Waters Research Articles

Morphology of Biddulphia seychellensis (Grunow in Van Heurck) F.W. Mills and the generic limits of Biddulphia Gray

In this paper presented are the res ults of light and e lectron microscopie studies on a marine diatom species Biddulphia seychellensis. The species turned out to be abundant in some samples from the west coast of South Africa and from the western Indian Ocean coral reefs ofScattered Islands (Eparses). Unlike most representatives of the genus, B. seychellensis forms tripolar to square valves, but smallest specimens can be almost circular. The species shares a few features with the generitype, e.g., pseudocelli, few rimoportulae, areolae occluded with cribra and occas ional simple pores. Unlike in the generitype, however, the valve face in B. seychellensis is always flat, pseudocelli indistinct and never raised above the valve level, valvocopula is open, and the marg inal ridge is miss ing. Biddulphia seychellensis has been abundantly observed in warm oceanic waters with somewhat increased salini ty. In addition data on the di stribution in marine littoral are provided.

From soil remediation to biofuel: Process simulation of bioethanol production from Arundo donax

A range of energy crops can be grown on marginal land (i.e. land that is not suitable for food crop production or contaminated site) to provide feedstocks for bioenergy, non-food products and biofuels. The food versus fuel debate had a significant negative impact in Europe on first generation biofuels production from food crops (i.e. wheat, rapeseed, etc). A new approach involving the use of marginal land for the production of lignocellulosic species for the production of bioethanol is now pursued in Italy and in many other countries, where the demand for high quality water resources, arable land, food and fossil fuels is rapidly growing. With an emerging “feed versus fuel debate” there is a pressing need to find options for the use of marginal lands and wastewaters or saline ground waters to produce second generation biofuel or bio paper crops. Arundo donax was selected as a potential crop for use in these areas, since it produces more cellulosic biomass and sequesters more contaminants, using less land and pesticides than any other alternative crops reported in the literature. The objective of this paper is to evaluate economically a simplified process for the production of second generation bioethanol from A. donax. Process calculations and economic analyses are performed using the software SuperPro Designer®.

Anisotropic diffusion of volatile pollutants at air-water interface

The volatile pollutants that spill into natural waters cause water pollution. Air pollution arises from the water pollution because of volatilization. Mass exchange caused by turbulent fluctuation is stronger in the direction normal to the air-water interface than in other directions due to the large density difference between water and air. In order to explore the characteristics of anisotropic diffusion of the volatile pollutants at the air-water interface, the relationship between velocity gradient and mass transfer rate was established to calculate the turbulent mass diffusivity. A second-order accurate smooth transition differencing scheme (STDS) was proposed to guarantee the boundedness for the flow and mass transfer at the air-water interface. Simulations and experiments were performed to study the trichloroethylene (C2HCl3) release. By comparing the anisotropic coupling diffusion model, isotropic coupling diffusion model, and non-coupling diffusion model, the features of the transport of volatile pollutants at the air-water interface were determined. The results show that the anisotropic coupling diffusion model is more accurate than the isotropic coupling diffusion model and non-coupling diffusion model. Mass transfer significantly increases with the increase of the air-water relative velocity at a low relative velocity. However, at a higher relative velocity, an increase in the relative velocity has no effect on mass transfer.

Redescription of Hygrobates quanaticola (Acari: Hygrobatidae) based on new materials from Iran

Hygrobates quanaticola is redescribed from new materials collected in Iran. Additionally, the description of the deutonymph is provided . This is the first report of this species from lotic waters.

Phosphates from Detergents and Eutrophication of Surface Water Ecosystem in India

Eutrophication, regarded as the most immediate environmental consequence of extensive phosphorus usage in contemporary societies, has received wide attention. If the current level of human-induced global environmental impacts continues, there is a chance of occurrence of nearly 2.4-2.7-fold increase in nitrogen and phosphorus driven eutrophication of terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems in the near future. The main sources of phosphate in aquatic environment, is through household sewage water containing detergents and cleaning preparations, agricultural run-off containing fertilizers, as well as, industrial effluents from fertilizer, detergent and soap industries. The consumption of synthetic detergents is increasing year-by-year due to increasing urbanization and most of them contain phosphate as a 'builder', which increases phosphate loading rates in water bodies. The estimated annual consumption of phosphate-containing laundry detergents for the current population in India is about 2.88 million tonnes and the total outflow of P is estimated to be 146 thousand tonnes per year. Therefore, a major point of concern for checking eutrophication of water bodies, particularly in sensitive areas, is how to reduce P inputs to surface waters.

Analysis of Samples from Wastewater Treatment Plant and Receiving Waters Using EEM Fluorescence Spectroscopy

The samples from several treatment units in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and different sample sites of receiving waters were characterized using excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy. After analyzed by parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) method, the EEM fluorescence spectra of the principal components and fluorescence intensity scores matrix were acquired. Results showed that protein-like and fulvic-like substances were the main components of the samples from the WWTP and the receiving water body. The intensity of protein-like fluorescence in the influent samples was rather strong, and those of the following samples decreased significantly. The protein-like fluorescence intensity of the samples was relatively weak from the upstream of receiving water body, while those of the samples increased significantly from the water body near the urban area. The protein-like fluorescence intensity of upstream samples of the WWTP disposal outlet was stronger than that of downstream in the receiving waters. The fluorescence intensity scores of protein-like substance could be correlated with the COD concentration of the samples and the correlation curves were established. The correlation coefficient of the WWTP samples was 0. 930 and that of receiving water body samples was 0.913. The protein-like fluorescence could be used to evaluate the organic pollution of the samples. This study will provide a new method to investigate the operation status of WWTP and corresponding effect on the receiving water body.

Uranium-Bearing Magnesian-Calcrete in Surficial Environment from Khemasar, Churu District, Rajasthan, India

Magnesium-bearing calcretes of soft-gritty and hard pan varieties containing uranium concentrations from 16 to 74 ppm with <10 ppm of thorium are located along the Saraswati palaeochannel at Khemasar village, Churu district, Rajasthan. The uraniumbearing calcretes are exposed over an areal extent of 300 m × 200 m with thickness of up to 2 m in an interdunal depression. The silty sand layer occurring below the calcrete horizon suggests that it is a valley-fill calcrete, deposited along a palaeochannel. This occurrence of uraniferous Mg-calcrete in the Saraswati river palaeochannel opens up a large area for uranium exploration in the calcrete environment of Thar Desert. These calcretes are composed of 15.94% to 25.39% CaO, 7.15% to 22.39% MgO and Sr/Ba ratio up to 66.98. There is a positive correlation of U with Sr/Ba and MgO. The high Sr/Ba ratio and MgO indicate water of saline nature and high rate of evaporation. Ephemeral centripetal drainage mixing with the dissected palaeochannel waters and groundwaters, under arid climatic conditions might have resulted in the formation of this kind of uranium-bearing calcrete in fluvio-lacustrine environment.

Analysis of the contents of isorhynchophylline in different medicinal parts of Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis

Objective To explore the content of isorhynchophylline in different medicinal parts of Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis. Methods HPLC was adopted to determine 8 batches of different Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis of different origin and different medicinal parts. The Waters Symmetry C18 color （4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm）was used with mobile phase of methanol -0.01 mol/L ammonium acetate buffer （pH 8.0）（60∶40）, column temperature of 25 ℃, 20 μl sample volume, velocity of 1.0 ml/min, and detection wavelength of 246 nm. Results Isorhynchophylline can be detected in all 8 batchs of Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis in different regions, and different content were found among different origins. The content of isorhynchophylline in different parts of the same origin showed a decreasing sequence of the rhabd, stem with hook, stem without hook, and twig without hook and leaves. Conclusion Most of medicinal part of Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis contains isorhynchophylline, which provide a lab basis for exploring medicinal parts of this herbal medicine. Key words: Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis; Medicinal parts; Content analysis; Isorhynchophylline

Simulating the Effects of Inelastic Scattering on Upwelling Radiance in Coastal and Inland Waters: Implications for Hyperspectral Remote Sensing

Successful interpretation of spectral images from hyperspectral sensors is particularly important to achieve some far-reaching goals, including the detection and assessment of harmful algal blooms, water quality characteristics, trophic status of water bodies and marine/freshwater primary production. The present work is motivated by the desire to study the effect of inelastic scattering (chlorophyll and gelbstoff fluorescence and water Raman scattering) on upwelling radiance through a direct method. The contribution of inelastic scattering to the emergent (upwelling) radiance from the water column is of significant importance and has relevance for the hyperspectral remote sensing of water colour. The method introduced to simulate inelastic scattering is a straightforward approach and differs from previous work in the way of derivation. The model allows for simulation of upwelling radiance for clear, turbid and productive (phytoplankton-dominated) waters. The results of this model are assessed by comparison with depthdependant upwelling radiance data and results from the Hydrolight numerical model for these three water types. The comparisons show good agreement between measured and simulated values from the present model. The errors of this model are significantly small (when compared with those of the Hydrolight model) in the red wavelength region, where the chlorophyll fluorescence emission tends to peak around 685- 720 nm when the concentration of chlorophyll is high in productive eutrophic waters. The magnitude and peak position at these wavelengths as produced by the present model could be used as precise indicators and predictors for the phytoplankton concentration in marine and inland water bodies. Thus, this work will have important implications in refining hyperspectral bio-optical algorithms for fluorescence and water Raman scattering as well as for the high concentrations and variabilities of water constituents in coastal and inland regions, and in evaluating remote sensing reflectance measurements of these water bodies.

Solar water disinfection (SODIS): Impact on hepatitis A virus and on a human Norovirus surrogate under natural solar conditions.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of solar water disinfection (SODIS) in the reduction and inactivation of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and of the human Norovirus surrogate, murine Norovirus (MNV-1), under natural solar conditions. Experiments were performed in 330 ml polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles containing HAV or MNV-1 contaminated waters (10(3) PFU/ml) that were exposed to natural sunlight for 2 to 8 h. Parallel experiments under controlled temperature and/or in darkness conditions were also included. Samples were concentrated by electropositive charged filters and analysed by RT-real time PCR (RT-qPCR) and infectivity assays. Temperature reached in bottles throughout the exposure period ranged from 22 to 40ºC. After 8 h of solar exposure (cumulative UV dose of ~828 kJ/m2 and UV irradiance of ~20 kJ/l), the results showed significant (P<0.05) reductions from 4.0 (+/-0.56)x10(4) to 3.15 (+/-0.69)x10(3) RNA copies/100ml (92.1%, 1.1 log) for HAV and from 5.91 (+/-0.59)x10(4) to 9.24 (+/-3.91)x10(3) RNA copies/100 ml (84.4%, 0.81 log) for MNV-1. SODIS conditions induced a loss of infectivity between 33.4% and 83.4% after 4 to 8 h in HAV trials, and between 33.4% and 66.7% after 6 h to 8 h in MNV-1 trials. The results obtained indicated a greater importance of sunlight radiation over the temperature as the main factor for viral reduction.

SISTEM MANAJEMEN OPERASIONAL PENDAFTARAN PENDUDUK PADA DINAS KEPENDUDUKAN DAN PENCATATAN SIPIL DEPOK

As arranged in section 14 sentence 1 Statute I. fonts Number 32 Years 2004 that mandatory business that becomes kewenangan Local Government for Regency / City, cover for example “ demography Service and Civil Registry ” so needful effort renders demography administration order at Depok's City, and needs to be behaved by serious ala in particular by bound up party with ministering process at demography area. With be established UU Number 23 Years 2006 About demography Administration and Number Government regulations 37 Years 2007 about performing regulations, substantially have no more discrimination in demography administration. In is in fact is still a lot of society that haven't known and understands intended legislation regulation. So needs to be performed its socialization hits the importance for demography document continually. Base object that is analysed which is on part on duty Depok's demography and Civil Registry, officer that handle resident registration which is islandic mutation section just 1 person whereas for requisition what do want to do resident move bases reporting on totaled previous moon of all district which is 2.415 profferings. so In colonist registration handle this there are some about problem which shall be noticed. With be designed system a new one utilize information technology is expected gets to help waters down data processing at sectioned demography and waters down task Officer that handle resident registration and penyediaan is reporting to Demography Area head . Keywords : Management system, Demography administration, Information technology.

The China Coda: Hegemons, Empires and Gaps in a Postcolonial Imaginary

This recounting attempts to illuminate the representations in my creative work of imperial projects (Britain, the U.S., China; also Japan and Portugal), their political and economic realities and insubstantialities, and passing powers. Today, the U.S. is constantly measured against the People's Republic of China, newly recast master of Hong Kong and Macau, now claiming Taiwan and asserting sovereignty over islands and waters far from its continental shelf. These historical and contemporary geo-political empires have everything to do with Anglophone, Chinese American literature; literature as symbolic actions of the Imagination participates in, contributes to and intervenes in the dynamics whereby empires are imagined and their discourses endowed with threat and danger, capabilities and meanings. My memoir, fictions and poems take on these imperial imaginaries as they get played out in the interpellation of the authorial subject, dramatized in narrative plot and addressed as ideologies and shadowy figures to be obsessively represented, resisted, and also finally projected as textual erasure, residue and strata in a postcolonial imagination of avowals and disavowals of Chinese identity.

Defining Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrologic response units (HRUs) by field boundaries

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is widely used to relate farm management practices to their impacts on surface waters at the watershed scale, yet its smallest spatial unit is not generally defined by physically meaningful boundaries. The hydrologic response unit (HRU) is the smallest spatial unit of the model, and the standard HRU definition approach lumps all similar land uses, soils, and slopes within a subbasin based upon user-defined thresholds. This standard method provides an efficient way to discretize large watersheds where simulation at the field scale may not be computationally feasible. In relatively smaller watersheds, however, defining HRUs to specific spatial locations bounded by property lines or field borders would often be advantageous, yet this is not currently possible within the ArcSWAT interface. In this study, a simple approach is demonstrated that defines HRUs by field boundaries through addition of uniquely named soils to the SWAT user soil database and creation of a field boundary layer with majority land use and soil attributes. Predictions of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment losses were compared in a case study watershed where SWAT was set up using both the standard HRU definition and field boundary approach. Watershed-scale results were reasonable and similar for both methods, but aggregating fields by majority soil type masked extremely high soil erosion predicted for a few soils. Results from field-based HRU delineation may be quite different from the standard approach due to choosing a majority soil type in each farm field. This approach is flexible such that any land use and soil data prepared for SWAT can be used and any shapefile boundary can divide HRUs. Keywords: watershed, modeling, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), hydrologic response units, field boundaries, common land units, landuse management DOI: 10.3965/j.ijabe.20150803.951 Online first on [2015-03-03] Citation: Kalcic M M, Chaubey I, Frankenberger J. Defining Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrologic response units (HRUs) by field boundaries. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2015; 8(3): 69－80.

Using RCRA:s Imminent Hazard Provision in Hazardous Waste Emergencies

The Environmental Protection Agency's reliance on section 7003 of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) in fifty-six lawsuits it has filed since 1979 demonstrates the important role this provision can play in abating hazardous-waste emergencies. The sparse case law on section 7003 has interpreted it liberally, and the 1980 amendments further widen its scope. The Administrator need not wait until harm has materialized, but may act when a risk of harm to health or the environment exists. The relief the government may obtain is not limited to seeking injunctions; the Administrator may issue orders necessary to protect health or the environment. Although section 7003 does not create new substantive liability, it does incorporate the rapidly developing federal common law of nuisance, which has been held to apply in even those section 7003 suits that do not involve interstate waters or activities. The courts have imposed liability under section 7003 on landowners whose harmful activities were remote in time from the resulting hazard and parties that did not act affirmatively to cause the hazard but did fail to prevent it. Although the paucity of legislative history and decisional law on section 7003 leave unresolved significant issues concerning its scope, themore » section is a highly visible and important component of RCRA's cradle-to-grave hazardous-waste-disposal regulatory system. 145 references.« less

Navigating difficult waters. Employability challenges and methodological innovations

L’articolo presenta gli strumenti sviluppati dagli esperti dell’Unione Europea per rendere impiegabili le persone nel contesto della crisi globale e della trasformazione dei fabbisogni del mercato del lavoro. L’articolo considera due livelli di analisi: il livello organizzativo e il livello individuale. Nella prima parte sono presentati i risultati di recenti indagini sulla nuova domanda di competenze nel settore dei servizi e delle professioni emergenti della green economy. Nella seconda parte sono presentati alcuni strumenti tecnologici introdotti dai modelli di analisi previsionale dei fabbisogni occupazionali e formativi al fine di sostenere lavoratori, imprese e soggetti in cerca di occupazione nel processo di auto-valutazione dello skill gap (O*Net Interest Profiler, O*Net Ability Profiler, O*Net Work Importance Profiler). In ultima analisi l’articolo evidenzia alcune criticita legate all’efficacia di tali strumenti nell’ambito delle politiche del lavoro e per l’inclusione sociale.

Holy water changes EEG and HRV because of both autosuggestion and his information (God Grace, World Mind, Cosmic Energy etc)

Popovych I L, Babelyuk V Ye, Gozhenko A I, Zukow W, Zubov P G, Dubkova G I, Korolyshyn T A, Nesterova L F, Barylyak L G. Holy water changes EEG and HRV because of both autosuggestion and his information (God Grace, World Mind, Cosmic Energy etc). Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(1):203-220. ISSN 2391-8306 . DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14881 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%281%29%3A203-220 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/534229 http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14881 F ormerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011 – 2014 http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja. Specyfika i zawartośc merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie. Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., ze w roku 2014 nie bedzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktow co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r. The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014). © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received : 20.10.2014. Revised 18.01.2015. Accepted : 25.01.2015. HOLY WATER CHANGES EEG AND HRV BECAUSE OF BOTH AUTOSUGGESTION AND HIS INFORMATION (GOD GRACE, WORLD MIND, COSMIC ENERGY etc) I L Popovych 1 , V Ye Babelyuk 2, 3 , A I Gozhenko 3 , W Zukow 4 , P G Zubov 3 , G I Dubkova 2 , T A Korolyshyn 1 , L F Nesterova 1 , L G Barylyak 1 1 JSC “Truskavets’kurort”, Truskavets’, Ukraine 2 Clinical Sanatorium “Moldova”, Truskavets’, Ukraine 3 Ukrainian scientific research Institute of Medicine of Transport Ministry of Public Health of Ukraine, Odessa 4 Faculty Physical Culture, Health and Tourism, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland SUMMARY The aim: to identify the effects of Holy water on the parameters of HRV and EEG and clarify the role of autosuggestion and information. In 5 male volunteers performed 79 items HRV and EEG in the basal period and 25 tracks with 1,5 h after drinking 30 ml of water well, distilled, filtered, Holy (blind) and the well water indicates that it Holy (placebo ). Preliminary analysis revealed no significant differences between neurotropic effects of well, distilled and filtered waters, because for further analysis they were combined in a cluster "control waters". Found 48 parameters of HRV and EEG, in which a set of clusters "control waters", "Holy water" and "placebo" significantly different from each other and from the basal level. These parameters formed 9 patterns that demonstrate the stimulating or inhibitory neurotropic effect: 1) only placebo; 2) only Holy water; 3) placebo and Holy water as 3.1) opposite and 3.2) approximately equally. Conclusion : neurotropic effects Holy water is like autosuggestion and information (Divine) nature. Keywords : EEG, HRV, Holy water, placebo.

Farm Wastewater Treatment with Microalgae. A Living-lab Experimental Unit

Wastewaters from farms, agro-industrial activities and urban grey waters are residues that can be valued, through their reuse for several purposes within the farm, for example, irrigation or facilities washing. This practice saves conventional water and preserves the environment from contaminations, namely the water resources. This paper presents a research project planning an experimental study to be carry out in a wine farm aiming, through the settlement of a microalgae reactor, the wastewater treatment and the microalgae production. The farm has a vineyard, a winery and a rural tourism unit. Wastewaters are mainly generated from washing the equipment and the fermentation tanks and from the house (grey waters, with low organic loads). According to their characteristics a wastewaters pre-treatment might be required. The outdoor bioreactor uses those wastewaters, solar radiation and is supplied with CO2 conducted from wine fermentation and from the composting unit, reducing the emission of this greenhouse gas. Prokaryotic cyanobacteria, as well as mono- and oligocellular species of eukaryotic algae species will be tested and applied. The performance of the outdoor cultivation systems will be assessed with respect to their light utilization (photosynthetic efficiency), growth yields (productivity), the economic aspects for the cultivation of phototrophs and the quality of treated wastewater.The biomass produced will be used as animal feed, for example for aquaculture, or as soil fertilizer. Treated wastewater will be temporarily stored, for later use, particularly for vineyard drip irrigation. The experimental unit of this project will be set in a living-laboratory to revitalise the environmental education, benefits for knowledge extension to other farmers of the Region. It will also provide deeper knowledge of this type of units to enable its optimization for a larger scale application and extension.

Survey of Uruguayan Freshwater Water Quality for Crop Irrigation

The increase in global demand for food and biofuels, has led to an high demand for agricultural products. That situation implies an intensification of production systems, and develop strategies to ensure stability against drought, and moreover a better levels of productivity. Objectives that could be achieved with the irrigation of crops; however, it can promote negative impacts due to cumulative effects on soil quality, which depend on the chemical composition of the water used. This paper show the results of a national study of freshwater quality, on 100 river watersheds (up to 100,000 ha), which correspond to a cumulative drainage area of 70% of country surface. In these freshwaters the following parameters was evaluated: electrical conductivity, concentration of major cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg), alkalinity, and pH. The results showed Ca, Mg, K, and Na concentrations in ranges of 0.0- 45.1, 0.0-14.1, 0.019-16.8, and 0.78 -139 mg L-1, respectively. The alkalinity was in range of 32 to 420 CaCO3 mg L-1, and this variable was the most important contribution to get the different values of electrical conductivity of water, which had values between 71.6 and 1047 micro Siemens cm-1. These features allow propose at least 3 freshwater ecoregions (coastal and central-south; basalt; Northeast and southeast) at Uruguay, based on the chemical composition of studied freshwaters. Moreover, SAR values (([Na] / [(Ca + Mg) / 2] 1/2) of these waters shown a 99% of them has good quality characteristics for the development of irrigation, because they have a SAR below 10.

Submerged Mountains, Floating Waters: Landscaping in Traditional China

espanolEste articulo pretende ofrecer una vision global de los elementos que han tenido continuidad en la larga historia del paisajismo tradicional chino. Para ello se unificaran campos que hasta ahora habian estado separados, como son el diseno de jardines, el estudio de las montanas sagradas o la poesia y la pintura de paisaje. Desde esta perspectiva interdisciplinar haremos un recorrido por cada uno de estos grandes apartados del paisajismo chino, senalando a su vez los elementos comunes que nos permitira definir un concepto de paisaje en China, para asi unificar todas sus manifestaciones culturales. EnglishThis article presents a global vision of the main elements encompassing the long history of Chinese traditional landscape culture. In order to present this global vision, we are to unify different disciplines that historiography has maintained separated, such as garden design, the study of sacred mountains, or poetry and landscape painting. From this interdisciplinary perspective, we will review all these important sections of Chinese traditional landscape culture, while pointing out their common elements. This strategy will allow us to define a broader landscape concept in China and to unify all its different cultural manifestations.

Sulfate-reducing bacteria in formation waters of the pressure maintenance system of Ust-Tegussky oil deposit

An analysis of UstTegussky oilfield formation wa ters is conducted, the cultures of sulfatereduc� ing bacteria (SRB) are isolated from these waters, and their taxonomic status is determined. The formation waters used for the maintenance of intrasheeted pressure on the UstTegussky field are characterized by mod� erate mineralization (23.2 g/L) and contain sulfate (8.4 mg/L). The sulfatereducing enrichment culture was isolated from the studied waters and contained three bacterial strains by results of TGGE. Fragments of 16S rRNA genes of strains Y1 and Y2 are genetically close to Desulfovibrio alaskensis and D. psychrotolerans with a similarity of 99.0 and 95.0%, respectively. Strain Y2 is isolated in pure culture and partially character� ized. A phylogenetic analysis of almost a full sequence of 16S rRNA gene of strain Y2 has shown that, out of all known species, it is closest to the strain type of D. psychrotolerans isolated from the saline lake and the sim� ilarity of 96.5% suggests a description of a new species. It is shown that the new SRB are inhabitants of the formation waters arriving with extracted oil.