Waters Research Articles

Challenges for Midwives' Healthcare Practice in the Next Decade: COVID-19 - Global Climate Changes - Aging and Pregnancy - Gestational Alcohol Abuse.

Midwives are multifaceted healthcare professionals whose competence spectrum includes a large variety of knowledge and skills going from antenatal care to education and research. The aim of this review is to suggest the future challenges midwives are going to face in the upcoming decade of this Century. COVID-19 and other infections will reasonably impact healthcare workers all over the world. Midwives are frontline healthcare professionals who are constantly at risk of contagion as their job implies close contact with women, physical support and hand touch. Also, menstruation waste plays a large role in the pollution of waters, severely impacting hygiene in the developing countries and fueling climate change. Appropriate disposal of used menstrual material is still insufficient in many countries of the world especially because of lack of sanitary education on girls. As educators, midwives will be more involved into preventing inappropriate disposal of menstrual hygiene devices by educating girls around the world about the green alternatives to the commercial ones. Despite the evidences about the fertility decrement that occurs with aging, women keep postponing reproduction and increasing their chance being childless or suffering complications related to the advanced maternal age. Teen pregnancies are as well an important issue for midwives who will be called to face more age-related issues and use a tailored case to case approach, enhancing their family planning skills. Another crucial role of midwifery regards the information about the risk of drinking alcohol during gestation. Alcohol assumption during pregnancy is responsible for serious damage to the fetus causing a wide range of pathological conditions related to Fetal Alcoholic Spectrum Disorder, leading cause of mental retardation in children of western countries. On the whole, midwives have demonstrated their willingness to expand their practice through continuing professional development, and through specialist and advanced roles especially in preventive and educational positions.

Application of GOCI to the Estimates of Primary Productivity in the Coastal Waters of the East Sea

Application of GOCI to the Estimates of Primary Productivity in the Coastal Waters of the East Sea

Spatio-temporal characterization of the physico-chemical quality of groundwater: Case of the Lobo watershed (Centre-west of Cte dIvoire)

Drinking water supply to rural communities is increasingly relying on finding groundwater. However, groundwater resources, although believed to be safe and free of pollution, are subjects to local and diffusive pollution. This work aims at assessing the groundwater quality in the Lobo catchment area in Nibehibe and addressing the mineralization phenomena. To achieve such an objective, a statistical approach was applied to physical-chemical analyses data recorded from two sampling campaigns during the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. The adopted approach consisted first in performing comparative analysis, second in investigating the chemical specificities within the water classes using the piper diagram, and lastly in classifying the water based on their physical-chemical similarities using the Kohonen Self-Organized Map (SOM). The reported results disclose that the investigated groundwater is acidic and weakly mineralized during rainy and dry seasons. The diagram of Piper revealed the waters are mostly chlorinated, sulphated, and calco-magnesian type. The SOM method was used to highlight water pollution especially the acid hydrolysis of rock minerals. Key words: Characterization, spatio-temporal, physico-chemical quality, groundwater, Lobo watershed, Cote d’Ivoire.

Mining the past for a better future of African waters: Historical changes in the fish and fishery of Lake Bam (Burkina Faso) before rehabilitation

Terrestrial waters provide multiple goods and services to human kind, but they have been severely diminished by increasing human exploitation of water and the landscapes surrounding aquatic communities. This research illuminates such dynamics in the recent history of exploitation of the Lake Bam fishery in Burkina Faso. To do so, from 2009 to 2015 we collected data on the ecology, exploitation and governance of the Lake Bam fishery. Direct sampling of fish documented the erosion of fish diversity and the reduction of fish size and the number of landings. Interviews with leaders of riverside community suggest a halting and uncertain transition in the governance of natural aquatic resources from the traditional (pre-colonial) approach to a republican (European democratic) one. The number of fishermen exceeds the fishery’s carrying capacity, but the number of fishermen continues to rise, driven by the low level of opportunities in alternative livelihoods. National and international awareness regarding the lake’s ecological and socio-economic importance has driven restoration projects that can benefit from these findings. Key words: Water, fishery, sahel, ecological awareness, exploitation, governance.

Studying Submarine Geomorphology in an INFOMAR Priority Bay through the application of Remote Sensing Techniques

Bathymetric mapping in the coastal shallow water zone is a challenging and costly process using traditional survey methods. Because of this, much of this region worldwide remains uncharted and, therefore, is poorly understood. Multispectral satellite imagery has proven to be a practical alternative tool in predicting water depth in coastal zones, though influences on its performance and accuracy are not fully understood and vary according to local environmental conditions. This study explored the suitability of a satellite derived bathymetry (SDB) methodology in Irish Atlantic coastal waters. Using imagery captured at a range of spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions by the RapidEye and Landsat 8 satellites, we explored the correlation between performance, accuracy and image resolution, demonstrating that sensor wavelength is the key limiting factor in optical penetration of water and also accurate delineation of the gradient on the seafloor. We further applied this data in a study of submarine geomorphology in an INFOMAR priority bay. Although the SDB accuracy is insufficient for high accuracy bathymetry products, nevertheless, they are considered beneficial in a variety of other applications in sensitive disciplines such as environmental monitoring, seabed mapping, or coastal zone management.

Kondisi suhu dan salinitas serta korelasinya dengan variabilitas eddy di Perairan Halmahera dan Mindanao

The purpose of this study was to determine the dynamics of the waters around Halmahera Eddy (HE) and Mindanao Eddy (ME) both horizontally and vertically. The location of the study is in the Pacific Equator Pacific Waters with embedded at 20 - 10oN and 125o-135o E. The data used were temperature and salinity downloaded from Argo Float data centre and combined with surface currents data from MyOcean. The results showed that the two eddies have different impacts on water conditions. In HE, the characteristics are shown by convergent moving mass of water, increasing surface temperature and decreasing salinity. The characteristics of eddy in these waters indicate the existence of downwelling. In ME the mass of water moves divergently, the condition of the sea surface temperature is lower and the salinity level increases. The characteristics of eddy in these waters indicate upwelling.Keywords:EddiesUpwellingIndonesia ThroughflowArgo floatABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui dinamika perairan di sekitar Halmahera Eddy (HE) dan Mindanao Eddy (ME) baik secara horizontal dan vertikal. Lokasi kajian berada di Perairan Pasifik Equator Barat dengan koordinat 2o LS – 10o LU dan 125o BT – 135o BT. Data yang digunakan adalah data suhu dan salinitas dari Argo Float dan data arus permukaan dari MyOcean. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kedua eddy ini memberikan dampak yang berbeda terhadap kondisi perairan. Di HE, karakteristiknya ditunjukkan dengan massa air yang bergerak secara konvergen, meningkatnya suhu di permukaan dan menurunnya kadar salinitas. Karakteristik eddy di perairan ini menunjukkan adanya downwelling. Di ME massa air bergerak secara divergen, kondisi suhu permukaan lautnya lebih rendah dan kadar salinitasnya meningkat. Karakteristik eddy di perairan ini ini menunjukkan adanya upwelling.Kata kunci:EddiesTaikan airArus Lintas IndonesiaArgo float

Flood Management in Saint-louis City of Senegal by Stabilizing the Breach

In October 2003, the city of Saint-Louis, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, was to be swallowed by the rising waters of the Senegal River. That is why, the public authorities and the communal authorities wanting to find an immediate solution to save the city and human lives, took the decision to create a channel of load shedding on the Barbary language called breach. This urgent political decision seems to have profoundly modified the hydrological behavior of the Senegal River in Saint-Louis. The breach opened in Saint-Louis to counter the flood phenomenon, has since the night of October 3 to 4, 2003, the date of its opening, caused many environmental problems resulting from profound changes in the biophysical characteristics of the area (floods, loss of biodiversity). However, many specialists are still thinking about the issue but still do not find sustainable solutions to restore the balance. The aim of this study is to propose technics for stabilizing the area with two specific objectives such as understanding its evolution and evaluating the threats to the neighbouring villages. This study on the evolution of the breach from 2003 to 2013 is based is conducted by analysis of samples taken from the Langue de Barbarie and the breach to determine their type. The main results show that the soil is sandy, which has made it possible to propose structural and non-structural stabilization methods. The compilation of the different results shows two types of stabilization (structural methods and non-structural methods). The two methods constitute for each of them, a durable alternative solution for the stabilization of the breach in order to limit the environmental damages. Meanwhile, it would be important to monitor the structure by annual analyzes of the structure.

The control of point and non-point source nitrogen to prevent eutrophication of the Nakdong River basin, Korea

Eutrophication of surface waters is commonly caused by excessive inputs of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Nakdong River basin was chosen as the study area to investigate the effect of point and non-point source pollution of nitrogen on eutrophication in water body. Non-point source inputs of nitrogen accounted for approximately 84% in the total nitrogen input of the upper Nakdong river watershed, which mainly consists of agricultural land and forests. However, point source inputs of nitrogen accounted for 58~85% in the total nitrogen input of the middle and lower watersheds, including urban area. Therefore, for watershed near urban area, control of point source inputs of nitrogen may be an optimal method to control eutrophication. In this respect, the enforcing reduction of nitrogen in the final effluent of wastewater treatment facilities is needed. On the other hand, to enact more stringent nitrogen regulations, the LOT (limit of technology) and environmental impact should be considered. In this study nitrogen data were analyzed to propose new nitrogen regulations.

ESTADO DE CONSERVAÇÃO DO CAMURUPIM Megalops atlanticus (ACTINOPTERYGII: MEGALOPIDAE): UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA ENTRE 2010 E 2019

O camurupim Megalops atlanticus (Valenciennes, 1847) é amplamente distribuído em águas tropicais e subtropicais. Devido a sua superexplotação, compõe a lista brasileira de espécies ameaçadas. Realizou-se um levantamento bibliográfico para analisar os estudos sobre M. atlanticus procurando identificar as lacunas de conhecimento, bem como propor medidas que auxiliem o processo de conservação dessa espécie. A seleção dos artigos foi através do protocolo Prisma (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). O mecanismo de “busca avançada” foi usado nas bases de dados Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scopus e Scielo, com a palavra-chave “Megalops atlanticus”. As variáveis dos artigos foram divididas em três seções: dinâmica populacional, conservação e exploração. Além disso, foram registrados o local e o habitat de cada estudo. Foram selecionados 25 artigos, a maioria publicada em 2018, distribuídos ao longo do continente americano com apenas um trabalho no território brasileiro. O Brasil não possui monitoramento eficaz da sobrexplotação de M. atlanticus, evidenciando que a implementação de programas de monitoramento é prioritária. Mesmo com vulnerabilidade reconhecida, ainda há poucosestudos sobre essa e spécie no Brasil. Pesquisas sobre a biologia da espécie são necessáriaspara auxiliar a sua conservação. Assim, os resultados apresentados podem estimular futuras pesquisas em território brasileiro, contribuindo para a preservação da espécie.Palavras-chave: dinâmica populacional, manejo, Megalopidae.

Effect of the water regime, crop rotation and fertilizers in biogenic matters leaching into ground water and surface water

The purpose of our work was to establish features of formation of filtration processes and to define prevention measures towards the nutrients leaching from drainage soils into the ground waters. Our researches were carried out on typical drained floodplain soils of Panfil Research Station, Institute of Agriculture of National Academy of Agrarian Science (floodplain of Supiy River, Yahotyn district, Kiev region, Ukraine) in 2016-2018. The arable layer of peatlands had high level of decomposition (50-60%) with gross nitrogen contamination of 1.9%, phosphorus

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Coilia mystus in Yangtze Estuary and Its Adjacent Waters Based on Mitochondrial COI Gene

Background: Coilia mystus is an important commercial and ecologically species. In recent years, its resources have declined sharply. It is very important to establish management unit for better protect this species. At present, the population genetic structure of C. mystus from the adjacent waters has not been studied. The current study aimed to study the population genetic structure of C. mystus from the adjacent waters, so as to establish the management unit for better protect and management its resources. Methods: Samples of 144 C. mystus individuals were collected from 4 localities of LS, CM, ZS and WZ for total genomic DNA extraction. PCR amplification was carried out by the common pairs of primers and the target amplification products were separated, purified and sequenced. The COI sequences and genetic diversity were analyzed by a series of sequence analysis software. Result: The results identified low genetic diversity and significant genetic differentiation of C. mystus from Yangtze Estuary and its adjacent waters. The influence factors of genetic diversity including historical factors, anthropogenic activity, habitation and a low rate of gene flow were discussed. The present work will conducive to the establishment of management unit for better protection and utilization of this species.

Influence of temperature on the aquatic biota

Detailed analysis of temperature indicators of Kremenchug reservoir in August showed a tendency to increase the coefficient of their variation (Cv=10.69–13.97%). This indicates the unstability and stress of the temperature conditions of the aquatic environment for living organisms. First of all, it will affect the organisms of near-flood layers of water which are in direct contact with unstable air masses. (Cv=28.45–31.45%). Blue-green algae species which were the most resistant to temperature fluctuations are Microcystis aeruginosa Kutz. emend. Elenkin and Anabaena flos-aquae sp. Their maximum values were recorded in the water area near the village Chervona Sloboda. An impact of a temperature factor and a number of other abiotic factors leads to intensive water «bloom» and subsequent mass extinction of algae Cyanophyta. Hot sunny days with the air temperature up to 18-32°C and water of temperature 21.0–25.8°C are most dangerous. As a result of lethal consequences, significant amounts of the most sensitive species of aquatic living organisms fall out of the ecosystem: Noble ?rayfish (Astacus astacus), Zander (Sander lucioperca). The presented data reflect the process of global warming. Keywords: Temperature; Ecological conditions; Aquatic organisms; Kremenchug Reservoir References Bat-oyun Tserenpurev, Masato, S., Mitsuru, T. (2012). Effects of cloud, atmospheric water vapor, and dust on photosynthetically active radiation and total solar radiation in a Mongolian grassland. Journal of Arid Land, 4(4), 349-356. Doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1227.2012.00349. Birungi, Z., Masola, B., Zaranyika, M.F., Naigaga, I. & Marshall, B. (2007). Active biomonitoring of trace heavy metals using fish (Oreochromis niloticus) as bioindicator species. The case of Nakivubo wetland along Lake Victoria. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 32(15–18), 1350–1358. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.034 Crayfish and fish die en masse in the Dnieper in Cherkasy region. (2016). TV channel VIKKA-news. News archive. 8 August, 16-46. EU Water Framework Directive (2010). DIRECTIVE 2000/60/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. Gorbunova, Z.N., Medved', V.A., & Borisova, Ye.V. (2001). Transformation of urea during the growth of some blue-green (Cyanoprocaryota) and green (Chlorophyta, Chlorococcales) algae. International Journal on Algae, 3(4). Krishnamurthy, T., Carmichael, W.W. & Sarver, E.W. (1986). Toxic peptides from freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). I. Isolation, purification and characterization of peptides from Microcystis aeruginosa and Anabaena flos-aquae. Toxicon, 24(9), 865-73. doi: 10.1016/0041-0101(86)90087-5. Kruzhilina, S.V. (2010). Perennial dynamics of quantitative development of phytoplankton of Kremenchug reservoir and its structural indicators. Rybogospodarska nauka Ukrainy, 3, 14-19. Likhareva, E.I. (1989). Possibilities of restoring crayfish stocks in water bodies of the Leningrad Region 1. Elements of crayfish biology. Collected papaers of the State Research Institute of Lake and River Fisheries, 300, 10. Lopes, I., Baird, D.J., & Ribeiro, R. (2006). Genetic adaptation to metal stress by natural populations of Daphnia longispina. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 63(2), 275–285. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2004.12.015 Results of the analysis of water samples of the Kremenchug reservoir in 3rd quarter of 2012. (2012) Cherkasy. Official portal of the city council. October 26. Romanenko, V.D. (2006). Methods of hydroecological research of surface waters. Kyiv: L?g?s. Sirenko, L.A. & Kirpenko, Yu.A., (2000). Biologically Active Metabolites of Blue-Green Algae and Their Role in Epidemiology. Hydrobiological Journal, 36 (5), 14. Doi: 10.1615/HydrobJ.v36.i5.110

Mortality in juvenile stages of the Andean Spiny Toad Rhinella spinulosa (Wiegman 1843)

Mortality in juvenile stages of the Andean Spiny Toad Rhinella spinulosa (Wiegman 1843)

Change of water properties during the process of floodplain vegetation destruction

In laboratory conditions, the destruction of plant residues of floodplain plants in the aquatic environment was investigated. The subjects of the study were three species of plants that dominate the Ob floodplain: Inula salicina, Calamagrostis purpurea and Carex atherodes.Much attention was paid to dissolved organic matter (DOC), which plays a significant role in the aqueous environment. As a result of the work, species-specificity was revealed in the enleaching processes of macro and micro elements and organic matter from plants.It has been established that the process of destruction is primarily subject to representatives of the wild grasses.In the tested waters, in the structure of the DOC components, in the first fifty hours of the experiment, there was an increase in dissolved organic carbon, aroma substances and condensed carbon fragments, then the corresponding indicators were reduced, probably due to the mineralization of organic substances. Key words: destruction, flood, water properties, dissolved organic matter

Specific and Selective Quantitation of Antiviral Drugs in the Presence of Impurities by Liquid Chromatography

A stability indicating reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the determination of the antiviral drugs of nevirapine, lamivudine and zidovudine in combination drug product. The chromatographic separation of nevirapine, lamivudine, zidovudine and eight specified impurities of thymine, thymidine, zidovudine related compound B, nevirapine related compound A, nevirapine related compound B, salicylic acid, cytosine, lamivudine diastereomer impurity were achieved with Waters symmetry C18 (250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm) column. The method was validated according to the ICH guidelines with respect to system suitability, linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, LOQ, LOQ, selectivity and specificity. Forced degradation study was also performed in tablet to demonstrate the stability indicating power of the optimized HPLC method. The samples were degraded in hydrogen peroxide condition indicating that the drug product is susceptible to oxidation. Statistical analysis proves that the method can be repeated and selective for the estimation of said drugs. The method could effectively separate the drug from its degradation product hence it can be used as a stability indicating method. This developed procedure is also applicable for the determination of instability of the drug and dissolution behavior of the said products in commercial products.

Carbon isotopes in dissolved inorganic carbon as tracers of carbon sources in karst waters of the Plitvice Lakes, Croatia

Carbon isotopes in dissolved inorganic carbon as tracers of carbon sources in karst waters of the Plitvice Lakes, Croatia

Potential Site Suitability Analysis for Wind Farm Development Using GIS and Multi-Criteria Analysis

The energy consumption of most developing countries like Ethiopia highly depends on biomass and imported fuels. These sources of energy have imposed severe impacts on the environment.Recently, Ethiopia has begun to harness electricity from renewable energies mainly from hydro- dams to meet its energy need. However, the existing energy production of the hydro-dams declines during dry season due to shortage of river waters. So, it is important to look for other renewable energy sources like wind to compliment the energy decline. This study presents an identification of suitable site for wind farm development in selected districts of Tigray Region. Ten major biophysical, environmental and socio-political factors were identified that influence the wind farm development. These major factors were delineated from the different spatial datasets which were collected from various sources. ArcGIS 10.3 and ERDAS 9.2 software were used to prepare factor maps for all variables. The pair wise comparison associated with Analytical Hierarchy Process was used to weigh the factors then weighted overlay model was applied. The findings of the overlay showed that there are sufficient lands suitable for grid- based and off-grid wind farms development in the study area. About 140.5 km2 i.e. 6.5% is highly suitable and about 1103.1 km2 which means 51.0% is moderately suitable for wind farm development. A land of area 25 km2 entirely laid under highly suitable category was identified for wind farm design. The site has excellent wind speed and is located entirely in close proximity to the main roads and grid transmission lines. Keywords: Wind farm, GIS, multi-criteria analysis, renewable energies, AHP, Ethiopia

Expansion of a Banded Killifish Fundulus diaphanus Population into Benthic Nearshore Waters of Lake Michigan around Calumet Harbor

Banded Killifish Fundulus diaphanus are considered a nearshore species closely associated with emergent or submergent vegetation in shallow calm waters. This species is commonly collected in nearshore waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes, usually along margins of coastal wetlands, beaches, drowned river mouth lakes, and slow-moving streams. However, in recent years (2015–2018) Banded Killifish have commonly been collected along the exposed, industrialized nearshore waters of Lake Michigan around the Calumet Harbor area (Chicago, IL). Individual specimens have been collected up to 2.8 km from shore and in depths up to 9.8 m in open waters of Lake Michigan. Capture of this species along hardened shoreline habitat, including rip-rap and steep drop-offs is also highly unusual for this small, littoral species and is not documented in the available literature. These observations provide an extreme example of habitat use by this littoral species and broadens our understanding of their habitat in nearshore waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes.

EVALUATION OF THE PRESENCE OF NITRATE AND ITS REMOVAL IN WATERS FROM GROUNDWATER SOURCES IN MARINGÁ-PR

Em relação à qualidade das águas subterrâneas, a presença de nitrato está entre os principais indicadores de poluição dos recursos hídricos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a presença de nitrato e conhecer o processo de remoção do íon nitrato de águas oriundas de fontes subterrâneas da bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão Borba Gato (BHBG), utilizando carvão ativado. As amostras foram coletadas entre 08/2014 a 08/2015, em 19 poços tubulares e submetidas a análises físico-químicas, onde foi explorada a remoção do íon nitrato por meio de filtro de carvão ativado comercial. A partir das análises foi possível verificar possíveis riscos de contaminação antrópica, por meio das concentrações de nitrato e detectar a quantidade de nitrato que o filtro comercial de carvão ativado retém no processo de filtração lenta. Grande parte das amostras evidenciaram concentrações de nitrato acima dos valores naturais para águas subterrâneas. Verificou-se, portanto, que as fontes subterrâneas da BHBG vêm sofrendo contaminação, podendo apresentar outros poluentes de igual ou superior periculosidade à saúde humana e ambiental.

Variation in Catch Size and Changes in Reproductive Biology of Common Octopus Octopus vulgaris in the Coastal Waters Off Gyeongnam, Korea

Variation in Catch Size and Changes in Reproductive Biology of Common Octopus Octopus vulgaris in the Coastal Waters Off Gyeongnam, Korea