Abstract
Rubble mound breakwaters usually present a crest wall to increase the crest freeboards without a large increase of the consumption of material. Methods in the literature to design crest walls are based on estimates of the wave loads. These methods are focused on the maximum loading that attacks a single position of the crest wall. In practice, crest walls have a finite length. Since the maximum loading does not occur at the same instant over the entire length of the crest wall for oblique waves, these methods overestimate the loading in the situation of oblique waves. Wave loads under oblique wave attack have been measured in physical model tests. A method to account for the effect of the finite length of crest walls has been developed, and design guidelines have been derived. The results of this study in combination with the existing methods in the literature to estimate the wave forces enable a more advanced design of crest walls.
Highlights
Crest walls are usually built on top of rubble mound breakwaters to achieve higher crest freeboards without a severe increase in the amount of granular material needed
Before test,transducers the transducers to zero, so thesomeasurements were relative to the pressures caused by the still water level and hydrostatic the measurements were relative to the pressures caused by the still water level and hydrostatic forcesforces were were not included in thein measurements
Thevertical formulas given in [5] are used to the estimate the of the force events and the velocity at which the force events travel along the structure are proposed
Summary
Crest walls are usually built on top of rubble mound breakwaters to achieve higher crest freeboards without a severe increase in the amount of granular material needed They protect the crest, improve the accessibility, and provide space for equipment and infrastructure. Crest walls are impacted by waves, experiencing both (horizontal) forces at the front of the crest wall and (vertical uplift) forces underneath the crest wall. Such wave loads on crest walls determine their size, since crest walls are designed to allow minimal or no displacements under extreme wave conditions. An accurate prediction of wave loads on crest walls is essential for their design
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