Watershed Event Research Articles

The Effects of Off-Highway Vehicle Trails and Use on Stream Water Quality in the North Fork of the Broad River

Abstract. Managing forests for recreational benefits, such as off-highway vehicle (OHV) use, as well as other ecosystem services, such as clean and abundant water, can often present challenges for land managers when one ecosystem service conflicts with another. We conducted research in the Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forest to determine if the presence and use of OHV trails were associated with greater total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations and turbidity in streams during storm events in 2015-2016. We used a paired-watershed approach, with a treatment watershed containing the Locust Stake OHV trail system on the North Fork of the Broad River, and a reference watershed (Kimbell Creek) similar in all respects except for the presence and use of OHV trails. During the study period, mean streamflow rates across all sampling times were 19% greater, but mean stormflow rates were 29% less, at Locust Stake compared to Kimbell Creek. During storm sampling, the average storm TSS concentration was greater at Locust Stake (101.1 mg L-1) than at Kimbell Creek (65.3 mg L-1). The results indicate that the greater the stormflow, the greater the TSS concentration for each storm event sampled across both watersheds. TSS concentration was linearly and positively related to stormflow, with R2 values ranging from 0.11 to 0.92 for all events in both watersheds. Across all sampling dates, the TSS concentration per unit stormflow was greater at Locust Stake than at Kimbell Creek, and was 7-fold greater at Locust Stake after the OHV trails were opened compared to when they were closed for maintenance and assessment. When the OHV trails were closed, the TSS concentration per unit stormflow was still significantly greater, by 4-fold, at Locust Stake compared to Kimbell Creek. Our results suggest that the presence and use of the Locust Stake OHV trail system are associated with poorer water quality, and with better water quality when the trails are closed. Forest managers face a well-defined set of tradeoffs between providing OHV recreation and water quality benefits that warrants careful planning and monitoring. Keywords: National Forest System, Off-highway vehicles, Recreation, Sedimentation, Streamflow, Turbidity, Water quality.

“The Etherealization of Common Sense?” Arithmetical and Algebraic Modes of Intelligibility in Late Victorian Mathematics of Measurement

The late nineteenth century gradually witnessed a liberalization of the kinds of mathematical object and forms of mathematical reasoning permissible in physical argumentation. The construction of theories of units illustrates the slow and difficult spread of new “algebraic” modes of mathematical intelligibility, developed by leading mathematicians from the 1830s onwards, into elementary arithmetical pedagogy, experimental physics, and fields of physical practice like telegraphic engineering. A watershed event in this process was a clash that took place during 1878 between J. D. Everett and James Thomson over the meaning and algebraic manipulation of dimensional formulae. This precipitated the emergence of rival “Maxwellian” and “Thomsonian” approaches towards interpreting and applying “dimensional” equations, which expressed the relationship between derived and fundamental units in an absolute system of measurement. What at first looks like a dispute over a seemingly esoteric mathematical tool for unit conversion turns out to concern Everett’s break with arithmetical algebra in the representation and manipulation of physical quantities. This move prompted a vigorous rebuttal from Thomsonian defenders of an orthodox “arithmetical empiricism” on epistemological, semantic, or pedagogical grounds. Their resistance in Victorian Britain to a shift in mathematical intelligibility is suggestive of the difficult birth of theoretical physics, in which the intermediate steps of a mathematical argument need have no direct physical meaning.

ПЬЕСЫ А.П. ЧЕХОВА «ИВАНОВ» И «ВИШНЕВЫЙ САД» В ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИИ ВЕНГЕРСКИХ РЕЖИССЕРОВ

В данной статье представлено исследование театральных постановок драм А.П. Чехова в Венгрии. В центре внимания автора пьесы А.П. Чехова Иванов и Вишневый сад. В рамках работы дается обзор самых значительных постановок чеховских пьес с начала XX до начала XXI в. Выделяются постановки, представляющие основные направления интерпретации пьес русского автора венгерскими режиссерами. Особое внимание уделяется также проблеме перевода, ориентирующего режиссера и актера в процессе постановки на сцене, а зрителя в процессе восприятия The paper looks at theatrical adaptations of A. Chekhovs dramas in Hungary with a particular focus on Ivanov and The Cherry Orchard. The author provides a critical overview of the most prominent adaptations of A. Chekhovs plays. It identifies those theatrical adaptations that serve as the key avenues in Hungarian directors vision of A. Chekhovs works. The analysis is based on the presentday critical reflections, on the photographs of the performances and on the experiences of modern theatregoers. Our review focuses primarily on genrerelated features of stage adaptations, sidescenes and acting. At the same time central to the research is the problem of translations of A. Chekhovs works into Hungarian which serve as the reference point for the director and the actors when staging the play and the viewer when watching the performance.Unlike A. Chekhovs prosaic works which were translated into Hungarian and first published in the late 19th century, his dramas were first staged in Hungary in the 1920s. Ivanov was first adapted for stage by Dniel Jb in Comedy Theatre of Budapest in 1923. A year later he delivered a stage adaptation of The Cherry Orchard. The theatre history was marked by two watershed events. The Moscow Art Theatre brought The Cherry Orchard to Budapest. K. Stanislavskys troupe presented their version of The Three Sisters, the psychological realism of which had a strong impact on Sndor Hevesis adaptation of Seagull in the 1930s. Yet, a real breakthrough for A. Chekhov on the theatre stage was seen only in the 1960s and 1970s. It was prompted by renewed and reinvented theatre adaptation of Anton Chekhovs language both globalwise and in Hungary. This period was marked by Ivanov directed by Endre Marton in 1971 and Gbor Zsmbki in 1977 as well as The Cherry Orchard staged by Istvn Horvai in 1974. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries there appeared new stage adaptations of A. Chekhovs plays including Gbor Szkelys Ivanov in 1996. The biggest success was the production directed by Tams Ascher in 2004 which won the Golden Mask in Moscow. The analysis of the last phase in A. Chekhovs stage adaptation showed that the recent translations by Gyrgy Spir (then Gza Morcsnyi and Julia Ungr) have given a new impetus to the interpretation of The Cherry Orchard. This can be best seen in the productions by Pter Vall in 2005, Rbert Alfldi in 2007 and Sndor Zstr in 2013.

Editorial Focus of the Gay Magazine <i>Badi</i> and Its Attempt of Reshaping Gay Male Identity in Japan

This paper examines how the editorial focus of the Japanese gay magazine Badi has shifted over time and how the magazine has shaped the identity of gay men in Japan. Badi is the most popular magazine for gay men in Japan today. Its creation in 1993 coincided with a period of marked change in Japanese society regarding views toward homosexuality as well as with several watershed events such as in 1991 when homophobia was first addressed in a Japanese court and in 1994 when the first pride parade was held in Tokyo. By examining Badi as part of the Japanese gay liberation movement of the 1990s, and dividing the magazine’s editorial run into four distinct periods, we show that although the editors shaped the new identity and lifestyle, they were bolstered by masculinity.

Developing Readers: Understanding Concept of Word in Text Development in Emergent Readers

A child’s ability to fingerpoint accurately to words while reading aloud a memorized text showcases his/her development of concept of word in text. This ability demonstrates the extent to which key early literacy skills are integrated (e.g., alphabet knowledge, phonological awareness). Research indicates that attaining a concept of word in text is a watershed literacy event that allows a reader to more readily acquire a store of sight words. Concept of word in text develops in a predictable fashion, progressing in three stages: developing, rudimentary, and firm. During the kindergarten year, teachers can foster children’s development of concept of word in text in order to accelerate children’s literacy learning. This article provides instructional suggestions that teachers can use to support this development.

On The Evolution of The Sex Differences in Throwing: Throwing is a Male Adaptation in Humans

The development of the ability to throw projectiles for distance, speed, and accuracy was a watershed event in human evolution. We hypothesize that throwing first arose in threat displays and during fighting and later was incorporated into hunting by members of the Homo lineage because nonhuman primates often throw projectiles during agonistic interactions and only rarely in attempts to subdue prey. Males, who threw more often than females in both combat and hunting, would have been under stronger selection than females to become proficient at the ability to throw, intercept, and dodge projectiles as throwing skills became critical to success in combat and hunting. Therefore, we predict that males, more than females, should display innate anatomical and behavioral traits associated with throwing. We use data from a variety of disciplines to discuss: the sex differences in throwing speed, distance, and accuracy; sex differences in the development of the throwing motion; inability of training or cultural influences to erase the sex differences in throwing; sex differences in the use of throwing in sports, combat, and hunting; and sex differences in anatomical traits associated with throwing that are partly responsible for male throwing superiority. These data contradict the view held by many commentators that socialization rather than innate sex differences in ability are primarily responsible for male throwing superiority. We suggest that throwing is a male adaptation.

НОВЫЙ ЭТАП ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ: ОСОБЕННОСТИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ

The new economic nationalism is on the march in Europe and America. It argues that globalization has benefited the elites and penalized the ordinary workers, so governments should favor domestic producers and restrict global flows of people, goods and capital. The latest proposal came from the President Trump in March 2017 – a thread to ignore World Trade Organization rules and impose tariffs on countries with “unfair” trade practice. The experts suggest that the world may have entered into a new phase of post-WWII economy and a phase of new globalization. The next era could see globalization in retreat for the first time since 1945. The British vote to leave the European Union is a watershed event. It marks the end of an era of globalization driven by deregulation and the giving power over trade and regulation to the international institutions like the EU and the World Trade Organization. Outsourcing and growing trade with low-wage countries, including East Europe, as well as China, India and other countries with large low-wage labor forces have put downward pressure on wages. The message that leaders in the United Kingdom, Europe, and indeed the United States took away from Brexit is that the time has come to stop promoting austerity and business-as-usual trade deals like the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership and to instead get serious about rebuilding manufacturing and an economy that works for everyone. The political challenge in many countries is to develop a “responsible nationalism”, the policy that privilege local interests and local people over more cosmopolitan concerns. In the United States, such policies begin with plans to rebuild manufacturing and create more good jobs. Brexit is a moment of crisis for the global economy, one which demands a fundamental re-examination of contemporary core values. It is time to develop alternatives to the current model of globalization, which benefits only those who are most well-off in the modern society.

PROMESA, Puerto Rico and the American Empire

As the United States ascended to hyper-power status during the late 1970s, it changed colonial policy in Puerto Rico. The change, which included the elimination of favorable tax legislation and demilitarization, devastated Puerto Rico’s economy. Puerto Rico borrowed heavily in a failed effort to offset the dramatic decline in capital inflows. The federal government enacted PROMESA after Puerto Rico announced it could not repay the debt. The law was designed to restore Puerto Rico to financial solvency by imposing oppressive austerity measures. PROMESA was a watershed event because it stripped Puerto Rico of the limited sovereignty the federal government had allowed. But, just as colonialism is the source of Puerto Rico’s economic and humanitarian crises, colonialism will also sabotage PROMESA’s plan to extract wealth from an impoverished population. Hurricane Maria has guaranteed that Puerto Rico will never have the resources to repay the debt holders.

Characterization and evaluation of controls on post-fire streamflow response across western US watersheds

Abstract. This research investigates the impact of wildfires on watershed flow regimes, specifically focusing on evaluation of fire events within specified hydroclimatic regions in the western United States, and evaluating the impact of climate and geophysical variables on response. Eighty-two watersheds were identified with at least 10 years of continuous pre-fire daily streamflow records and 5 years of continuous post-fire daily flow records. Percent change in annual runoff ratio, low flows, high flows, peak flows, number of zero flow days, baseflow index, and Richards–Baker flashiness index were calculated for each watershed using pre- and post-fire periods. Independent variables were identified for each watershed and fire event, including topographic, vegetation, climate, burn severity, percent area burned, and soils data. Results show that low flows, high flows, and peak flows increase in the first 2 years following a wildfire and decrease over time. Relative response was used to scale response variables with the respective percent area of watershed burned in order to compare regional differences in watershed response. To account for variability in precipitation events, runoff ratio was used to compare runoff directly to PRISM precipitation estimates. To account for regional differences in climate patterns, watersheds were divided into nine regions, or clusters, through k-means clustering using climate data, and regression models were produced for watersheds grouped by total area burned. Watersheds in Cluster 9 (eastern California, western Nevada, Oregon) demonstrate a small negative response to observed flow regimes after fire. Cluster 8 watersheds (coastal California) display the greatest flow responses, typically within the first year following wildfire. Most other watersheds show a positive mean relative response. In addition, simple regression models show low correlation between percent watershed burned and streamflow response, implying that other watershed factors strongly influence response. Spearman correlation identified NDVI, aridity index, percent of a watershed's precipitation that falls as rain, and slope as being positively correlated with post-fire streamflow response. This metric also suggested a negative correlation between response and the soil erodibility factor, watershed area, and percent low burn severity. Regression models identified only moderate burn severity and watershed area as being consistently positively/negatively correlated, respectively, with response. The random forest model identified only slope and percent area burned as significant watershed parameters controlling response. Results will help inform post-fire runoff management decisions by helping to identify expected changes to flow regimes, as well as facilitate parameterization for model application in burned watersheds.

Analysis of motility in multicellular Chlamydomonas reinhardtii evolved under predation.

The advent of multicellularity was a watershed event in the history of life, yet the transition from unicellularity to multicellularity is not well understood. Multicellularity opens up opportunities for innovations in intercellular communication, cooperation, and specialization, which can provide selective advantages under certain ecological conditions. The unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has never had a multicellular ancestor yet it is closely related to the volvocine algae, a clade containing taxa that range from simple unicells to large, specialized multicellular colonies. Simple multicellular structures have been observed to evolve in C. reinhardtii in response to predation or to settling rate-based selection. Structures formed in response to predation consist of individual cells confined within a shared transparent extracellular matrix. Evolved isolates form such structures obligately under culture conditions in which their wild type ancestors do not, indicating that newly-evolved multicellularity is heritable. C. reinhardtii is capable of photosynthesis, and possesses an eyespot and two flagella with which it moves towards or away from light in order to optimize input of radiant energy. Motility contributes to C. reinhardtii fitness because it allows cells or colonies to achieve this optimum. Utilizing phototaxis to assay motility, we determined that newly evolved multicellular strains do not exhibit significant directional movement, even though the flagellae of their constituent unicells are present and active. In C. reinhardtii the first steps towards multicellularity in response to predation appear to result in a trade-off between motility and differential survivorship, a trade-off that must be overcome by further genetic change to ensure long-term success of the new multicellular organism.

Influence of declining mean annual rainfall on the behavior and yield of sediment and particulate organic carbon from tropical watersheds

The capacity to forecast climate and land-use driven changes to runoff, soil erosion and sediment transport in the tropics is hindered by a lack of long-term data sets and model study systems. To address these issues we utilized three watersheds characterized by similar shape, geology, soils, vegetation cover, and land use arranged across a 900mm gradient in mean annual rainfall (MAR). Using this space-for-time design, we quantified suspended sediment (SS) and particulate organic carbon (POC) export over 18months to examine how large-scale climate trends (MAR) affect sediment supply and delivery patterns (hysteresis) in tropical watersheds. Average daily SS yield ranged from 0.128 to 0.618tkm−2 while average daily POC ranged from 0.002 to 0.018tkm−2. For the largest storm events, we found that sediment delivery exhibited similar clockwise hysteresis patterns among the watersheds, with no significant differences in the similarity function between watershed pairs, indicating that: (1) in-stream and near-stream sediment sources drive sediment flux; and (2) the shape and timing of hysteresis is not affected by MAR. With declining MAR, the ratio of runoff to baseflow and inter-storm length between pulse events both increased. Despite increases in daily rainfall and the number of days with large rainfall events increasing with MAR, there was a decline in daily SS yield possibly due to the exhaustion of sediment supply by frequent runoff events in high MAR watersheds. By contrast, mean daily POC yield increased with increasing MAR, possibly as a result of increased soil organic matter decomposition, greater biomass, or increased carbon availability in higher MAR watersheds. We compared results to modeled values using the Load Estimator (LOADEST) FORTRAN model, confirming the negative relationship between MAR and sediment yield. However, because of its dependency on mean daily flow, LOADEST tended to under predict sediment yield, a result of its poor ability to capture the high variability in tropical streamflow. Taken together, results indicate that declines in MAR can have contrasting effects on hydrological processes in tropical watersheds, with consequences for instream ecology, downstream water users, and nearshore habitat.

Origenova »λόγων ἀρχαίων συγγράμματα« od Aleksandrije do Cezareje: grštvo in krščanstvo na polju zapisanega znanja

Preko analize Origenovih biografskih virov pod vidikom knjige, knjižnice in nasploh (zapisanega) znanja se razkriva globlje vprašanje soočenja grške paideie in krščanstva na prelomu iz 2. v 3. stoletje. Prelomni dogodek Origenovega življenja, ko razda svojo knjižnico antične literature, λόγων ἀρχαίων συγγράμματα (HE 6.3.9), postane paradigmatičen za namen interpretacije Svetega pisma. Leta 2012 odkrite Origenove pridige v Codex Monacensis Graecus 314 dodatno osvetljujejo ta razvoj do zrelega Origena. Preko njegovih del in življenja kaže, da krščanska zapisana beseda ni nekaj ezoteričnega in odmaknjenega, temveč se Kristusovo u-telešenje stopnjuje preko u-besedenja v Svetem pismu, zato je krščanski pogled na zapisano besedo, knjige, knjižnice lahko stimulativen.

Will farmers work together for conservation? The potential limits of farmers’ cooperation in agri-environment measures

There is growing concern that Agri-environment Schemes (AESs) may not be effective in conserving the countryside. Particular concern has arisen around whether the current approach of individual, farm-level, AES agreements are sufficient to offer landscape-scale environmental protection and enhancement. Whilst recent additions to AESs have sought to encourage more joined-up thinking by offering payments to farmers to form collective agreements, uptake is low and there is very little known about farmers’ (non)resistance to such collective conservation. Drawing on in-depth qualitative research with 74 farms across 5 sites in the UK, this paper provides new data on the barriers to farmers’ uptake of collective AESs and offers a new formulation of how we understand farming cooperation. The paper advances Bourdieusian-inspired ideas of the cultural construct of ‘good farming’ by synthesising these with recent reconceptualizations of ‘trust’ in order to provide a more contextually grounded and temporally-inflected understanding of farmers’ cooperative activities. The findings reveal that whilst working relations between farmers are often collegiate, and in places collective, several watershed events over past decades have led to a shift from community-level to process-based (peer-to-peer) trust and a move toward land management being depicted as a squarely individual rather than collective issue. Conceptually, the paper moves beyond the current limitation of viewing trust, and the associated development of social capital – seen as a prerequisite for more collective AESs – as cumulative and one-directional to highlighting their multiple, issue-specific, nature which may become eroded and (re)developed over time. Alongside this, the paper offers a new way of understanding the good farmer by shifting the focus from the individual farm/farmer level to a more fine-grained and contextualised issue-centered notion of good farming. This is then used to explain the seeming reluctance of land holders, evidenced in official statistics, to engage in collective AESs.

Reciprocal Nucleopeptides as the Ancestral Darwinian Self-Replicator.

Even the simplest organisms are too complex to have spontaneously arisen fully formed, yet precursors to first life must have emerged ab initio from their environment. A watershed event was the appearance of the first entity capable of evolution: the Initial Darwinian Ancestor. Here, we suggest that nucleopeptide reciprocal replicators could have carried out this important role and contend that this is the simplest way to explain extant replication systems in a mathematically consistent way. We propose short nucleic acid templates on which amino-acylated adapters assembled. Spatial localization drives peptide ligation from activated precursors to generate phosphodiester-bond-catalytic peptides. Comprising autocatalytic protein and nucleic acid sequences, this dynamical system links and unifies several previous hypotheses and provides a plausible model for the emergence of DNA and the operational code.

ANALISIS KARAKTERISTIK HIDROLOGI SUNGAI GAJAHWONG DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA

Structuring and technical planning for the development of a watershed requires analysis of hydrological characteristics. This study aimed to analyze the hydrology characteristics of Gajahwong river to be formulated technical effort Gajahwong watershed development. Stages of analysis using secondary data from the Balai PSDA DIY Province, such as watershed maps, daily rain, rain hourly, daily discharge, discharge offlood and flood event records from 2001 to 2013. Analysis of peak flow /flood hydrograph using frequency analysis methods and Collins unit hydrograph methods. While the low-flow analysis using the model HSS Gama I and HS Gama II. The tools used are ArcView, frequency analysis program and Solver are contained in Microsoft Excel. Based on the analysis o f the peak flow of the flood discharge of 20 annual plan obtained 332 m3/ s happened in the 4th hour. While based on a low-flow analysis it can be concluded that during the dry season are still available Gajahwong river flow is sufficient to meet the needs o f well water for irrigation, fisheries and river tours.

Cancer Immunotherapy: Historical Perspective of a Clinical Revolution and Emerging Preclinical Animal Models.

At the turn of the last century, the emerging field of medical oncology chose a cytotoxic approach to cancer therapy over an immune-centered approach at a time when evidence in support of either paradigm did not yet exist. Today, nearly 120 years of data have established that (a) even the best cytotoxic regimens only infrequently cure late-stage malignancy and (b) strategies that supplement and augment existing antitumor immune responses offer the greatest opportunities to potentiate durable remission in cancer. Despite widespread acceptance of these paradigms today, the ability of the immune system to recognize and fight cancer was a highly controversial topic for much of the twentieth century. Why this modern paradigmatic mainstay should have been both dubious and controversial for such an extended period is a topic of considerable interest that merits candid discussion. Herein, we review the literature to identify and describe the watershed events that ultimately led to the acceptance of immunotherapy as a viable regimen for the treatment of neoplastic malignancy. In addition to noting important clinical discoveries, we also focus on research milestones and the development of critical model systems in rodents and dogs including the advanced modeling techniques that allowed development of patient-derived xenografts. Together, their use will further our understanding of cancer biology and tumor immunology, allow for a speedier assessment of the efficacy and safety of novel approaches, and ultimately provide a faster bench to beside transition.

Fundamentalism, Radicalization and Terrorism. Part 2: fundamentalism, regression and repair

Prior to the watershed events of 11 September 2001, terrorism was generally seen simply as politically motivated, criminal violence. Since then the phenomena of religious fundamentalism, political radicalization and terrorism have become fused in the public mind, partly under the influence of the political and military reaction described as the ‘War on Terror’ and its successors. While there is clearly an important overlap in the religious thinking of some fundamentalists, the radical agenda of political Islamist groups and the violent activities of those who currently use the tactics of terrorism, these are not identical phenomena, and treating everyone who falls into one of these groups as the same as all the others has exacerbated rather than improved global security. In the second of two papers based on his work with terrorist organizations and areas of the world embroiled in entrenched conflict, Lord Alderdice develops a different approach informed by psychoanalytical principles and systems and complexity theories to clarify some of the boundaries and overlapping elements of these three phenomena. This approach not only provides a more evidence-based analysis, but also permits a more reflective and constructive response to these clear and present dangers.

Gabowitsch, Mischa Protest in Putin's Russia (review)

REVIEWS 591 while most Russians have Left-wing values, the political Left is weak. One factor is the capacity of the regime to co-opt some Leftist tropes, including both Soviet nostalgia and a newer anti-oligarchic image. While the CPRF has become increasingly neo-Stalinist, newer socialist groups show greater dynamism, and March sees particular hope in the increasing integration of these groups with the global Left. For example, ‘A Just Russia’ has joined the Socialist International. This potentially significant party showed independence from the Kremlin in 2011, but after the 2012 crackdown on the opposition all but a handful of its State Duma deputies returned to a more loyal position. Rostislav Turovsky offers an explanation as to why it is in the interests of the systemic opposition to contest elections in the regions, even when they are unfair. Alexander Kynev looks at the impact of the 2012 reforms of the electoral and party systems, showing how even some of the non-systemic opposition parties were able to have some successes in the 2013 regional elections. Interesting studies of specific regions conclude the volume: protests in Tatarstan and Bashkortostan, by Valentin Mikhailov; in Tyumen region, by Olesya Lobanova and Andrey Semanov; and by Mikhail Il´chenko on Ekaterinburg, where the 2011 protest movement was able to build on an existing practice of ‘meeting-festivals’, with competitions for the best poster. I recommend this book to anyone interested in civil society, political parties or opposition in contemporary Russia. UCL SSEES Peter J. S. Duncan Gabowitsch, Mischa. Protest in Putin’s Russia. Translated from the German and Russian, revised and edited by the author. Polity Press, Cambridge and Malden, MA, 2017. xii + 332 pp. Map. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Index. £17.99 (paperback). In the winter of 2011/12 Russia was rocked by a series of massive demonstrations which continued into the summer, with some late flare-ups in 2013. Tens of thousands, occasionally close to a hundred thousand, participated in marches and rallies in the larger cities, with smaller manifestations also elsewhere. This was the largest protest movement in Russia since the heady days of perestroika, significantly surpassing the demonstrations against the monetization of social benefits in 2005 — and, in contrast to the 2005 protests, the message of the demonstrators was clearly political this time. The sudden willingness of Russians to express distrust in — even contempt for — their political leaders surprised everyone, not only in the Kremlin, but also outside observers and even the organizers themselves. There is all reason to regard the demonstrations as a watershed event — or a series of events — even though the protesters did SEER, 95, 3, JULY 2017 592 not come close to achieving their main goal, which (for most of them) was to topple the Putin regime. On the contrary, once Putin had been installed in the presidency on 7 May 2012, Medvedev’s prevarication and concessions ended abruptly, and a much harsher political climate set in. If anybody had had any doubts about the police-state quality of Putin’s rule, the liberal mask was now off. Mischa Gabowitsch’s Protest in Putin’s Russia is a meticulous, analytical accountofthesemomentousevents.Gabowitschcombinesabroadertheoretical framework with a close-up empirical perspective in a highly felicitous way. The opening vignette takes us right into the ‘March of Millions’ on the eve of Putin’s inauguration and is written with the insider knowledge and understanding which only skilled participant observation can provide. We can almost hear the chanting of the slogans in our ears and feel the pain of police truncheons falling on people’s heads as we read. Gabowitsch makes a point of taking us into the crowd, without focusing overly on the events on the stage up front where the dissident leaders are holding their speeches. As a sociologist, he wants to adopt a grassroots perspective which he, with good reason, argues has been sorely ignored in many media reports. By mingling and talking with ordinary, ‘nonprofessional’ demonstrators he is able to show that motivations were highly variegated: different groups and individuals were pushing their own agendas, which did not necessarily coincide with the messages broadcast over the loudspeakers and reported home by foreign correspondents. Importantly, Gabowitsch...

An urban observatory for quantifying phosphorus and suspended solid loads in combined natural and stormwater conveyances

Water quality in urban streams and stormwater systems is highly dynamic, both spatially and temporally, and can change drastically during storm events. Infrequent grab samples commonly collected for estimating pollutant loadings are insufficient to characterize water quality in many urban water systems. In situ water quality measurements are being used as surrogates for continuous pollutant load estimates; however, relatively few studies have tested the validity of surrogate indicators in urban stormwater conveyances. In this paper, we describe an observatory aimed at demonstrating the infrastructure required for surrogate monitoring in urban water systems and for capturing the dynamic behavior of stormwater-driven pollutant loads. We describe the instrumentation of multiple, autonomous water quality and quantity monitoring sites within an urban observatory. We also describe smart and adaptive sampling procedures implemented to improve data collection for developing surrogate relationships and for capturing the temporal and spatial variability of pollutant loading events in urban watersheds. Results show that the observatory is able to capture short-duration storm events within multiple catchments and, through inter-site communication, sampling efforts can be synchronized across multiple monitoring sites.

Technology Focus: Intelligent Fields Technology (May 2017)

Technology Focus In the early days of intelligent fields, we tended to see the game as more data, more control, more models, and more integration. All these aspects, of course, are still key components to the system solutions that are now emerging. However, the most-competitive emerging systems blend artificial intelligence to bring better efficiency to the human work that results in good business decisions. As a result, we waste less time and fewer resources finding and manipulating data and focus more on complex engineering judgment and building richness into the bases of our decisions. When Deep Blue beat Kasparov, it was a watershed event, but the timing of the event was the only surprise. That a computer could beat the best human chess player at some point was certain long before it happened. As with most industries, the oil industry is ripe for automation of the type that is likely to trivialize much of what consumes our days as engineers today—which might seem threatening if you are a Kasparov. Unlike chess players, we have a much larger endgame, and our effective mastery of these technologies can help us sustain and deliver in an environment of intense competitive pressures. The body of knowledge and practice in this area is large and growing quickly, and some of the recommended articles in this section are examples of the current state of the art. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. OTC 26509 Limitations of Using Smart Wells To Achieve Waterflood Conformance in Stacked Heterogeneous Reservoirs: Case Study From Piltun Field by Harsimran Khural, Shell, et al. SPE 180165 DAS/DTS/DSS/DPS/DxS—Do We Measure What Adds Value? by Kousha Gohari, Baker Hughes, et al. SPE 181110 Optimal Field Development and Control Yield Accelerated, More-Reliable Production: A North Sea Case Study by M. Haghighat Sefat, Heriot-Watt University, et al. SPE 181435 Machine-Learning Approach for Irregularity Detection in Dynamic Operating Conditions by Mohamed Sidahmed, BP, et al.