Wave Distortion Research Articles

Peak positive pressure matters in acoustic droplet vaporization

We demonstrate the significance of the positive pressure component of an ultrasound wave in acoustic droplet vaporization. Theory and acoustic simulations reveal that the distorted compression part of the incoming wave, which includes a broad spectrum of frequencies above the fundamental, presents a pronounced shift in phase when focusing within the droplet and crossing the focal point. The extent of this so-called Gouy phase shift is sufficient to change the sign of the compression phase of the wave, actively creating a tension region in the droplet bulk in the same location where we experimentally observe vapor nucleation. A sign reversal of the rarefaction component of the ultrasound wave is, on the other hand, not expected. The extent of distortion of the incoming ultrasound wave can influence the occurrence of droplet vaporization, even at constant peak negative pressure, which may partially explain the broad range of vaporization threshold values reported in literature. The results suggest that vaporization can be achieved exploiting ultrasound waves with high peak positive pressures and reduced peak negative pressures.

Flexible implementation of modulated localisation microscopy based on DMD.

Localisation microscopy of individual molecules allows one to bypass the diffraction limit, revealing cellular organisation on a nanometric scale. This method, which relies on spatial analysis of the signal emitted by molecules, is often limited to the observation of biological objects at shallow depths, or with very few aberrations. The introduction of a temporal parameter into the localisation process through a time-modulated excitation was recently proposed to address these limitations. This method, called ModLoc, is demonstrated here with an alternative flexible strategy. In this implementation, to encode the time-modulated excitation a digital micromirror device (DMD) is used in combination with a fast demodulation approach, and provides a twofold enhancement in localisation precision. Layout: Nowadays, we can use an optical microscope to observe how proteins are organised in 3D within a cell at the nanoscale. By carefully controlling the emission of molecules in both space and time, we can overcome the limitations set by the diffraction limit. This allows us to pinpoint the exact location of molecules more precisely. However, the usual spatial analysis method limits observations to shallow depths or causing low distortion of optical waves. To overcome these restrictions, a recent approach introduces a temporal element to the localisation process. This involves changing the illumination over time to enhance the precision of localisation. This method, known as ModLoc, is showcased here using a flexible and alternative strategy. In this setup, a matrix of micrometric mirrors, working together with a fast demodulation optical module, is used to encode and decode the time-modulated information. This combination results in a twofold improvement in localisation precision.

Overview of modern technologies for measuring, predicting and correcting turbulent distortions in optical waves

This work is an analytical review of the components of modern technology for creating adaptive optics systems for correcting the distortion of optical waves propagating in a turbulent atmosphere. The work consists of the following parts: description of a technique for measuring fluctuations of optical waves in an atmospheric path, theoretical calculations of fluctuations by analytical analysis and mathematical modeling methods, technology for predicting turbulent air movement by the numerical solution of the Navier–Stokes equations and, finally, constructing adaptive optics systems that compensate for the turbulent distortions in optoelectronic image construction systems. Attention is focused on the peculiarities of fluctuations of specially created Laguerre–Gaussian and Bessel–Gaussian beams. Features of the propagation of vortex Laguerre–Gaussian and vortex Bessel–Gaussian beams for the transfer of orbital angular momentum through a turbulent medium are shown. Effects of the relative attenuation of phase and intensity fluctuations of the vortex-free Bessel–Gaussian beams in comparison with similar characteristics of the Gaussian beams are found. The integral scale of the coherence degree of the vortex Bessel–Gaussian beams and vortex conic waves is revealed to be highly sensitive to the influence of atmospheric turbulence, in contrast to the coherence radius of these beams and waves. Arguments are given in favor of the feasibility of constructing adaptive optical systems for a wide-aperture solar telescope operating under a strong atmospheric turbulence.

Two-speed Synchronous Generator for Special Purposes

This paper deals with basic performances of a design of a two-pole three-phase 40MVA synchronous generator. The generator is designed to test three-phase and single-phase high power transformers aimed to work within 50 Hz and 60 Hz network frequency. This means that the generator will operate at two nominal speeds, at 3000 rpm and 3600 rpm, with nominal power of 40 Mvar induction load when rating with symmetrical three-phase load. The additional requirements relate to constant operation with two-phase 25 MVA load and single-phase 13.5 MVA load, since for testing single-phase and special transformers phase connection you like will be used. In the course of designing, special attention was paid to correct dimensioning of the damper rotor winding as well as to the geometry of stator windings, rotor and air gap, which in the end will produce minimum voltage wave distortion, i.e. generator voltage wave shape with harmonious content less than 1% (as it was demanded).

Durability Assessment of Bonded Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors for Aircraft Health Monitoring Applications.

This study conducted experimental and numerical investigations on piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWASs) bonded to an aluminum plate to assess the impact of bonding degradation on Lamb wave generation. Three surface-bonded PWASs were examined, including one intentionally bonded with a reduced adhesive to create a defective bond. Thermal cyclic aging was applied, monitoring through laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) and static capacitance measurements. The PWAS with the initially defective bond exhibited the poorest performance over aging cycles, emphasizing the significance of the initial bond condition. As debonding progressed, modifications in electromechanical behavior were observed, leading to a reduction in wave amplitude and distortion of the generated wave field, challenging the validity of existing analytical modeling of wave-tuning curves for perfectly bonded PWASs. Both numerical simulations and experimental observations substantiated this finding. In conclusion, this study highlights the imperative of a high-integrity bond for the proper functioning of a guided wave-based structural health monitoring (SHM) system, emphasizing ongoing challenges in assessing SHM performance.

High accuracy and resolution damage detection for concrete based on novel virtual correlation imaging method and embedded piezoelectric sensing technology

This paper presents a novel virtual correlation imaging (VCI) method to reduce the adverse effects of stress wave distortion and realize high accuracy and resolution damage imaging based on the sparse stress wave data collected by embedded piezoceramic transducers. Specifically, a compensation function is first constructed in the VCI method based on the frequency response characteristic of damage-induced scattering signals. Then, the constructed compensation function is emitted as the virtual excitation signal in the simulation space via virtual channels. To automatically compensate for the effect of waveform distortion, a virtual correlation operator is developed based on the scattering signal and its corresponding virtual received signal to design the imaging function. Finally, the practicability of the proposed VCI method is investigated on a concrete specimen with two successively drilling holes under laboratory conditions. The results indicate that, compared with the conventional damage imaging methods, the proposed VCI method can effectively decrease the adverse effect of distorted probing stress waves on damage localization accuracy and spatial resolution during the imaging process.

Solitary atrial Rhabdomyoma in an infant with tuberous sclerosis: a case report and review of the literature

BackgroundDespite its rare incidence of 1/40,000, fetal cardiac rhabdomyoma (CR) represents the prevailing type of benign cardiac fetal tumors, which commonly affects the ventricles. Fetal CRs rarely occur in the right atrium. Thus, the presentation of atrial fibrillation and premature atrial contractions (PAC) due to a solitary cardiac rhabdomyoma is an extremely rare scenario. Our literature review found that only 2% (1 out of 61) of rhabdomyoma cases were found in the right atrium. The majority of fetal cardiac rhabdomyomas are associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC).Case presentationA 7-day-old male neonate presented with arrhythmias and an atrial mass for further evaluation. Echocardiography revealed a hyperechoic, round, uniform right atrial mass (25 mm). An abdominal and testicular ultrasound showed multiple thin-walled cortical cysts in both kidneys and a scrotal hydrocele, respectively. His laboratory workup was insignificant except for hypomagnesemia. Electrocardiography revealed junctional rhythm and PACs with wave distortions. A brain magnetic resonance imaging scan revealed multiple subependymal lesions on the frontal and occipital horns of the lateral ventricles. These findings (Fig. 1), along with a family history of TSC, confirmed the diagnosis of TSC with associated CR. The patient was treated symptomatically with an anti-convulsant and monitored with regular follow-ups. Surgical resection was not required.ConclusionDespite CR’s predominance in the ventricles, a diagnosis of rhabdomyoma should be kept in mind in the presence of a solitary atrial mass and PACs. Physicians should evaluate systemic findings related to TSC and provide appropriate follow-up and family screening. Surgical resection is not always required, and symptom management can be achieved through medical treatment alone.

Influence of wavefront distortion on the measurement of pulse signal-to-noise ratio

The high-fidelity measurement of the ultra-short and ultra-intense laser pulses' temporal signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is of great significance. To the best of our knowledge, few studies have investigated the influence of wavefront distortion on the measurement of pulse SNR. In this work, a numerical model is constructed to study how wavefront distortion affects the measurement of ultra-short and ultra-intense pulse SNR by the single-shot third-order auto-correlation (TOAC) method. The nonlinear coupled-wave equations with wavefront distortion have been solved numerically by the split-step Fourier method and the fourth-order Runge-Kutta numerical algorithm. The wavefront distortion of the under-test fundamental wave will be transmitted to the second harmonic and third harmonic, leading to the phase mismatch in the second harmonic generation (SHG) and third harmonic generation (THG), further resulting in the deterioration of the measured SNR. We analyze the influence of different spatial frequencies and peak-to-valley (PV) values on the measurements of SNR. The larger the spatial frequency or PV value of the wavefront distortion, the more severe the degradation of the SNR.

Time-Warping Analysis of the T-Wave Peak-to-End Interval to Quantify Ventricular Repolarization Dispersion During Ischemia.

The presence of myocardial ischemia can increase ventricular arrhythmic risk due to a raised dispersion of ventricular repolarization. This is reflected on the morphology of the T-wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG), and can be quantified by time-warping based indexes, like dw. However, T-wave morphology can also be affected by ischemia-induced ST segment changes, impacting the accuracy of dw. We hypothesize that ischemia-induced repolarization dispersion can be better quantified by restricting dw to the T-wave peak-to-end (T pe) interval. 101 ECG recordings from patients undergoing a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were analyzed together with their control ECG recordings, acquired before the intervention. A series of dw values was calculated by quantifying the T pe morphological variations between the T-waves from the PCI and a reference derived from the control ECG recordings. We proposed a normalized version of dw, Rd, reflecting relative variations of dw during PCI to control recordings, and compare it with traditional indices behaviour. Values of dw followed a gradually increasing trend as PCI inflation time progressed, reaching a median[range] Rd value of 9.44 [1.01, 80.74] at the occlusion end. During control recordings, dw remained stable, with a low intra-patient standard deviation, range [0.02, 2.09] ms and a median[range] Rd of 1.00 [0.03, 2.93]. Rd at oclussion end was significantly higher than threshold values of 1, 2, 5, and 10 in 94.1%, 85.11%, 64.4% and 48.5% of patients, respectively. The spatial lead-wise analysis of dw showed distinct distributions depending on the occluded artery, suggesting a relation with the ischemia location. The relative variation R with ischemia of index dw (9.4) is greater than for traditional T wave amplitude (7.7), T peak-to-end interval (2.7) and T width (3.0). The index dw, quantifying T pe morphology variations, allows to follow the ischemia induced variations in repolarization in a more robust manner than classical indexes, avoiding ST segment and early T wave distortions not related to repolarization dispersion, and warranting further clinical studies to evaluate its ventricular arrhythmia risk predictive value during ischemia.

Impact of Static Distortion Waves on Superlubricity.

Friction is a major source of energy loss in mechanical devices. This energy loss may be minimized by creating interfaces with extremely reduced friction, i.e., superlubricity. Conventional wisdom holds that incommensurate interface structures facilitate superlubricity. Accurately describing friction necessitates the precise modeling of the interface structure. This, in turn, requires the use of accurate first-principles electronic structure methods, especially when studying organic/metal interfaces, which are highly relevant due to their tunability and propensity to form incommensurate structures. However, the system size required to calculate incommensurate structures renders such calculations intractable. As a result, studies of incommensurate interfaces have been limited to very simple model systems or strongly simplified methodology. We overcome this limitation by developing a machine-learned interatomic potential that is able to determine energies and forces for structures containing thousands to tens of thousands of atoms with an accuracy comparable to conventional first-principles methods but at a fraction of the cost. Using this approach, we quantify the breakdown of superlubricity in incommensurate structures due to the formation of static distortion waves. Moreover, we extract design principles to engineer incommensurate interface systems where the formation of static distortion waves is suppressed, which facilitates low friction coefficients.

Non-destructive evaluation of corrosion in steel liner plates embedded in concrete using nonlinear ultrasonics

Nuclear containment structures employ a leak-tight steel liner to avoid any unwanted particle release into the exterior environment. The steel liner can be embedded in concrete which creates large continuous areas where the steel plate is in direct contact with surrounding concrete. The impact of the aging of concrete structures due to the presence of structural discontinuities, such as the presence of foreign matter and a delamination gap at the embedded steel–concrete interface, is investigated for small laboratory-scale specimens manufactured with a novel inlay technique by nonlinear ultrasonic evaluation. A Total Damage Index (TDI) which combines several parameters related to acoustic wave distortion into a single damage index to rank the specimens is introduced. The findings in this work indicate that severe corrosion, the presence of foreign matter, and delamination gap in the steel–concrete interface can be detected using nonlinear ultrasonic techniques based on higher-harmonic analysis and modulation intensity using continuous ultrasonic probe excitation and an impactor to modulate the signal. The results obtained using the TDI are consistent with attenuation, a conventional parameter used in corrosion detection.

Electrically driven kinklike distorting waves in microsized liquid crystals.

Electrically driven kinklike distortion regimes in a microsized liquid crystal channel have been investigated both experimentally and analytically. Kinklike distortion waves were excited by the interaction between the electric field E and the gradient ∇n[over ̂] of the director field in a homogeneously aligned liquid crystal (HALC) channel. Having obtained the evolution of the normalized light intensity, which was recorded by the high-speed camera, the process of excitation and evolution of the traveling wave in the HALC channel was visualized for the first time. It was shown, based on a nonlinear extension of the classical Ericksen-Leslie theory, that in the case when the electric field E≫E_{th}, the flow of liquid crystal material completely stops and a new mechanism for converting the electric field arises in the form of the electrically driven distorting traveling kinklike wave, which can be excited in the LC channel, composed of 4-n-pentyl-4^{'}-cyanobiphenyl molecules.

An approach for improving SHM systems with GUW detection and embedded sensors by a planar gradient acoustic impedance matching

AbstractFor technical structures, such as airplanes, the service life must be increased to satisfy the requirements for high efficiency in terms of costs and sustainability. Monitoring the system's current health and providing solutions to maintain it reliably is one way to accomplish this objective. A structural health monitoring system, in which actuators induce a guided ultrasonic wave or wavefield monitored by a sensor or a network of sensors, is a standard for thin‐walled structures, which are made of, for example, fibre‐metal‐laminates. The sensor measurements provide information that can be used to determine the respective health state of the system. However, embedding the actuator and sensors in the system typically results in a distortion of the wavefield, for example, mode‐conversion and reflections. The distortion can lead to over‐ or underestimation of the quantity, location and severity of the damage. Due to these false detections, both an unnecessary high effort for retrofitting the structure and a reduction of the structure's technical reliability may be needed. The objective of the current contribution is to reduce the wave‐field distortion/reflections caused by the sensors to prevent or minimise these false detections. To reduce the distortion and reflection of the wavefield, a functionally graded material with an acoustic impedance matching based on a mechanical model is used. In order to control and adjust the acoustic impedance, which is the leading parameter concerning distortion and reflections of waves, tungsten particles were added to the uncured epoxy resin. The design of an interphase between the sensor or its glass housing and the surrounding structure is achieved by this novel approach. The interphase properties are varying in the radial direction to the sensor and are depending on the tungsten particle content in the epoxy resin. In this work, several models regarding the radial distribution of the tungsten particle content and the excitation frequency are investigated. Additionally, the dependence on geometrical influence is also addressed. The approach results, for specific configurations, in (i) reduced reflections from the sensor (less distortion) and (ii) amplified measuring signals of the sensor. Numerous numerical examples demonstrate the benefit of the presented approach.

Optimal design of rotor structure for vibration and noise reduction in electric vehicle generator

In order to reduce the vibration noise of an extended-range electric vehicle (EREV) generator, an optimization method based on changing the rotor structure is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the specific optimization scheme is determined by theoretical and simulation analysis to perform skew pole segmentation of the rotor, while using an eccentric pole arc design to determine the optimal parameters with the target of cogging torque. Then, in order to verify the feasibility of the scheme, the main performance of the generator before and after the optimization is analyzed, including radial electromagnetic force wave, counter-electromotive force (counter EMF), electromagnetic torque, and rotor strength. Finally, a high-precision finite element model of the generator was established, the vibration acceleration, as well as the sound pressure level before and after optimization, were calculated, and a noise test was completed. The results show that the optimized scheme significantly weakened the cogging torque of the generator, while reducing the radial electromagnetic force wave and counter EMF distortion rate to a certain extent, and finally significantly improved the vibration and noise performance of the generator.

Various mechanisms for double capture from helium targets by alpha particles

An analysis is presented using six quantum-mechanical four-body distorted wave (DW) theories for double capture (DC) in ion-atom collisions at intermediate and high energies. They all satisfy the correct boundary conditions in the entrance and exit channels. This implies the usage of short-range perturbation potentials in compliance with the exact behaviors of scattering wave functions at infinitely large separations of particles. Specifically, total cross sections Q are analyzed for collisions of alpha particles with helium targets. Regarding the relative quantitative performance of the studied DW theories at different impact energies E, our main focus is on the sensitivity of Q to various collisional mechanisms. The usual mechanism in most DW theories assumes that both electrons undergo the same type of collisions with nuclei. These are either single or double collisions in one or two steps, respectively, per channel, but without their mixture in either channel. The signatures of double collisions in differential cross sections are the Thomas peaks. By definition, these cannot be produced by single collisions. There is another DC pathway, which is actually favored by the existing experimental data. It is a hybrid, two-center mechanism which, in each channel separately, combines a single collision for one electron with a double collision for the other electron. The ensuing DW theory is called the four-body single-double scattering (SDS-4B) method. It appears that this mechanism in the SDS-4B method is more probable than double collisions for each electron in both channels predicted by the four-body continuum distorted wave (CDW-4B) method. This is presently demonstrated for Q at energies E=[200,8000] keV in DC exemplified by alpha particles colliding with helium targets.

Modeling the Mg I from the NUV to MIR

Context. Reliable atomic data are mandatory ingredients to obtain a realistic semiempirical model of any stellar atmosphere. Due to their importance, we further improved our recently published Mg I atomic model. Aims. We tested the new atomic model using atmospheric models of stars of different spectral types: the Sun (dG2), HD 22049 (dK2, Epsilon Eridani), GJ 832 (dM2), and GJ 581 (dM3). Methods. Significant improvements have been included in the atomic model, mainly to the electron impact excitation (ϒij) values. We used new Breit-Pauli distorted-wave (DW) multiconfiguration calculations, which proved to be relevant for many transitions in the mid-infrared (MIR) range. The new atomic model of Mg I includes the following: (i) recomputed (ϒij) data through the DW method, including the superlevels. (ii) For the nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) population calculations, 5676 theoretical transitions were added (3001 term-to-term). (iii) All of these improvements were studied in the Sun and the stars listed above. Comparisons for the distribution of magnesium among the first ionization states and the formation of molecules, as well as for the population of the different energy levels and atmospheric heights, were carried out. Several lines, representative of the spectral ranges, were selected to analyze the changes that were produced. In particular, we exemplify these results with the problematic line 2853.0 Å, a transition between the third level and the ground state. Results. The magnesium distribution between ionization states for stars with different effective temperatures was compared. For the Sun and Epsilon Eridani, Mg II predominates with more than 95%, while for GJ 832 and GJ 581, Mg I represents more than 72% of the population. Moreover, in the latter stars, the amount of magnesium forming molecules in their atmosphere is at least two orders of magnitude higher. Regarding the NLTE population, a noticeable lower variability in the departure coefficients was found, indicating a better population coupling for the new model. Comparing the synthetic spectrum calculated with the older and new Mg I atomic model, these results show minimal differences in the visible range but they are stronger in the infrared (IR) for all of the stars. This aspect should be considered when using lines from this region as indicators. Nevertheless, some changes in the spectral type were found, also emphasizing the need to test the atomic models in different atmospheric conditions. The most noticeable changes occurred in the far-ultraviolet (FUV) and near-ultraviolet (NUV), obtaining a higher flux for the new atomic model regardless of the spectral type. The new model did not prevent the formation of the core emission in the synthetic NUV line 2853.0 Å. However, by including other observations, we could note that the emission indeed exists, although with a much lower intensity. Further tests have shown that to reduce the emission, the population of its upper level (3s3p 1P) should be reduced by a factor of about 100.

Q-Compensated Gaussian Beam Migration under the Condition of Irregular Surface

The viscosity of actual underground media can cause amplitude attenuation and phase distortion of seismic waves. When seismic images are processed assuming elastic media, the imaging accuracy for the deep reflective layer is often reduced. If this attenuation effect is compensated, the imaging quality of the seismic data can be significantly improved. Q-compensated Gaussian beam migration (Q-GBM) is an effective seismic imaging method for viscous media, and it has the advantages of both wave equation and ray-based Q-compensated imaging methods. This study develops a Q-GBM method in visco-acoustic media with an irregular surface. Initially, the basic principles of Gaussian beam in visco-acoustic media are introduced. Then, by correcting the complex-value time of the Gaussian beam in visco-acoustic media, energy compensation and phase correction are carried out for the forward continuation wavefield at the seismic source of the irregular surface and the reverse continuation wavefield at the beam center, which effectively compensates the absorption and attenuation effects of visco-acoustic media on the seismic wavefield. Further, a Q-GBM method under the irregular surface is proposed using cross-correlation imaging conditions. Through migration tests for three numerical models of visco-acoustic media with irregular surfaces, it is verified that our method is an effective depth domain imaging technique for seismic data in visco-acoustic media under the condition of irregular surfaces.

Steeply dipping structural target oriented viscoacoustic prismatic reverse time migration in frequency domain and its application

AbstractSteeply dipping structural imaging is a great challenge due to its poor illumination. Conventional migration methods are unable to produce an accurate image of complex steeply dipping structures. The prismatic wave can improve the illumination of steeply dipping structures and is often used to improve the imaging results of such structures. Traditional elastic wave theory assumes that seismic waves do not attenuate when propagating through subsurface media. However, during seismic wave propagation, the wave energy decays exponentially due to the absorption and attenuation of the ground layer. Subsurface attenuation leads to amplitude loss and phase distortion of seismic waves, resulting in blurring of migration amplitudes when this attenuation is not taken into account during imaging. To address this issue, a frequency‐domain Q‐compensated prismatic reverse time migration method is proposed, which derives Q‐compensated prismatic wavefield propagation operators. In the proposed frequency‐domain Q‐compensated prismatic reverse time migration, Q attenuation is fully compensated along three propagation paths and two propagation types of prismatic waves. The optimized four‐order mixed 25‐point difference format and LU decomposition method are used to solve the Q‐compensated prismatic wavefield propagation equations with high computational efficiency. Numerical and field data examples demonstrate that the proposed frequency‐domain Q‐compensated prismatic reverse time migration method can compensate for deep attenuation energy and improve the imaging resolution of steeply dipping structures.

Linear Kalman Filtering with Persistence Predictive Model for Vehicle Slip Angle Estimation Based on Inverse Trigonometric Function

Slip angle estimation is extensively employed in mobile robotics. Specifically, the estimation method predicated on the acceleration sensor can compute the slip angle without the necessity for a dynamical model and integration calculations. However, wave distortion of the estimated slip angle emerges due to the inclusion of the inverse trigonometric function in the estimation computation. In this study, we utilized a linear Kalman filter predicated on a persistent predictive model for slip angle estimation. The proposed method modulates the Kalman gain according to the Mahalanobis distance, thereby eliminating the wave distortion of the estimated slip angle. The efficacy of the proposed method is corroborated by a nonlinear vehicle simulation. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.

A novel method for optimization of flat monopole antennas with the help of a universal definition for geometric shapes

In this research, a novel method is proposed optimization of flatted ultra-wideband monopole antennas. In this method, the shape of the antennas is described in general terms. This general description allows the antennas to take all kinds of shapes during the optimization process and finally, an optimal form for an ultra-wideband monopole is obtained. The parameters of this general description are obtained according to the design constraints in a two-stage optimization process (including global and local optimization). The optimization to achieve the acceptable impedance matching in the working band and reduction of the distortion of the radiation waves is to be done. Due to the efficiency of the optimization method, by applying strict-tightening constrictions on the size of the antenna, smaller antennas with the same performance as the best flat monopole antennas are designed. The main optimization program runs in Matlab Software, but the analysis of antennas at each stage of optimization is executed in the CST Microwave Studio Software. For this purpose, with the help of Visual Basic for Applications programming, an automated link is created between the MATLAB Software and CST Microwave Studio Software. The optimization results showed the ability of this method to design very small antennas with desired functional characteristics. The results showed that the return loss for the entire operational spectrum is below − 10 dB. Also, the correlation coefficient of the proposed planar super wideband monopole antenna has different values in different radiation angles.