrease in such cases. An analysis of the labor practice of the war years forces, at least partially, to revise the thesis of Soviet historiography on the exceptional cohesion of the rear, but at the same time confirms the versatility and complexity of the daily lives of rear workers, emphasizes the harsh conditions in which workers and employees had to work during the war years and at the same time proves that the war years society was not monolithic.