In this paper, the thermal cracking resistance of concrete mixtures made with different cement compositions under attack of the cold wave at early ages has been investigated using a temperature stress testing machine (TSTM). Two cements, named as low heat cement (LHC) and moderate heat cement (MHC), and three curing regimes (3d, 7d and 14d) were selected. Energy consumption, CO2 emission, thermal cracking resistance, cracking stress, ultimate tensile strain and creep-shrinkage ratio of concrete were discussed. Results showed that compared with those of MHC, the energy consumption and CO2 emission of LHC was reduced by 6.75% and 4.13%, respectively. At early ages, the mechanical properties of LHC concrete were generally weaker than those of MHC concrete, but with a stronger creep capability. Cracking temperature difference (the temperature variation during the rapid cooling phase) results indicated that before 7 days, the thermal cracking resistance of LHC concrete was approximately 15% weaker than that of MHC concrete, however, followed by a comparable level with that of MHC concrete at 14 days. An analytical method for evaluating the cracking temperature difference of concrete was proposed. It is recommended based on the results in the current research that stricter superficial thermal insulation after concrete casting should be carried out for at least 14 days provided that LHC is mixed.