Wave Irradiation Research Articles

Structural characteristics of glycine aggregates grown under sub-Terahertz irradiation

Although crystal growth methods in which intramolecular bonds are induced by infrared irradiation have been investigated recently, there is very little reported on the use of electromagnetic waves to enhance growth rates. In this study, we have irradiated with 40 GHz sub-Terahertz waves during the solution growth of glycine and investigated the effect on crystal growth. Highly crystalline α-glycine grew with or without irradiation and aggregates were formed. The growth rate, however, was strongly affected by sub-Terahertz wave irradiation, with the growth rate from nucleation approximately doubling. Powder X-ray structure analysis showed that the unique diffraction peaks of glycine tended to partially shift to lower angles, with the (−110) plane and (011) plane spacing expanding by about 0.1 % and 0.15 %, respectively. The FTIR results in the terahertz region show a large absorption near 6 THz, suggesting that the structure contains water molecules.

Effects of radial pressure wave irradiation on triceps surae muscle morphology and function

BackgroundRadial pressure wave (RPW) has been introduced to sports sites as an alternative tool to massage, and there have been reports of irradiating muscles. This study aimed to clarify the effects of RPW irradiation on muscles, focusing on muscle morphology and muscle/fascial elasticity. MethodsThe participants were 23 healthy, able-bodied participants. Muscle morphology (muscle thickness, pinnate angle, muscle fascicle length), muscle and fascia elasticity (deep fascia, subfascial, muscle, deep intermuscular fascia) of the gastrocnemius medial head using ultrasound imaging equipment before and after RPW irradiation intervention. The maximum ankle dorsiflexion range of motion and isometric maximum plantarflexion muscle strength were also measured. ResultsBefore and after RPW irradiation to the triceps surae muscle, muscle thickness, decreased pinnate angle, and increase in maximum ankle dorsiflexion range of motion were observed. No significant changes were observed in muscle fascicle length and maximal isometric plantarflexion strength. In addition, a significant decrease in elasticity was observed in deep fascia, subfascial, and muscle, and the change was particularly large in deep fascia and deep intermuscular fascia. ConclusionIt was suggested that RPW irradiation to muscles might improve fascial gliding and reduce muscle elasticity. It was also found to improve joint range of motion while maintaining muscle output.Trial registration number (Japan Registry of Clinical Trials (jRCT))Current Controlled Trials jRCT1032210104, May 21, 2021.

Efecto de la UV-C en la calidad postcosecha de cítricos de la región nororiente del Valle del Cauca, Colombia

Ultraviolet short wave (UV-C) irradiation is an emerging technology employed in postharvest fruits treatment. This method facilitates a reduction in microbial load, triggers an elicitor effect, and prolongs the shelf life of fruits. In this study, UV-C was applied to rangpur red lime, Tahitian lime, and sweet orange cv. 'Sweety,' which are the primary citrus varieties cultivated in the northeastern region of Valle del Cauca, Colombia. The citrus fruits were exposed to UV-C irradiation for 5 min using a lamp positioned 11 cm above the work area. Subsequently, the fruits were stored in plastic baskets for 21 days at 26 °C with a relative humidity of 70%. Positive and negative control treatments were also implemented. The positive treatment involved samples treated with a 150 mg/L sodium hypochlorite solution for 5 min, while the negative treatment comprised samples without any postharvest treatment. The results revealed that UV-C application effectively delayed maturation, prevented granulation, and maintained the physicochemical parameters, morphology, and surface color of citrus fruits. In conclusion, UV-C shows promise as a technology for treating citrus fruits during the postharvest stage, offering a means to mitigate losses, and assuring food availability.

Triangular pyramid nanostructure enhanced photothermal utilization of noble metal nanoparticles

The triangular pyramid nanostructure (TPN) raises a perfect prerequisite for the aggregation of surface plasmon resonances (SPRs). However, the application of TPN in thermoplasmonics has not yet been developed. The aim of this study is to explore the development potential of TPNs for enhanced noble metal photothermal applications. We investigated the optical absorption properties, photothermal conversion efficiency, and photothermal response under continuous wave irradiation of TPNs based on Ag and Au nanomaterials. The results show that TPN helps to enhance the SPR excitation of Ag and Au in the near-infrared. TPN based on noble metal nanomaterials shows good light absorption capacity and photothermal response. The photothermal conversion efficiencies of the TPN nanoparticle suspensions increased by 56.95% (Ag) and 49.57% (Au), respectively, compared to the same volume of noble metal nanospheres. This work is intended to researchers better understand the development potential of TPN in thermoplasmonics applications.

Efficacy and safety of a novel pain management device, AT-04, for endometriosis-related pain: study protocol for a phase III randomized controlled trial

BackgroundEndometriosis-related pain encompassing dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and chronic pelvic pain, reduces the quality of life in premenopausal women. Although treatment options for endometriosis alleviate this pain, approximately one-third of women still experience pain even after receiving treatment, indicating the need for novel approaches to pain relief in those women. The Angel Touch device (AT-04) is a portable magnetic fields irradiation device that incorporates a combination of mixed alternative magnetic fields at 2 kHz and 83.3 MHz. A phase III trial confirmed the efficacy and safety of AT-02, a prototype of AT-04, for pain relief in patients with fibromyalgia.MethodsThis is a phase III, multicenter, prospective, randomized, sham device-controlled, double-blind, parallel study. The participants will be premenopausal women aged > 18 years who have endometriosis-related pain with at least moderate severity. Considering dropouts, 50 participants have been deemed appropriate. Eligible women will be centrally registered, and the data center will randomly allocate them in a 1:1 ratio to the intervention and control groups. Women in the intervention group will receive electromagnetic wave irradiation generated by AT-04 and those who in the control group will wear a sham device for 16 weeks, and both groups will wear AT-04 for another 4 weeks. The primary outcome measure is the change in the Numeric Rating Scale score at 16 weeks compared with the baseline. Secondary outcome measures are efficacy for pelvic pain including dysmenorrhea and non-menstrual pain, and chronic pelvic pain not related to menstruation, dysmenorrhea, and dyspareunia, and improvement of quality of life during the study period. Safety will be evaluated by device defects and the frequency of adverse events. The study protocol has been approved by the Clinical Study Review Board of Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan, and will be conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Japanese Clinical Trials Act and relevant notifications.DiscussionThis study aims to develop a novel method of managing endometriosis-related pain. The AT-04 is an ultralow-invasive device that can be used without inhibiting ovulation, suggesting potential benefits to women of reproductive-age.Trial registration number Japan Registry of Clinical Trials (jRCTs032230278).

Influence of MHz-order acoustic waves on bacterial suspensions

The development of alternative techniques to efficiently inactivate bacterial suspensions is crucial to prevent transmission of waterborne illness, particularly when commonly used techniques such as heating, filtration, chlorination, or ultraviolet treatment are not practical or feasible. We examine the effect of MHz-order acoustic wave irradiation in the form of surface acoustic waves (SAWs) on Gram-positive (Escherichia coli) and Gram-negative (Brevibacillus borstelensis and Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria suspended in water droplets. A significant increase in the relative bacterial load reduction of colony-forming units (up to 74%) can be achieved by either increasing (1) the excitation power, or, (2) the acoustic treatment duration, which we attributed to the effect of the acoustic radiation force exerted on the bacteria. Consequently, by increasing the maximum pressure amplitude via a hybrid modulation scheme involving a combination of amplitude and pulse-width modulation, we observe that the bacterial inactivation efficiency can be further increased by approximately 14%. By combining this scalable acoustic-based bacterial inactivation platform with plasma-activated water, a 100% reduction in E. coli is observed in less than 10 mins, therefore demonstrating the potential of the synergistic effects of MHz-order acoustic irradiation and plasma-activated water as an efficient strategy for water decontamination.

Multipole engineering by displacement resonance: a new degree of freedom of Mie resonance

The canonical studies on Mie scattering unravel strong electric/magnetic optical responses in nanostructures, laying foundation for emerging meta-photonic applications. Conventionally, the morphology-sensitive resonances hinge on the normalized frequency, i.e. particle size over wavelength, but non-paraxial incidence symmetry is overlooked. Here, through confocal reflection microscopy with a tight focus scanning over silicon nanostructures, the scattering point spread functions unveil distinctive spatial patterns featuring that linear scattering efficiency is maximal when the focus is misaligned. The underlying physical mechanism is the excitation of higher-order multipolar modes, not accessible by plane wave irradiation, via displacement resonance, which showcases a significant reduction of nonlinear response threshold, sign flip in all-optical switching, and spatial resolution enhancement. Our result fundamentally extends the century-old light scattering theory, and suggests new dimensions to tailor Mie resonances.

Research on the Coupling Effect of HIRF on UAV

The electromagnetic environment of low-altitude airspace has become extremely complex due to the rapid advancement of radio technology. In particular, the electromagnetic energy of HIRF (High Intensity Radiation Field) that is frequently emitted by radar, radio stations, radios, and various ships/airborne impacts negatively aircraft flight safety. In this paper, based on the modeling of a consumer UAV, the HIRF effect is simulated using UWB-HPM, and the electric field variation law at key position and antenna coupling law of the UAV under plane wave irradiation in different directions are analyzed with the help of CST simulation software. The results show that for front-door coupling, the shorter the pulse width of the interference signal is, the stronger the interference for the antenna is, while for back-door coupling, irritation direction and pulse width play a significant role in the coupling effect.

Acupuncture for lumbar myofascial pain syndrome: systematic review and Meta-analysis.

This study systematically reviewed the clinical efficacy of acupuncture for lumbar myofascial pain syndrome. The randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarding acupuncture for lumbar myofascial pain syndrome were searched in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EMbase, Scopus, China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang database, VIP database, and China biomedical literature service system (SinoMed) from database inception until August 1st, 2022. The Cochrane's risk of bias assessment tool was used to assess the risk of bias in all included studies, and Review Manager 5.3 software was used for statistical analysis of the extracted data. As a result, 12 RCTs, involving 1 087 patients with lumbar myofascial pain syndrome, were ultimately included. The Meta-analysis results showed that the visual analog scale (VAS) score of pain in the observation group was lower than those in the oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication control [SMD=-1.67, 95%CI (-2.44, -0.90), Z=4.26, P<0.000 1] and other treatment control [low-frequency electrical stimulation, tuina, electromagnetic wave irradiation combined with piroxicam gel, SMD=-1.98, 95%CI (-2.48, -1.48), Z=7.74, P<0.000 01]. The pain rating index (PRI) score in the observation group was lower than those in the lidocaine injection control [MD=-2.17, 95%CI (-3.41, -0.93), Z=3.44, P=0.000 6] and other treatment control [low-frequency electrical stimulation, tuina, MD=-5.75, 95%CI (-9.97, -1.53), Z=2.67, P=0.008]. The present pain intensity (PPI) score in the observation group was lower than that in other treatment control [low-frequency electrical stimulation, tuina, MD=-1.04, 95%CI (-1.55, -0.53), Z=4.01, P<0.000 1]. In conclusion, compared with oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication, low-frequency electrical stimulation, tuina, and electromagnetic wave irradiation combined with piroxicam gel, acupuncture is more effective in reducing pain in patients with lumbar myofascial pain syndrome; acupuncture also exhibites advantage over lidocaine injection in improving PRI score and showed better outcomes over tuina and low-frequency electrical stimulation in improving PRI and PPI scores.

Electromagnetic response of grading honeycomb composites for broadband microwave absorption

The fundamental challenge for microwave-absorbing honeycomb composites with grading coating thickness is the unsatisfactory absorption bandwidth. In this work, an effective equivalent permittivity prediction model was established based on the homogenization method, also both the result of calculations and simulation exhibit good consistency which indicates the validity of the model. Furthermore, in-depth analysis was done on the impact of structural factors like honeycomb height and coating thickness on single layer microwave absorption. Finally, both the microwave absorption properties and the electromagnetic response of grading honeycomb microwave absorbing composites were investigated which show a bright future in reducing electromagnetic wave irradiation and interference. The present work could provide a powerful theoretical basis for designing advanced grading honeycomb microwave absorbing composites.

CPMG pulse sequence for relaxation dispersion that cancels artifacts independently of spin states

The relaxation dispersion (rd) of nuclear magnetic resonance provides thermodynamic and kinetic information regarding molecules for which the conformations are exchanging in equilibrium. Experiments have often been implemented with Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) pulse sequences for heteronuclear S-spin in SI and SI3 spin systems. One of the most common CPMG sequences contains a sequence called a P-element in the middle to average the different relaxation rates of anti-phase and in-phase coherences; however, its drawback is that the artifacts that can be compensated for are only those in one of the two S-spin doublet magnetization components, for example, SIα or SIβ in an SI spin system. Thus, when the CPMG sequence is followed by a normal heteronuclear single-quantum correlation (HSQC) sequence, the detected signal will also include the other component with accumulated artifacts. To overcome this issue, we developed a new pulse sequence (AFTAC) that can suppress artifacts in both the magnetization components. Its effectiveness was demonstrated by simulations and actual measurements targeting the methyl groups of dimethylsulfoxide and N, N-dimethyltrichloroacetamide. The results demonstrated that the AFTAC sequence sufficiently suppressed the artifacts, despite being followed by an HSQC sequence that detects both components. AFTAC is particularly suitable for the rd measurements of small molecules, which are usually not deuterated and are not subject to transverse relaxation optimized spectroscopy (TROSY) sequences. AFTAC does not require 1H continuous wave irradiation for I-spin decoupling, which is necessary for certain CPMG methods that maintain S-spin in-phase coherence during the CPMG period (Tcpmg). Therefore, AFTAC places less burden on the probe, even with a long Tcpmg. Furthermore, the AFTAC method achieves a similar artifact suppression quality not only in SI but also in SI2 and SI3 spin systems.

Molecular dynamics simulation of water condensation with nucleus under electromagnetic wave irradiation

The condensation process of water with different nuclei under electromagnetic wave irradiation was studied by molecular dynamics simulation. It was found that there is a different electric-field effect when the condensation nucleus was a small (NH4)2SO4 cluster than a CaCO3 nucleus. Through the analysis of the hydrogen-bond number, energy change, and dynamic behavior, we found that the effect of external electric field on the condensation process mainly comes from the change of potential energy caused by the dielectric response and there is a competition effect between the dielectric response and the dissolution in the system with (NH4)2SO4.

Analysis of the Terminal Response Characteristics of the Twisted Three-Wire Cable Excited by a Plane Wave Field

A twisted three-wire cable model with uniform twisting characteristics is proposed in this paper, and its terminal response under external electromagnetic wave irradiation is calculated using the TLM method based on Taylor model. The triple-stranded triple-helix structure is determined in the method and the parametric equations of the twisted wire bundle in the Cartesian coordinate system are provided. Then, the frequency domain equations for the voltage and current of the twisted three-wire cable under field-to-wire coupling are derived and extended to apply to scenarios with arbitrary polarization and irradiation in the incident direction based on the transmission-line theory. Finally, the response laws of the twisted three-wire wire with different cable lengths, termination loads, and pitches coupling under external electromagnetic wave irradiation are studied. A uniform twisted three-wire cable can suppress the increased induced current on the cable. In addition, the excellent characteristics of the twisted three-wire cable in terms of immunity to electromagnetic interference are also verified by comparing the frequency domain response with that of a parallel three-wire cable.

液体中での音波照射による閉端孔内に存在する複数気柱の排出

In the cleaning and coating processes of product manufacturing, some cases require filling liquid into closed-end holes. We have developed a liquid infiltration method, i.e., gas removal, into closed-end holes by irradiating acoustic waves. The method uses gas oscillation inside the holes; however, the final removal process of break-up gas columns is still unclear. This study observed the multiple gas column oscillation inside a closed-end hole during acoustic wave irradiation and its removal process. We also visualized the liquid flow between columns using the PIV technique. As a result, we found that the gas removal occurrence depends on the size, distance, and the number of gas columns. The removal process shows that the gas columns were approached and coalesced. They were then ejected through capillary wave propagation, necking, break-up, and re-coalescence. The oscillation of the gas column near the hole exit induced the flow between columns and approaching the other gas column. The PIV analysis shows that the long-distance gas column cases induced smaller flow velocities and could not achieve gas removal due to liquid inertia.

A Fast Design Method of Anisotropic Dielectric Lens for Vortex Electromagnetic Wave Based on Deep Learning

Orbital angular momentum (OAM) has made it possible to regulate classical waves in novel ways, which is more energy- or information-efficient than conventional plane wave technology. This work aims to realize the transition of antenna radiation mode through the rapid design of an anisotropic dielectric lens. The deep learning neural network (DNN) is used to train the electromagnetic properties of dielectric cell structures. Nine variable parameters for changing the dielectric unit structure are present in the input layer of the DNN network. The trained network can predict the transmission phase of the unit cell structure with greater than 98% accuracy within a specific range. Then, to build the corresponding relationship between the phase and the parameters, the gray wolf optimization algorithm is applied. In less than 0.3 s, the trained network can predict the transmission coefficients of the 31 × 31 unit structure in the arrays with great accuracy. Finally, we provide two examples of neural network-based rapid anisotropic dielectric lens design. Dielectric lenses produce the OAM modes +1, -1, and -1, +2 under TE and TM wave irradiation, respectively. This approach resolves the difficult phase matching and time-consuming design issues associated with producing a dielectric lens.

Bubble cavitation generation near blood vessel walls using amplitude-modulated wave irradiation

We propose an amplitude-modulated pump ultrasound irradiation sequence to generate bubble cavitation for efficient sonoporation. By matching the envelope wavelength of the modulated wave to four times the vessel diameter, we aimed to improve the efficiency of bubble collapse near the vessel wall and extend the duration of collapse during repeated application of the sequence. Using an agarose-based blood vessel phantom, we compared the effects of the amplitude-modulated sequence with those of the normal sinusoidal sequence in which the sound pressure was adjusted so that the acoustic energy in one burst length of each sequence was equal. Compared with the normal irradiation sequence, the amplitude-modulated sequence yielded 2.45- and 1.31-fold greater bubble collapse near the vessel walls proximal and distal, respectively, to the pump ultrasound source, a 1.59-fold longer duration of bubble collapse, and a 1.69-fold larger area of micropores on the channel wall.

Comparison of the anti-cancer activity of 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy after continuous wave and pulse irradiation in different histological types of canine mammary sarcoma tumors.

Canine mammary sarcoma tumors (CMST) are the most aggressive tumors with poor prognosis in dogs. Due to inadequate treatment options for CMST, recent studies have focused on alternative treatment strategies. We previously determined the optimized protocol of 5-ALA-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) in canine liposarcoma. However, its molecular mechanisms in the treatment of different histological types of CMST remain unclear.In this context, we, for the first time, assessed 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA)-PDT-mediated anti-cancer activity and its molecular mechanism after continuous wave (CW) and pulse radiation (PR) on three different histological types (liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and osteosarcoma) of CMST cells by WST-1, Annexin V, ROS, acridine orange/propidium iodide staining, RT-PCR, and western blot analysis.Our findings showed that 5-ALA/PDT significantly suppressed the proliferation of CMST cells (p < 0.01) and induced apoptosis via increased ROS level and overexpression of Caspase-9 and Caspase-3 mRNA and cleaved protein levels in especially liposarcoma and chondrosarcoma cells following CW and PR irradiation at 9J/cm2. However, the response of CMST cells to 5-ALA was different upon CW and PR irradiation due to differences in their origin.Collectively, our findings provided the first evidence that 5-ALA-based PDT could be used as an alternative treatment strategy, especially liposarcoma and chondrosarcoma. However, further in vitro and in vivo studies are required to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism of the efficacy of 5-ALA in CMST cells at the molecular level.

Third order nonlinear optical properties and electrochemical performance of La2CoMnO6 double perovskite

La2CoMnO6 double perovskite was synthesized via modified combustion route. XRD with Rietveld refinement confirms monoclinic structure with space group of P21/n. Irregular shaped porous morphology was determined from FE-SEM and elemental analysis was done using EDAX spectra. Existence of mixed valence state of Co and Mn were verified by XPS spectra and its bandgap was determined using Tauc plot. Vibrational analysis validates the formation of perovskite phase and degeneracy in Raman modes/thermal broadening provides signature vibrational bands corresponding to stretching and bending motions of MnO6 and CoO6. Supercapacitor performance using La2CoMnO6 as electrode material exhibits 84% of cyclic stability after 500 cycles. The material exhibits a combined saturable and reverse saturable absorption behaviour under open aperture and self-defocusing nature due to thermal effect under closed aperture measurements with Z-scan method, using continuous wave irradiation. These findings confirmed that La2CoMnO6 manganite can be used for energy storage and photonic applications.

Joint Analysis of Front-Door and Back-Door Couplings of PIN Limiter Based on Improved Equivalent Circuit Model

Based on the previous research on electromagnetic pulse coupling, which pays more attention to the front-door coupling or the back-door coupling alone, this paper analyzes the influence of an electromagnetic pulse on electronic devices and systems through the joint analysis of front-door and back-door couplings using the finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD). This specific measure is used to simplify the front-door coupling to the voltage source injection, which occurs simultaneously with plane wave irradiation. This coupling scheme of the front door and back door with the voltage source and plane wave acting simultaneously is rarely seen in previous analyses, which also gives consideration to the working state of the circuit. Although the equivalent circuit model is widely used, it cannot effectively reflect the working state of the diode circuit under the conditions of large injection and high frequency. In view of the limited application scenarios of the traditional equivalent circuit model, which cannot accurately describe the internal response characteristics of the diode under different electromagnetic pulse coupling, this paper introduces an improved equivalent circuit model based on the physical model. Taking the Positive Intrinsic-Negative (PIN) limiter as the target, this paper analyzes the influence of the front-door and back-door joint coupling on its performance under different electromagnetic pulses and then gives protection suggestions.

Continuous hydrodistillation-ultrasonication flow batch-mode operation system to enhance essential oil extraction from Satureja khuzistanica and evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory activity

Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad (SKJ) is a well-known Persian herbal medicine having valuable biological properties. In this work, a continuous flow batch-mode operation system equipped with a Clevenger apparatus coupled with an ultrasound chamber for intensifying the extraction of essential oil (EO) from dried aerial parts of SKJ has been developed. Response surface methodology (RSM) was then employed to optimize the extraction conditions by considering the interaction of the feed-to-solvent, temperature and sonication time parameters. Gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (MS) analysis were used to characterize the extracted EO components. The optimal operating conditions for the above parameters was attained at 14.66 g L −1 , 30.86 °C and 39.78 min, consequently. The yield of EO extraction using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) (9.89 mg g −1 of plant) was approximately 25 % higher than that of the conventional method (7.87 mg g −1 of plant). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) established the effective rifts in the plant cell structures using ultrasound wave irradiation for EO extraction. Moreover, the EO's anti-inflammatory properties were investigated by inhibition of the albumin denaturation analyses. The SKJ's EO extracted under optimal conditions revealed a significant anti-inflammatory effect with 89 % inhibition of the albumin denaturation at concentration of 900 µg mL −1 . • An ultrasonication process was coupled to a hydrodistillation procedure for EO extraction. • Aerial part of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad SKJ was subjected to UAHDE for EO extraction. • An experimental design technique was employed to optimize the extraction conditions. • EO extraction yield was increased by 25 % and the time was reduced to about 30 min. • The extracted EO of SKJ had anti inflammatory effect comparable to that of diclofenac sodium.