Waterproof Fabrics Research Articles

A facile method to fabricate superhydrophobic cotton fabrics finished using water-proof and antibacterial agent

Superhydrophobic emulsions (SHEs) based on fatty acids (stearic, palmitic, myristic and lauric acids)-melamine (FAMEs) was synthesized without emulsifier and applied on cotton fabric. The superhydrophobic compounds (FAME1, FAME2, FAME3 and FAME4) were successfully prepared on the basis of the reaction between fatty acid anhydrides and melamine. The chemical structures of the prepared FAME compounds were investigated using FTIR,1HNMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The cotton fabric samples were treated with the prepared emulsions using different concentrations in the range of 20 – 60 g/L. Hydrostatic pressure, water contact angle (WCA) and water permeability tests were performed on the treated samples. It was shown that super hydrophobicity of the fabric treated with stearic acid-melamine emulsion (60 g/L) recorded the best results due to the combined effect of surface roughness imparted by melamine and the low surface energy of stearic acid. Furthermore, antibacterial agent Biochrol WS1 in concentrations (2 and 8%) was simultaneously applied to the treated samples. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to estimate the biological activity of the treated cotton. Two strains of bacteria: Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis - Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli-Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were used for this purpose. The tensile strength of treated samples was measured as well. The results showed that the antibacterial and water-proof fabrics can be achieved by applying selected material without significant changes on their comfort properties.

Effect of nano-ZnO on the microstructure and application properties of styrene-butadiene-styrene modified asphalt

In order to further improve the road performance of SBS (styrene-butadiene-styrene) modified asphalt, nano-ZnO (zinc oxide nanoparticles)/SBS/asphalt composites with different nano-ZnO contents were prepared by solution casting method. Temperature scanning and frequency scanning were used to study the rheological properties of the modified bitumen, and the effect of nano-ZnO on the thermal stability of modified asphalt was analyzed by DSC (differential scanning calorimeter). By analyzing the microstructure, it was found that with the addition of nano-ZnO, the SBS gradually transformed from round particles to three-dimensional mesh structure, and the special effect of nanoparticles improved the dispersion of SBS in asphalt, and the formation of the three-dimensional mesh structure was the key to improve the performance of the asphalt application. All the results show that the modified asphalt has the best performance when the doping of nano-ZnO is 2 wt%. Meanwhile, the prepared solution can be electrostatically spun to obtain oriented asphalt fibers with a diameter of 20 µm, which may have applications in areas such as waterproof fabrics or asphalt-based carbon fibers.

The preparation of polypropylene microfiber yarns via vortex airflow‐assisted melt differential electrospinning

AbstractPolypropylene (PP) yarn possesses the advantages of low density and exceptional mechanical properties. Through electrospinning, fibers of PP yarns can be refined from 10 to 20 μm to an ultrafine level, thereby acquiring an enlarged specific surface area and more functional sites, expanding its application in high‐value areas. Herein, vortex airflow‐assisted polymer melt differential electrospinning was proposed to fabricate PP microfiber yarns. Under the influence of an electrostatic field, molten PP automatically splits into multiple jets that are further stretched and cooled into ultrafine fibers by suction airflow induced by vortex airflow. Subsequently, multiple ultrafine fibers were twisted into PP yarns using the vortex airflow. The effects of voltage, melt feed speed, and air pressure on the PP electrospun yams formation process as well as the morphology and mechanical properties of both the yarn and fibers were investigated. The results showed that the diameter of PP fibers ranged from 3 to 5 μm. The PP microfiber yams exhibited a relatively high mechanical strength of 1.6 cN/tex under conditions of 56 kV voltage, 0.22 g/min feed rate, and 0.3 MPa air pressure. Finally, the woven fabric made from electrospun PP yams demonstrated higher hydrophobicity compared with fabric woven from commercial PP filaments, suggesting potential applications in waterproof fabrics.

Preparation and properties of polyester fibers with polyacrylamide hydrogel grafted by UV‐irradiation

AbstractIt is widely recognized that polyester (PET) fibers with swelling properties are necessary for advanced applications of PET fibers in waterproof fabrics. This study presented the UV‐initiated methods to graft polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogel on the surface of PET fibers. In the one‐step method, PET fibers are impregnated with a mixed solution of the photoinitiator benzophenone (BP) and the monomer acrylalkylamine (AM). Then, the PET fiber was directly exposed to UV light. In the two‐step method, PET fibers were first impregnated with a photoinitiator solution to generate BP radicals. Then, the fibers impregnated with a monomer solution before being grafted by UV light. Both two methods ultimately achieve PAM gelation‐modified PET fibers. The chemical composition and surface structure were detected by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope. The findings demonstrate that the PAM hydrogel was successfully grafted on the PET fibers through one‐step method or a two‐step method. In addition, the properties of the grafted PET fibers were evaluated by grafting yield, contact angle, and swelling test. The study indicated that the modified PET fibers via a two‐step method exhibited a superior grafting yield up to 29.3% (PET‐2n) and 54% (PET‐2) compared to the one‐step technique (PET‐1). It was shown that the grafting efficacy of PET fibers modified by two‐step method is better than one‐step method. The static contact angles of PET fibers by UV‐Induced were all reduced. For instance, the contact angles of PET‐2n were decreased from 115° to 62.9°; and the two‐step modified PET fiber after acetone cleaning (PET‐2) decreased from 115° to 60°. It was suggested that the hydrophilicity of the modified PET fibers significantly increased. In addition, the research shows that the gelation‐modified fibers were all possessed swelling properties.

Tuning the thermoregulatory and tensile performance of electrospun hydrophobic microfibers through a low-cost water doping method

Waterproof fabrics, especially those consisting of hydrophobic microfibers, could protect human from severe weather conditions and environments, and thus are wildly used in sportswear, outdoor products, medicinal, and skin care. However, conventional electrospun hydrophobic microfibers usually lack thermoregulatory functions to provide more comfortable environments, and existing techniques to achieve thermoregulation require delicate fabrications and usually reduce their mechanical performance. Therefore, in this paper, we develop a low-cost water doping method to tune the thermoregulatory and tensile performance of electrospun hydrophobic microfibers. Through an emulsification and subsequent emulsion-electrospinning process, water in PMMA microfibers with 25–45 µm large diameter (W/P-L) and that with 2.5–4 µm small diameter (W/P-S) are fabricated to study the effect of water addition. The water, which exhibit high specific heat capacity, improves the material's heat storage capacity. Additionally, the water in hydrophobic microfibers facilitates the formation of a solid-vapor-liquid double interface, thus augmenting the insulating capacity of fibrous membranes and enhancing their thermoregulatory performance. The integration between soft and rigid materials improves the tensile performance of microfibers. Owing to the reliable encapsulation, our water doping method not only enables the fibrous membranes possessing better thermoregulatory and mechanical properties but also retains the excellent water repellency ability of microfiber architecture, thus broadening the potentiality of electrospun fibrous membranes when used as materials for waterproof sportswear, and other outdoor products.

Nelumbo nucifera leaves as source of water-repellent wax: Extraction through polar and non-polar organic solvents

Nelumbo nucifera leaves are rich source of natural wax possessing super-hydrophobic properties. It provides protection to them from ecological turbulences and climatic wear and tear. In this study, various experiments have been conducted to observe the yield of extraction and the determination of various functional groups, which are present in natural wax, derived from Nelumbo nucifera leaves. The natural wax has been extracted from lotus leaves through non-polar (hexane) and polar (ethanol) solvent via different extraction methods. The superhydrophobic wax has been successfully extracted with hexane. Whereas, ethanol did not extract the water-repellent wax of lotus leaf. Considering the cumulative amount, i.e. (desired + undesired), the maceration shows the extraction of 2.9% (%w/w, through hexane) and 10.2% (%w/w, through ethanol), while it was found 2.5% (%w/w, cycle period 15 min) and 9.0% (%w/w, cycle period 26 min) respectively, in case of Soxhlet extraction technique. For this specific case of natural wax recovery from biomass (lotus leaf), the maceration (traditional method) resulted a little bit superior extraction yield in comparison to the Soxhlet extraction method for extraction of crude wax. In the case of non-polar solvent (hexane), an extraction yield of 1.97% (%w/w) through maceration method was observed while in the case of non-polar solvent (ethanol), an extraction yield of 1.62% (%w/w) through Soxhlet extraction was observed. The TLC analysis on both types of extracts was performed. For the detection of various hydrocarbon chains in the crude wax extracts, FTIR was also performed. Topography of wax surface and wax-coated waterproof fabric was compared through SEM.

Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) Induces Redox Status Disruption in Swine Granulosa Cells.

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is employed in the production and processing of several plastic materials, mainly during the production of waterproof fabrics or nonstick cookware. PFOA is identified as a substance of very high concern, as it is classified as a persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) substance because of its persistence in the environment and its potential accumulation in organisms. Thus, safe levels of exposure cannot be established, and PFOA emissions should be minimized. PFOA has recently been linked to several health concerns in humans. In particular, a disruptive effect on redox status homeostasis has been documented, with a potential impairment of normal reproductive function that requires adequate oxidative balance. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of PFOA (2, 20, and 200 ng/mL) on ovarian granulosa cells, a model of reproductive cells. The obtained results reveal that PFOA stimulated cell viability (p < 0.05). Regarding the effects on free radical production, O2−, NO, and H2O2 were significantly inhibited (p < 0.05), while the nonenzymatic antioxidant power was not significantly modified. Collectively, the present results deserve attention since free radical molecules play a crucial role in ovarian follicle development leading to a successful ovulation.

기능성 어업용 작업복 개발을 위한 예비연구

To develop functional workwear for fishing, this study investigated the working conditions, inconveniences and problems associated with workwear, and functions required for workwear. A questionnaire was used for the study, and SPSS 26.0 was used for the analysis. In total, 124 fishermen participated in this survey (ages: 53.2 ± 11.9), consisting of 84.7% males and 15.3% females. The number of participants whose work experience was more than 10 years and less than 20 years was 46, accounting for 37.1%. Most fishing industry was in danger of getting hit by machinery or clothes. Fishermen preferred two-piece style workwear, and a waterproof fabric was the most important factor considered while purchasing the workwear. Their discomfort while moving in their workwear was attributed to the stretching of their hips, thighs, crotch, and knees when lifting their legs or squatting. Preferences depended on the type of fishery and the age of fishermen. Protection was emphasized for aquaculture fishing, while the activity was emphasized for capture fishing. People in their 50s emphasized the protection provided by the workwear, while others emphasized the activity. In the future, substantial research is necessary to develop workwear that reflects fishermen''s requirements.

The preparation and properties study of novel hydrophobic/superhdrophobic coatings based on fluorine modified perhydropolysilazane

Superhydrophobic materials have received widespread attention due to their special non-wetting properties. Superhydrophobic coatings have important characteristics such as waterproof, self-cleaning, and anticorrosive candle. Therefore, Superhydrophobic coatings have broad application prospects in self-cleaning materials, metal protection, waterproof fabrics, oil-water separation, biological materials, etc. In this article, a novel fluoropolymer fluorine-modified perhydropolysilazane(PHPS) was prepared. The hydrophobic coating and the superhydrophobic coating were fabricated by spraying and flow coating methods, respectively. The water contact angle (CAwater) of the hydrophobic coating and the superhydrophobic coating are 113.0° and 150.1°, respectively. Compared to the PHPS coating, fluorine-modified PHPS coating increased the CAwater dramatically by 22°. In addition, the fluorine-modified PHPS coatings also exhibit excellent adhesion, heat resistance and UV resistance. To sum up, these merits of the fluorine-modified PHPS coatings show great potential of application in hydrophobic/superhydrophobic materials.

Rescued Cats Prefer to Scratch Fabrics Commonly Used to Cover Upholstered Furniture

ABSTRACT Preference responses of cats for scratching fabrics commonly used on furniture were evaluated during four consecutive days in three Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) that rescue companion animals. Cats were grouped and their choices were registered at a group level (no individual identification). Daily choices for chenille, suede, synthetic leather, or waterproof grosgrain fabrics were evaluated for the cats’ groups. A preference for chenille and non-preference for synthetic leather and waterproof grosgrain was found, independent of the NGO. In conclusion, although not using chenille does not assure that cats stop scratching furniture – especially if no other option to scratch is available – synthetic leather and waterproof grosgrain seem to be less attractive fabrics for these animals. Further studies are needed to investigate whether these findings apply to cats in a home scenario, when just one or a few individuals are usually present and only one type of fabric covering furniture is commonly available. Although we did not investigate the effect of providing scratching posts for these animals, we recommend such posts are available in the environment as scratching behavior is important to cats.

Evaluation of contact angle of water proof coated fabric made from melt-blown polyester non-woven and acrylic polymeric materials

Water proof fabrics are hydrophobic in nature. Contact angle measurement is a characterization technique used to gauge how well the water proof fabrics designed and developed is useful in preventing seepage of water through fabric surface. The water-proof coated fabric was developed using polyester non-woven fabric made by melt-blown process as base material. Binder made using acrylic polymer was used for preparation of the water-proof coated fabric using layering technique. Different layer configurations like single and double layers was used to develop the non-woven coated fabric. The developed fabrics was subjected to morphological studies using scanning electron microscope. The water proof coated fabrics was also analyzed for its static contact angle measured using rame-hart instrument. The contact angle was measured for both single layer and double layer water proof fabrics at different positions. The contact angle range was reported from 96° - 58° for single layer water proof coated fabrics. However, for double layer water proof coated fabrics the contact angle reported was in the range of 82°-68°. The contact angle changes for different angle of measurements and orientations. The results show that contact angle is not only a function of hydrophobic character of polyester non-woven fabric base material but also depends on the process parameters like number of layers, the thickness of coating, coating technique and the moisture levels that the acrylic polymer binder coating material absorbs the liquid from its surface. The forces acting on the surface of the coating material mainly influences the contact angle of the coated surface. The water repellency increases with the increase in static contact angle.

Evaluation of some physical performance properties of ultrasonic seaming, conventional seaming and sealing adhesive tape on waterproof polyester woven fabrics with polyurethane membrane

Ultrasonic seaming method is one of the alternatives to conventional seaming methods used to convert different textile surfaces into final products. In our study; waterproof polyester woven fabrics with polyurethane membrane were used, and seam strength, bursting strength and water permeability properties of ultrasonic seaming were examined by changing various parameters. Also, this method was compared to conventional seaming and sealing adhesive tape. It is observed that high water permeability values take place generally in ultrasonic seaming but at some seaming parameters in ultrasonic seaming, values are lower than adhesive tape sealed ones. Conversely, seam strength values of the ultrasonically sewn fabrics are lower than both of the other methods. Generally, when the optimum seaming parameters are determined for each fabric type, ultrasonic seaming can be said to be more advantageous in terms of waterproofing property in cases where high strength is not required.

The effect of machine embroidery variables on the appearance of waterproof fabrics

The manufacture of fabrics and textiles is one of the industries that has witnessed a great development in recent times in the whole world significantly, which has led to the production of many types of fabrics and textiles with special characteristics such as Waterproof. This type of waterproof fabrics has become one of the most important fabrics widely used in the field of ready-made garments, especially for the production of winter jackets, which are known commercially as (pump jackets), which are used by various categories and ages, women, men and children. This is due to its distinctive appearance properties in addition to its ability to prevent water penetration with the ability to ventilate the body by allowing the absorption of sweat and the exit of water vapor. This type of fabric is usually coated with a waterproofing material such as rubber, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane (PU), acetyl silicone, fluoropolymers and waxes, so it requires a high technical level in dealing with it, during its production stages or during its decoration with various decorative methods. Machine embroidery is one of the most appropriate decorative methods used to add a distinctive decorative character to these fabrics, making them richer, but some technical defects of that process may appear, which directly affects the appearance of the cloth and distorts its surface due to its special nature, hence the idea of Research to study the effect of machine embroidery variables on the appearance of waterproof fabrics as an attempt to set standardized standards for embroidery. The research problem can be summarized in the following questions: 1- What are the natural and mechanical properties of waterproof fabrics? 2- What is the effect of the difference in the density of the machine embroidery stitches on the appearance of the waterproof fabrics? 3- What is the effect of the difference in the type of yarn used in machine embroidery on the appearance of waterproof fabrics? 4- What is the effect of the strengthening methods used in machine embroidery on the appearance of waterproof fabrics? 5- Access to the best technologies for dealing with waterproof fabrics. Research objectives: 1- Determine the natural and mechanical properties of waterproof fabrics. 2- Determine the effect of the difference in the density level of the machine embroidery stitches on the appearance of waterproof fabrics. 3- Determine the effect of the difference in the type of machine embroidery yarn on the appearance of waterproof fabrics. 4- Determine the effect of strengthening ways on the appearance of waterproof fabrics. 5- Determining the best techniques for automatic embroidery on waterproof fabrics, which achieve the highest appearance. Research Significance: The results of this study are useful in overcoming the technical defects that occur during machine embroidery on waterproof fabrics. And identifying the aspects and limitations in it, which may result from the wrong choice (for the level of stitch density - the type of embroidery yarn - strengthening ways). This keeps preserving the aesthetics of the fabric and the appearance of the embroidery on it. Methodology: The current research follows the experimental approach to suitability to achieve the research objectives. Results ; By studying the effect of the machine embroidery variables (stitch type - stitch density - embroidery yarn type - strengthening methods) on the appearance of embroidery on waterproof fabrics, it was found that: -- The best effect of the stitches and densities of machine embroidery on the appearance of the embroidery on waterproof fabrics is the Counter stitch with medium density (1.50), followed by the Run stitch with high density (0.80), and finally the Satin stitch with low density (0.85). - The best types of machine embroidery yarns for the appearance of embroidery on waterproof fabrics is silk thread, followed by polyester thread, then metallic thread. - The best strengthening methods when embroidering on waterproof fabrics are strength with paper with non-stick wadding, followed by strength with non-stick wadding, and finally strength with paper.

투습방수 직물을 사용한 기능성 아우터의 특성 분석 : 소재, 세탁 · 취급, 디자인, 패턴, 부자재, 봉제를 중심으로

투습방수 직물을 사용한 기능성 아우터의 특성 분석 : 소재, 세탁 · 취급, 디자인, 패턴, 부자재, 봉제를 중심으로

The effectiveness of technological methods for the cultivation of oil flax

Oilseeds and products of their processing, both for the individual and for the entire economy of the country, are of great importance. This is also due to the fact that in recent years there has been an increase in interest in the production of oilseeds due to the high demand for oilseeds and products of their processing on the world and Russian markets. Oil flax provides a high-quality technical oil used in the paint and varnish and leather and footwear industries for the production of paints, varnishes, putties, soaps, oilcloths, waterproof fabrics, linoleum and rubber substitutes. It is also used in metalworking, electrical engineering and other industries. Flax is an environmentally friendly culture. When cultivating it, a minimum amount of chemical protection and fertilizers is required. Flax crops free the earth from heavy metals and radionuclides. Flax seeds obtained from contaminated land do not even show any trace of radiation. In the last three years, a kind of oil flax boom has been observed in Russia. The high demand for products made from it makes it very profitable to grow, which explains the annual growth of the cultivated area.The article provides an economic substantiation of the project for organizing the cultivation of oil flax. With the help of technological maps, the costs of production are calculated.

Thermal behaviour of waterproof coated fabrics and identification of chemical groups present in melt-blown polyester non-woven fabrics coated with waterproof acrylic polymer binder

Polyester non-woven fabrics are a good choice for base material in development of engineered waterproof fabrics. They find wide applications in bathroom floor lining, Roof lining, Car floor lining and many such applications. These fabrics not only provide strength and durability to the structure but also enhance the thermal as well as shelf-life of the structure. The presence of Chemical groups like ethylene functional group which is a chemical compound prominently present in polyester and observation of strong peaks of polyester functional groups aids in robust behaviour of the waterproof coated fabrics. These chemical groups present in the waterproof acrylic polymer binder also influences the development of durable fabrics with good hardness values. In this research a waterproof fabric for such applications is developed using a non-woven polyester fabric as the base material and roller coating process. The changes in the surface morphology of the fabrics is recorded and analysed using SEM micrographs. However, the analysis of thermal properties of these coated fabrics using DSC, TG/DTA instruments show melting of the coated material at 375 °C and TGA graphs show degradation of material occurring at 400 °C. The density measurement results show the fabrics ability to achieve lower values when nonwoven fabric layers are doubled which may be due to consumption of less binder and locking of air between layers. The Rockwell hardness results of 31.4 HRB (B scale) for single layer and 68.2 HRB for double layer proves the performance of the coated fabric at par with soft steel. The coated fabrics show zero air porosity when tested under air-permeability tester. The process of roller coating proves to be robust method of application of water proof polymer binder on non-woven fabrics.

Enhancement of Hydrostatic Resistance and Mechanical Performance of Waterproof Breathable Laminated Fabrics

Abstract Waterproof breathable laminated fabrics have the special property that permits water vapour to pass through but protects by preventing the entrance of liquid water. Different characteristic properties of the layered constructions of these fabrics have good influence on their hydrostatic resistance and mechanical performance. This research study presents an experiment to enhance the hydrostatic resistance and tensile strength of four different types of hydrophobic membrane laminated waterproof fabrics by considering their breathability as well. For this purpose, water repellent coating based on C6-fluorocarbon resin along with polysiloxane hydrophobic softening agent was applied on these four different types of laminated fabrics using pad-dry-cure method. The coated fabrics were characterised by performing different experiments to evaluate the effect of coating on their hydrostatic resistance and mechanical property as well as on water vapour permeability and air permeability. From the test results and analysis of variance (ANOVA), it was found that hydrostatic resistance and tensile strength of the laminated fabrics were enhanced after coating along with proper water repellent property, whereas there were no significant changes in their water vapour permeability and air permeability.

Structure and water permeability and resistance characteristics of N‐isopropylacrylamide‐based polymer/polyurethane resin films

AbstractIn this study, moisture‐permeable waterproof film materials exhibiting temperature‐sensitive hydrophilicity are investigated. The water resistance properties of copolymer films prepared by combining water‐soluble poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (poly‐NIPAM) with hydrophilic polyurethane (PU) are examined. Water‐soluble poly‐NIPAM is synthesized as a diol and then copolymerized with PU. Structural investigations confirm that water‐soluble poly‐NIPAM and hydrophilic PU are combined through PU links. In terms of physical properties, the films are confirmed to be water‐insoluble. Furthermore, based on the relationship between the water‐swelling ratio of the film and the water temperature, the films exhibit temperature‐sensitive hydrophilicity, with the water‐swelling ratio changing across the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). Moreover, the drying rate of the water‐absorbing film is different across the LCST. From these results, it is confirmed that a functional film with temperature‐dependent hydrophilicity is achieved. This property enables the poly‐NIPAM/PU copolymerized films to be used as moisture‐permeable waterproof fabrics for sportswear.

What’s that stuff? Raincoats

Whether singin’ in the rain like Gene Kelly or playing guitar in a purple-tinted version of it like Prince, the best way to stay dry in a downpour is to wear a raincoat. While raincoats have evolved in the 195 years since waterproof fabric was first patented, clever chemistry has always been key to their success. The first raincoats came about thanks to innovations in making rubber solutions. Today, high-end rainwear relies on fluoropolymer materials and cutting-edge construction. Raincoats may have been a risky business venture in the 1800s, but in the 21st century, their sales are booming: The market for waterproof breathable textiles could reach $2.18 billion in revenue by 2022, according to a report from market research firm Global Market Insights. Health-conscious consumers are driving much of the market’s growth as they run, bike, and trek in all types of weather. The rainy weather in his native Scotland

Hydrostatic Resistance and Mechanical Behaviours of Breathable Layered Waterproof Fabrics

Breathable layered waterproof fabrics have good applications in the fields of sportswear, protective clothing and construction industries. The properties of these fabrics in allowing water vapour to pass through while preventing liquid water from entering have made them unique. The mechanical properties of these fabrics are also very important for the satisfaction of the wearers. The layered constructions of these fabrics with different characteristic properties contribute to the influence on their hydrostatic resistance, mechanical properties and water vapour permeability. This study presents an experiment on eight different types of hydrophobic and hydrophilic membrane laminated layered fabrics used as sportswear during hot or cold weather. The hydrostatic resistance, tensile strength, stiffness and water vapour permeability of these fabrics were evaluated by varying different fabric parameters in the experiment. It was found from the test results that the fabric density, thickness and weight as well as types of membranes and layers have a significant effect on those properties of the layered fabrics.