Collapse Of Wave Function Research Articles

A revised double-slit experiment to explore the mechanism of photon wavefunction collapse by numerical design

The double-slit experiment has long been pivotal in understanding matter’s wave–particle duality. A central question revolves around Born’s interpretation of wavefunction whether a single photon demonstrates a 50% probability of passing through each slit individually as particles or simultaneously traverses both as waves. Experimentally, once the photon’s path is detected, the observer effect causes its wavefunction to collapse, rendering the results inconclusive. Designing an experiment to minimize instrumental involvement during the wavefunction collapse of photons, while aiming to gain insight into its collapse mechanism, becomes necessary. We propose a revised experiment that replaces the traditional setup with two Au nanoparticles acting as observers, triggering photon collapse before spectrum collection. In single-photon scenarios, we consider two assumptions: first, the photon wavefunctions collapse into a particle and transfer energy to one of the nanoparticles exclusively, and second, the photon acts as a wave, splitting and transferring its energy to two nanoparticles simultaneously, which does not align well with Born’s interpretation of wavefunction as spatial probabilities. These two assumptions would generate distinctly different spectra. Conversely, in high-intensity experiments, both nanoparticles collectively undergo excitation, regardless of the collapse mechanism. A comparative analysis of scattering spectra under the two conditions reveals crucial insights into the genuine nature of photon collapse. We also proposed using two molecules attached to a metal nanoparticle as an alternative design. Whether affirming or refuting the observer effect, this research holds promise for resolving the theoretical debate surrounding the collapse of wavefunctions and advancing quantum computing and communication fields.

Enhancing Wave Function Collapse Algorithm for Procedural Map Generation Problem

In this study, the Improved Map Generation Algorithm (GHAO) method is presented to improve traditional methods in procedural map creation. Traditional procedural map generation techniques using noise generation exhibit shortcomings in the consistent composition of a real map with its uniformly distributed features. On the other hand, procedural map creation techniques that use wave function collapse require that some map pieces already exist to create a map. The observed disadvantages were eliminated by using a hybrid technique with the designed GHAO method. The developed algorithm is similar to real maps in terms of the distribution of map regions, does not need 3D model parts, and performs map creation operations without increasing the algorithm's time complexity. The evaluation of IMGA was carried out by coding the method into the Unity game engine.

Is Wave Function Collapse Necessary? Explaining Quantum Nondemolition Measurement of a Spin Qubit within Linear Evolution.

The measurement problem dates back to the dawn of quantum mechanics. Here, we measure a quantum dot electron spin qubit through off-resonant coupling with a highly redundant ancilla, consisting of thousands of nuclear spins. Large redundancy allows for single-shot measurement with high fidelity ≈99.85%. Repeated measurements enable heralded initialization of the qubit and backaction-free detection of electron spin quantum jumps, attributed to burstlike fluctuations in a thermally populated phonon bath. Based on these results we argue that the measurement, linking quantum states to classical observables, can be made without any "wave function collapse" in agreement with the Quantum Darwinism concept.

Optimization of a BEGe Detector Setup for Testing Quantum Foundations in the Underground LNGS Laboratory

In this work, we report on tests performed with an experimental apparatus prototype based on a broad-energy germanium detector aimed at investigating topical, foundational issues in quantum mechanics: i.e., possible violations of the spin-statistics connection and models of dynamical wave function collapse. Our recent phenomenological analyses demonstrated the importance of pushing the research of new physics signal, predicted in these fields, to an energy range below 10 keV. We describe the development of the dedicated data acquisition system and of the pulse shape discrimination algorithm, which have already allowed us to get a factor two improvement in the lower energy threshold. Future plans are discussed to further improve the lower energy threshold to the level of a few keV.

Formation and propagation of fundamental and vortex soliton families in 1D and 2D dual-Lévy-index fractional nonlinear Schrödinger equations with cubic–quintic nonlinearity

We address effects of interplay of two different fractional-diffraction terms, corresponding to different Lé vy indices (LIs), in the framework of nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) with cubic–quintic nonlinearity (dual-LI fractional NLSE ), in one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) settings. The critical (in 1D) and supercritical (in 2D) wave collapses are suppressed in the presence of a defocusing quintic term, making it possible to produce stable localized modes, including fundamental and vortical ones. In 2D, families of fundamental and vortex solitons, with topological charges S=0,1,2,3, are produced in a numerical form and by dint of the variational approximation (VA). In particular, the threshold power necessary for the existence of 2D fundamental solitons is predicted by the VA, being close to the numerical results. In the case of fractional-diffraction terms with unequal LIs acting in two transverse directions, anisotropic 2D fundamental and vortex solitons are constructed. Stability of the solitons is investigated for small perturbations governed by the linearized equations, and results are corroborated by direct simulations of the perturbed evolution. Those vortex solitons which are unstable are split by azimuthal perturbations into fragments, whose number is determined by the shape of the perturbation eigenmode with the largest growth rate. These results extend the concept of the 2D fractional diffraction and solitons to media with the anisotropic fractionality.

On the Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Measurement

We claim that quantum collapse, as per the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, follows naturally from the energetics of measurement. We argue that a realistic device generates an interaction energy that drives a random walk in Hilbert space and generates the probabilistic interpretation of Born.

On Doob h-transformations for finite-time quantum state reduction

The paper develops a finite-time quantum state reduction framework via the use of Lévy random bridges (LRBs) that can be understood as Doob h-transformations on Lévy processes. Building upon the non-anticipative semimartingale representation of LRBs, we propose a family of energy-driven stochastic Schrödinger equations that go beyond the purely-continuous Brownian motion setup, and enter the scope of quantum systems involving discontinuities and heavy-tails. In doing so, we allow collapse dynamics to be governed intrinsically by the Markovian statistics of LRBs. The framework can host progressively convoluted stochastic state reduction dynamics in a tractable way and encapsulates jump-diffusion Schrödinger evolutions by use of the Lévy-Itô decomposition. Our construct motivates the usage of more general Markov processes and Doob h-transformations in producing consistent wave function collapse dynamics in finite-time.

Streaming instability in neutron star magnetospheres: No indication of soliton-like waves

Context. Coherent radiation of pulsars, magnetars, and fast radio bursts could, in theory, be interpreted as radiation from solitons and soliton-like waves. Solitons are meant to contain a large number of electric charges confined on long timescales and can radiate strongly via coherent curvature emission. However, solitons are also known to undergo a wave collapse, which casts doubts on the correctness of the soliton radio emission models of neutron stars. Aims. We investigated the evolution of the caviton type of solitons self-consistently formed by the relativistic streaming instability and compared their apparent stability in 1D calculations with more generic 2D cases, in which the solitons are seen to collapse. Three representative cases of beam Lorentz factors and plasma temperatures were studied to obtain soliton dispersion properties. Methods. We utilized 1D electrostatic and 2D electromagnetic relativistic particle-in-cell simulations at kinetic microscales. Results. We find that no solitons are generated by the streaming instability in the 2D simulations. Only superluminal L-mode (relativistic Langmuir) waves are produced during the saturation of the instability, but these waves have smaller amplitudes than the waves in the 1D simulations. The amplitudes tend to decrease after the instability has saturated, and only waves close to the light line, ω = ck, remain. Solitons in the 1D approach are stable for γb ≳ 60, but they disappear for low beam Lorentz factors, γb < 6. Conclusions. Our examples show that the superluminal soliton branch that is formed in 1D simulations will not be generated by the relativistic streaming instability when more dimensional degrees of freedom are present. The soliton model cannot, therefore, be used to explain the coherent radiation of pulsars, magnetars, and fast radio bursts – unless one can show that there are alternative plasma mechanisms for the soliton generation.

Spontaneous collapse models lead to the emergence of classicality of the Universe

Assuming that Quantum Mechanics is universal and that it can be applied over all scales, then the Universe is allowed to be in a quantum superposition of states, where each of them can correspond to a different space-time geometry. How can one then describe the emergence of the classical, well-defined geometry that we observe? Considering that the decoherence-driven quantum-to-classical transition relies on external physical entities, this process cannot account for the emergence of the classical behaviour of the Universe. Here, we show how models of spontaneous collapse of the wavefunction can offer a viable mechanism for explaining such an emergence. We apply it to a simple General Relativity dynamical model for gravity and a perfect fluid. We show that, by starting from a general quantum superposition of different geometries, the collapse dynamics leads to a single geometry, thus providing a possible mechanism for the quantum-to-classical transition of the Universe. Similarly, when applying our dynamics to the physically-equivalent Parametrised Unimodular gravity model, we obtain a collapse on the basis of the cosmological constant, where eventually one precise value is selected, thus providing also a viable explanation for the cosmological constant problem. Our formalism can be easily applied to other quantum cosmological models where we can choose a well-defined clock variable.

Collapse dynamics for two-dimensional space-time nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equations

The question of collapse (blow-up) in finite time is investigated for the two-dimensional (non-integrable) space-time nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equations. Starting from the two-dimensional extension of the well known AKNS q,r system, three different cases are considered: (i) partial and full parity-time (PT) symmetric, (ii) reverse-time (RT) symmetric, and (iii) general q,r system. Through extensive numerical experiments, it is shown that collapse of Gaussian initial conditions depends on the value of its quasi-power. The collapse dynamics (or lack thereof) strongly depends on whether the nonlocality is in space or time. A so-called quasi-variance identity is derived and its relationship to blow-up is discussed. Numerical simulations reveal that this quantity reaching zero in finite time does not (in general) guarantee collapse. An alternative approach to the study of wave collapse is presented via the study of transverse instability of line soliton solutions. In particular, the linear stability problem for perturbed solitons is formulated for the nonlocal RT and PT symmetric nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equations. Through a combination of numerical and analytical approaches, the stability spectrum for some stationary one soliton solutions is found. Direct numerical simulations agree with the linear stability analysis which predicts filamentation and subsequent blow-up.

Development of a Risk Space Prediction Model Based on CCTV Images Using Deep Learning: Crowd Collapse

Crowd disasters are not limited to events but can occur at any time and place where large crowds are densely gathered. The most significant factor contributing to injuries in mass gatherings is pressure. The likelihood of injuries due to pressure significantly increases when the crowd density exceeds 5-6 individuals per square meter. Once a crowd disaster occurs, it becomes challenging for rescue and medical personnel to access the affected area, potentially exacerbating the situation. However, since there is no single clear solution to address crowd disasters, there is a need for a system that can detect and analyze them in advance or in real-time. This research aims to contribute to the proactive detection and analysis of various crowd disasters, focusing on improving strategies for disaster response. In this study, we utilized a dataset of 50 videos from 35 individual incidents to propose a framework that classifies the risk levels into Crowd Crush, Crowd Wave, and Crowd Collapse. Additionally, we analyzed the feasibility of real-time detection using P2PNet (Point to Point Network), Yolo (You Only Look Once) v8, and DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise) algorithms, moving away from prior still image-based detection methods. Our research outcomes provide new evidence for the feasibility of real-time detection using DBSCAN in Crowd Disaster scenarios. Moreover, the findings from this study can serve as valuable reference material for upcoming research, particularly emphasizing the algorithmic analysis of crowd collapses.

On the Generalized Lemaitre Tolman Bondi Metric: Classical Sensitivities and Quantum Einstein‐Vaz Shells

AbstractIn this paper, in the classical framework, the lower bounds for the sensitivities of the generalized Lemaitre Tolman Bondi metric are evaluated. The calculated lower bounds via the linear dynamical systems , , and are , and respectively. The sensitivities and the lower sensitivities via are zero are also shown. In the quantum framework, the properties of the Einstein‐Vaz shells which are the final result of the quantum gravitational collapse arising from the Lemaitre Tolman Bondi discussed by Vaz in 2014 are analyzed. In fact, Vaz showed that continued collapse to a singularity can only be obtained if one combines two independent and entire solutions of the Wheeler‐DeWitt equation. Forbidding such a combination leads naturally to matter condensing on the Schwarzschild surface during quantum collapse. In that way, an entirely new framework for black holes (BHs) has emerged. The approach of Vaz was also consistent with Einstein's idea in 1939 of the localization of the collapsing particles within a thin spherical shell. Here, following an approach of oned of us (CC), we derive the BH mass and energy spectra via a Schrodinger‐like approach, by further supporting Vaz's conclusions that instead of a spacetime singularity covered by an event horizon, the final result of the gravitational collapse is an essentially quantum object, an extremely compact “dark star”. This “gravitational atom” is held up not by any degeneracy pressure but by quantum gravity in the same way that ordinary atoms are sustained by quantum mechanics. Finally, the time evolution of the Einstein‐Vaz shells is discussed.

Nanoparticle Interferometer by Throw and Catch

Matter wave interferometry with increasingly larger masses could pave the way to understanding the nature of wavefunction collapse, the quantum to classical transition, or even how an object in a spatial superposition interacts with its gravitational field. In order to improve upon the current mass record, it is necessary to move into the nanoparticle regime. In this paper, we provide a design for a nanoparticle Talbot–Lau matter wave interferometer that circumvents the practical challenges of previously proposed designs. We present numerical estimates of the expected fringe patterns that such an interferometer would produce, considering all major sources of decoherence. We discuss the practical challenges involved in building such an experiment, as well as some preliminary experimental results to illustrate the proposed measurement scheme. We show that such a design is suitable for seeing interference fringes with 106 amu SiO2 particles and that this design can be extended to even 108 amu particles by using flight times below the typical Talbot time of the system.

Using Machine Learning to Understand the Causes of Quantum Decoherence in Solution-Phase Bond-Breaking Reactions.

Decoherence is a fundamental phenomenon that occurs when an entangled quantum state interacts with its environment, leading to collapse of the wave function. The inevitability of decoherence provides one of the most intrinsic limits of quantum computing. However, there has been little study of the precise chemical motions from the environment that cause decoherence. Here, we use quantum molecular dynamics simulations to explore the photodissociation of Na2+ in liquid Ar, in which solvent fluctuations induce decoherence and thus determine the products of chemical bond breaking. We use machine learning to characterize the solute-solvent environment as a high-dimensional feature space that allows us to predict when and onto which photofragment the bonding electron will localize. We find that reaching a requisite photofragment separation and experiencing out-of-phase solvent collisions underlie decoherence during chemical bond breaking. Our work highlights the utility of machine learning for interpreting complex solution-phase chemical processes as well as identifies the molecular underpinnings of decoherence.

Gravitationally-induced wave function collapse time for molecules.

The Diósi-Penrose model states that the wave function collapse ending a quantum superposition occurs due to the instability of coexisting gravitational potentials created by distinct geometric conformations of the system in different states. The Heisenberg time-energy principle can be invoked to estimate the collapse time for the energy associated with this instability, the gravitational self-energy. This paper develops atomistic models to calculate the Diósi-Penrose collapse time. It applies them to a range of systems, from small molecules to large biological structures and macroscopic systems. An experiment is suggested to test the Diósi-Penrose hypothesis, and we critically examine the model, highlighting challenges from an atomistic perspective, such as gravitational self-energy saturation and limited extensivity.

Development of the system of procedural generation of game maps based on the wave function collapse algorithm

The article discusses the basic scientific principles underlying the wave function collapse algorithm in the context of creating game levels and game maps. The wave function collapse algorithm is based on the principles of quantum mechanics and the idea of a wave function for creating structurally complex objects. Based on this algorithm, a systematic approach to procedural generation is built, which allows for more efficient generation of game levels in conditions of increased game space. This paper examines in more detail the features of the application of the wave function collapse algorithm in tile-type games with voxel graphics. The platform for practical testing of the proposed adapted algorithm is Unity, MagicaVoxel, C#. Obtained results show that this approach avoids artifacts and errors in the generated game locations, and also achieves a satisfactory uniqueness and structure of the location of the elements of the game world.

Research on Intelligent Optimisation Strategies for Interior Space Layout Design with the Aid of 3DsMax+AI

Abstract Indoor intelligent assistive technology has been widely used in space layout design optimization. This paper proposes a heuristic scene space layout generation method based on the smart evolution of scene space AI with WFC and deep network, joint wave function collapse algorithm, as well as two deep neural networks to generate the layout wireframe diagram while strangling reasonable boundaries and predicting functional semantic labels for the layout subspace. Applying the method of this paper to the office space layout optimization design, the results show that 95.68% of the area of the office and conference room has a lighting coefficient greater than 2%, and 85.78% of the area of the design room has a lighting coefficient greater than 3%. Ordinary white glass can be utilized in the design room to enhance the lighting quality, with a lighting coefficient of 2.87 and a compliance rate of 100%. The inset atrium space has a greater percentage of indoor thermal comfort area and a faster air flow rate. In this paper, 3DsMax+AI intelligent assistance and other technologies are used to simulate the layout design of the office space and realize the optimization of its layout design.

Innovation in Living Labs: A Quantum Approach

Living lab research is a well-accepted stream of innovation management literature. Although previous research has documented living labs from a variety of perspectives, the core of living labs and their principles remain largely underexplored. The present study analyses innovation in living labs inspired by the lens of quantum theory and its key concepts, including superposition, entanglement and wave function collapse. More specifically, the study applies insights from quantum theory to improve our understanding of innovation endeavours in living labs. The framework developed in the study illustrates how and why living labs advance innovations: they enhance collisions of individuals with different backgrounds and knowledge, thereby increasing potential realities (superpositions) and their collapses. The study contributes to living lab literature by suggesting that living labs can be seen as a realisation of quantum computing in real-life environments, speeding up innovation activities. While the study explores conceptual aspects, its findings can offer valuable insights for policy makers and practitioners engaged in living labs.

Materialization Mechanics: Bridging Physics to The Biblical Gospel of Prosperity

This study explores the intersection of quantum mechanics and spiritual beliefs, particularly the Biblical Gospel of Prosperity, to understand the role of consciousness in manifesting material reality. The paper examines how observation in quantum mechanics – the collapse of the wave function into a concrete state – resonates with the Biblical principle of belief actualizing potential. It argues that, as quantum entities exist in a state of potential realized upon observation, the human mind, when aligned with divine intention and attentive faith, can shift reality onto a path of prosperity. Incorporating quantum and biblical references, the paper delves into the concepts of ‘intention’ and ‘attention’ as transformative forces. It discusses how, within the quantum framework, the observer's mind influences the materialization of potential outcomes. Analogously, it correlates to the Biblical assertion that faith and intention can invoke God’s will to provide the conditions necessary for prosperity. The discussion is anchored in scriptural exegesis and interpretations of prosperity within a Biblical context, juxtaposed with the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics and the theory of quantum consciousness. It proposes a model where the mind’s role in reality creation is a collaborative process with the divine, reflecting a synergy between spiritual belief and scientific understanding. This interdisciplinary approach aims to bridge the gap between science and spirituality, suggesting that Materialization Mechanics in the physical world and the metaphysical teachings of prosperity are not mutually exclusive but are interconnected realms influenced by human consciousness and divine providence.

Physical Time and Human Time

This paper is a comment on both Bunamano and Rovelli (Bridging the neuroscience and physics of time arXiv:2110.01976. (2022)) and Gruber et al. (in Front. Psychol. Hypothesis Theory, 2022) and which discuss the relation between physical time and human time. I claim here, contrary to many views discussed there, that there is no foundational conflict between the way physics views the passage of time and the way the mind/brain perceives it. The problem rather resides in a number of misconceptions leading either to the representation of spacetime as a timeless Block Universe, or at least that physically relevant universe models cannot have preferred spatial sections. The physical expanding universe can be claimed to be an Evolving Block Universe with a time-dependent future boundary, representing the dynamic nature of the way spacetime develops as matter curves spacetime and spacetime tells matter how to move. This context establishes a global direction of time that determines the various local arrows of time. Furthermore time passes when quantum wave function collapse takes place to an eigenstate; during this process, information is lost. The mind/brain acts as an imperfect clock, which coarse-grains the physical passage of time along a world line to determine the experienced passage of time, because neural processes take time to occur. This happens in a contextual way, so experienced time is not linearly related to physical time in general. Finally I point out that the Universe is never infinitely old: its future endpoint always lies infinitely faraway in the future.