Watering System Research Articles

Penyiraman Otomatis Pada Tanaman Atap Rumput Gajah

Watering is an important step to mantain the condition of a plant, but most people dont know how good watering is, like the time of watering, watering composition that match with the plant. Almost all of green roof in any type is not using automatic system but manually watering it, that make watering the green roof become very hard to do. In this case, many people think that having a green roof is very difficult, especially in maintain it. From this problem, writer want to convince people that having a green roof is not as difficult as it look. With combining the watering methode, green roof, and surface irrigation, then writer want to make something that can help people to mantain plant especially green roof plant. The objective of this papers is to make and to know how Green Roof Automatic Watering System’s work. Using Atmega16 chip, writer made an electronic circuit that programmed by C language that will automatically watering the plant if the sensor detect the percantage above 10%. The sensor is a couple of bar that transmit voltage in between the bar past through the soil. The sensor then will transmit the data to Chip to be processed, and if they meet the condition, the IC MOC3021 will be activated, then the AC Current will automatically charge the load (pump). This electronic circuit then applied to a prototype of extensive green roof with 30’ which is a diagonal. Layering of the green roof from the first to the last is waterproof, cubical fern root (to maintain water cyclus), soil, and the plant (especially grass type). From the application, writer can make a conclusion that this green roof automatic watering system work well and can stand up to 1 month use.

Neural Network Pattern Classification and Weather Dependent Fuzzy Logic Model for Irrigation Control in WSN Based Precision Agriculture

Watering system in agricultural lands plays a major activity in water and soil conservations. The future expectation of soil moisture content (MC) utilizing online soil and ecological parameters may give an effective stage to agriculture land watering system prerequisites. This article focuses on two optimization strategies, for example, Scaled Conjugate Gradient and BFGS Quasi-Newton based neural network algorithms utilized to predict hourly requirement of soil MC. The prediction performance of these two optimization techniques are also studied by calculating MSE (Mean Square Error), RMSE (Root Mean Square Error), and R-squared error. The calculations are tried for the forecast of soil MC in every one hour advance by considering eleven distinctive soil and environmental parameters. The best technique is used for the final prediction, and the predicted soil MC is utilized for generating appropriate notifications using fuzzy logic based weather model. The proposed system is hybrid system utilized to solve a single problem that is the generation of best irrigation suggestions for the farmers.

Optimum Phosphorus Concentration for Growth of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don ‘Pacifica White’ in a Subirrigation and Top Watering System

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to quantify the optimum rates of water-soluble phosphorus (P) on the growth of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don ‘Pacifica White’ in soilless media in a recirculating subirrigation and top watering system. The experiment was designed so that only P varied between treatments; nitrogen (N), ammoniacal N to nitrate N ratio, and potassium (K) content were held constant. Media pH decreased with increasing P concentration in the nutrient solution in both the subirrigated and top-watered plants. Shoot N, P, K, magnesium, manganese, zinc, and copper were in general greater in the subirrigated plants when compared to top-watered plants. Shoot calcium, sulfur, iron, aluminum, and boron were greater in top-watered plants when compared to subirrigated plants. Optimal plant growth was achieved at ≥0.5 mM P in the subirrigated and top-watered plants, which is lower than what is usually commercially applied. Subirrigated plants were of greater quality and dry mass regardless of P concentration in the nutrient solution, when compared to top-watered plants.

Induction of wound-periderm-like tissue in Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. (Crassulaceae) leaves as a defence response to high UV-B radiation levels.

UV-B radiation can be stressful for plants and cause morphological and biochemical changes. Kalanchoe pinnata is a CAM leaf-succulent species distributed in hot and dry regions, and is rich in flavonoids, which are considered to be protective against UV-B radiation. This study aims to verify if K. pinnata has morphological or anatomical responses as a strategy in response to high UV-B levels. Kalanchoe pinnata plants of the same age were grown under white light (control) or white light plus supplemental UV-B radiation (5 h d(-1)). The plants were treated with the same photoperiod, photosynthetically active radiation, temperature and daily watering system. Fragments of the middle third of the leaf blade and petiole were dehydrated and then embedded in historesin and sectioned in a rotary microtome. Sections were stained with toluidine blue O and mounted in Entellan®. Microchemical analyses by optical microscopy were performed on fresh material with Sudan III, Sudan IV and phloroglucinol, and analysed using fluorescence microscopy. Supplemental UV-B radiation caused leaf curling and the formation of brown areas on the leaves. These brown areas developed into a protective tissue on the adaxial side of the leaf, but only in directly exposed regions. Anatomically, this protective tissue was similar to a wound-periderm, with outer layer cell walls impregnated with suberin and lignin. This is the first report of wound-periderm formation in leaves in response to UV-B radiation. This protective tissue could be important for the survival of the species in desert regions under high UV-B stress conditions.

Evaluation of different water flow rates of nipple drinkers on broiler productivity

Watering systems utilized in broiler production can impact bird performance. Many companies have increased water flow rates (WFR) in their nipple drinkers (ND) system during brooding above the manufacturers recommended level, then make adjustments in WFR during the grow period. This has increased moisture and early caking problems in litter. The objective of this study was to determine how birds perform on different WFR rates during brood and grow periods while observing litter condition. Seven WFR treatments were evaluated for broilers reared from 1 to 42 d age: 50 mL/min, 75 mL/min, 100 mL/min, 120 mL/min, 50 mL/min 1 to 7 d increasing to 75 mL/min 8 to 42 d, 75 mL/min 1 to 7 d increasing to 100 mL/min 8 to 42 d, and 100 mL/min 1 to 7 d increasing to 120 mL/min 8 to 42 d. Chicks were identified and randomly allocated in a randomized complete block design. BW, cumulative feed consumption (FC), FCR (feed:BW), litter moisture (%), and litter moisture under the ND were determined weekly to 42 d. Mortality (MO) was recorded daily. Birds tended to have heavier BW on d 35 when (P = 0.08) on the higher WFR (75, 100, and 120 mL/min) in comparison to birds on the lowest WFR (50 mL/min). No differences were observed for FC, FCR, or MO. Birds on treatments with higher WFR (100 and 120 mL/min) and treatments which were increased to higher WFR (75 to 100 mL/min and 100 to 120 mL/min) utilized greater amounts of water as compared to birds receiving lower WFR (50 and 75 mL/min). The 100 and 120 mL/min WFR resulted in higher percent litter moisture (P ≤ 0.01) under the ND but decreased at the end of the growing period. In conclusion, as birds become heavier, they attempt to utilize larger amounts of water from ND with greater WFR without any beneficial effect on bird performance. As WFR increase, litter moisture under the ND will initially increase but then decrease as the birds age.

Research on Indoor Watering System with Intelligent Automatic Control

Researchers designed a set of solar watering system with voice broadcast, LED display and keyboard functions, which bases on soil temperature and humidity, light intensity and other parameters to perform automatic control. The system takes the STC89C52 microcontroller as the core controller. This paper describes the design principle of the system and gives the corresponding circuit diagram; and due to the software programming has features of convenient and flexible, researchers use it to program and control the open and close of solenoid valve in order to meet the design requirements, achieving the aim to watering flowers timely and appropriately.

Off-Stream Watering Systems and Partial Barriers as a Strategy to Maximize Cattle Production and Minimize Time Spent in the Riparian Area.

Simple SummaryThe implementation of off-stream waterers (OSW) may reduce the amount of time cattle spend in riparian areas, thus minimizing impacts such as removal of vegetation, soil compaction, and deterioration in water quality. Furthermore, when used with natural barriers as a partial exclusion method, these management strategies may offer a cost-effective alternative to completely excluding cattle via streambank fencing. This study was conducted to determine the impact of OSW and barriers on animal performance and watering behavior. The presence of OSW had no significant effect on cow and calf weights averaged over the grazing season. Although the results were not consistent over the periods and locations, the data provided some indication of the efficacy of the natural barriers on deterring cattle from the riparian area. Cattle watered at the OSW when available, but they did not use the OSW exclusively. The observed inconsistency may, in part, be attributed to the environmental conditions present during this field trial.A study was conducted in 2009 at two locations in Manitoba (Killarney and Souris), Canada to determine the impact of off-stream waterers (OSW) with or without natural barriers on (i) amount of time cattle spent in the 10 m buffer created within the riparian area, referred to as the riparian polygon (RP), (ii) watering location (OSW or stream), and (iii) animal performance measured as weight gain. This study was divided into three 28-day periods over the grazing season. At each location, the pasture—which ranged from 21.0 ha to 39.2 ha in size—was divided into three treatments: no OSW nor barriers (1CONT), OSW with barriers along the stream bank to deter cattle from watering at the stream (2BARR), and OSW without barriers (3NOBARR). Cattle in 2BARR spent less time in the RP in Periods 1 (p = 0.0002), 2 (p = 0.1116), and 3 (p < 0.0001) at the Killarney site compared to cattle in 3NOBARR at the same site. Cattle in 2BARR at the Souris site spent more time in the RP in Period 1 (p < 0.0001) and less time in Period 2 (p = 0.0002) compared to cattle in 3NOBARR. Cattle did use the OSW, but not exclusively, as watering at the stream was still observed. The observed inconsistency in the effectiveness of the natural barriers on deterring cattle from the riparian area between periods and locations may be partly attributable to the environmental conditions present during this field trial as well as difference in pasture size and the ability of the established barriers to deter cattle from using the stream as a water source. Treatment had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on cow and calf weights averaged over the summer period. These results indicate that the presence of an OSW does not create significant differences in animal performance when used in extensive pasture scenarios such as those studied within the present study. Whereas the barriers did not consistently discourage watering at the stream, the results provide some indication of the efficacy of the OSW as well as the natural barriers on deterring cattle from the riparian area.

English

Irrigation is defined as the human management of the hydrologic cycle to get better crop production and quality and to reduce commercial work of drought. Irrigation is the reproduction application of water to plants for their growth and development. Irrigation water is supplied to add the water available from rainfall and the influence of soil moisture from ground water. Irrigation water comes from adjacent rivers or groundwater or storage ponds exactly calculated to gather High River flows during winter. Pipes, gutters and wells dug into the ground to allow water to be taken from its source to the farmhouses, vineyards and plantations where it is to be used. Today a distinct range of ever-evolving technologies exist to resourcefully apply irrigation water to crops. The water that is needed can be used depends on the kind of crop, the soil in which the crop is being developed and the amount of rainfall in that area. Precipitation is the noticeable and wellspring of water for watering system. It is not accessible entire the year. The downpour water will be put away in tank or in sub-surface and rainwater assumes a conspicuous part and is utilized as assets of watering system water without boundless period.

SISTEM PENYIRAMAN TANAMAN ANGGREK MENGGUNAKAN SENSOR KELEMBABAN DENGAN PROGRAM BORLAND DELPHI 7 BERBASIS MODUL ARDUINO UNO R3

Happy Nugrahaning Widhi, Heru Winarno, in paper orchid plant watering system using humidity sensor used Borland Delphi 7 based on arduino uno R3 explain that the utilization of variable moisture for plant watering orchids do not fully utilized. At this time watering orchids is still done manually. It certainly took a lot of time, by making a watering system based on this moisture will save time. To determine the value of temperature and humidity used SHT-11 module is capable of detecting the temperature from -40C to 123,8˚C and relative humidity from 0% RH to 100% RH. Watering plants Phalaenopsis amabilis orchids species do when the SHT-11 detects the humidity inside the orchids house below 60% RH. Watering is carried out by spraying water from above directly into the plant’s roots. The method of watering is intended that the water can be poured directly absorbed by the plant. This control system controlled by arduino uno microcontroller. As for the computer control system, used Borland Delphi 7 to make aplication for control. So this watering system is divided into two they are automated systems and control through computer system Keywords: Module SHT-11, Arduino UNO, Borland Delphi 7.

Maintenance, Modifications, and Water Use in Private Gardens of Alt Empordà, Spain

Water scarcity in developed countries along the Mediterranean coast may be aggravated in the near future due to rising water demand. The recent growth of low-density urban developments in these regions has led to an increase in the number of private domestic gardens. These particular landscapes may account for a large proportion of total domestic water use. This article examines the features and management practices of private gardens in relation to their relative water requirements. To calculate this variable, we use a method based on the relative water needs of garden species and the area of vegetation cover. In addition, transformations in the layouts of the gardens over the last 5 years, as well as various expected changes, are assessed. In total, 258 domestic gardens along the coast of Catalonia were investigated and their owners interviewed. A list of all plants growing in the gardens was recorded. The results indicate that the presence of turf is related to professional landscaping design, property age, and swimming pool presence. Moreover, gardens with greater landscape water requirements have more efficient watering systems. We present a progressive strategy for garden restructuring that may reduce water use while increasing the number of orchards and fruit trees.

Effect of micro-sprinkler system on input use efficiency, labour cost and economic viability in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) seedling production

To improve the water and nutrient use efficiency and also to reduce the labour cost in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) nursery raising, experiment on micro sprinklers for tobacco nurseries was conducted at CTRI Nursery block, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh during 2007 and 2008. From the results of the experiment, it is concluded that the optimum spacing between laterals is 2.5-3.0 m and the spacing between micro sprinklers is 2.5–3.0 m and for this spacing 4 sprinklers are required for irrigating two tobacco nursery beds. The micro sprinkler system saves 24% and 35% of irrigation water at nursery bed level and at total system level respectively in comparison to rose can watering system. Micro sprinklers increases the N, P, K concentrations of the total plant to an extent of 14%, 10%, 11% and uptake per unit area to an extent of 50%, 45%, 47% respectively over the rose can watering. Micro sprinklers increases the weight, height, root volume and number of transplantable seedlings by 19%, 16%, 31%, 18% respectively over the rose can watering. Installing micro sprinkler irrigation system saves an amount of ` 60 000/ha towards labour. Micro sprinkler system is an economically viable alternate to rose can watering and gives net present worth of ₹ 94 265/ha/year with a benefit cost ratio of 2.37 at 2011 prices.

Emergy based evaluation of environmental performances of Living Wall and Grass Wall systems

Vertical Greenery Systems (VGS) are relatively new structures for architectural green cladding that embed a curtain of plants (Living Wall – hereafter LW) or grass (Grass Wall – hereafter GW) fixed on building facades and nurtured by an automated watering system. An eMergy evaluation (EE) of both LW and GW was performed aimed at assessing potential ‘environmental costs’ relative to their manufacturing chain, from plants–grass nursery to the assembling of structural elements, until their sustenance in time. Contextually, benefits were estimated as the energy saving for cooling mainly due to their shading effect and airflow. A 98m2 south-oriented façade of a hypothetical 1000m3 building has been investigated.EE is an environmental accounting method that accounts for direct and indirect environmental resource use by systems-processes in terms of solar energy equivalents (i.e. solar emergy joule – sej). The Cost to Benefit Ratio has been introduced, as the emergy investment per saved emergy (CBR: sejsej−1), in order to compare the environmental cost of structure functioning to the overall energy saving, in emergy terms. Results highlighted that, in certain conditions (i.e. Mediterranean climate, massive envelope, integrated rainwater harvesting system) both LW and GW can provide net environmental benefits and be valuable options for building retrofitting.

The Study of Some Potential Risk factors Associated with Coccidiosis (Eimeria) in Sheep in Kashmir Valley

The present study was carried out from October 2011- September 2012 to study the potential risk factors associated with the coccidiosis in sheep in Kashmir valley. The risk factors under study were Breed, Feeding system, Watering system, Housing pattern, floor type, and Flock size. A total of 192 samples were examined for the infection. During the study it was found that a total of 54.68% samples were infected with coccidian Oocysts. Non local (exotic) breed of sheep was found to have higher percentage prevalence of coccidiosis being 68.18% than local breed being 36.5%. More infection was found in sheep of larger flock size and reared on the non-cemented floor pattern with stastically significant difference. Similarly more infection was found in sheep having ground pattern of feeding and given stream water but the data was stastically non significant. However Housing pattern of the animals had no impact on the prevalence of the disease.

Variation in Root Development Response to Flooding among 92 Soybean Lines during Early Growth Stages

Maintaining root function is crucial for favorable plant growth under flooding. The genetic variation in the response of root development to flooding is unclear, because measurement of root growth is time consuming, especially with numerous lines. To overcome the methodological problems and to reveal the effect of flooding on root development and its genetic variation, we developed a new capillary watering system without soil medium and raised cotyledon-stage seedlings of 92 soybean lines with and without flooding. After 7 days of flooding, dry weights (DW) and root characteristics were determined and the results were compared with those in non-flooded plants. The root DW decreased linearly with decreasing total root length and root surface area, and the degree of damage varied greatly among lines. Short-term flooding inhibited root elongation and branching, but not in flood-tolerant lines.

Drought stress-induced compositional changes in tolerant transgenic rice and its wild type

Comparing well-watered versus deficit conditions, we evaluated the chemical composition of grains harvested from wild-type (WT) and drought-tolerant, transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.). The latter had been developed by inserting AtCYP78A7, which encodes a cytochrome P450 protein. Two transgenic Lines, ‘10B-5’ and ‘18A-4’, and the ‘Hwayoung’ WT were grown under a rainout shelter. After the harvested grains were polished, their levels of key components, including proximates, amino acids, fatty acids, minerals and vitamins were analysed to determine the effect of watering system and genotype. Drought treatment significantly influenced the levels of some nutritional components in both transgenic and WT grains. In particular, the amounts of lignoceric acid and copper in the WT decreased by 12.6% and 39.5%, respectively, by drought stress, whereas those of copper and potassium in the transgenics rose by 88.1–113.3% and 10.4–11.9%, respectively, under water-deficit conditions.

Intelligent Monitoring Water System by PLC (Power Line Carrier) and Wireless Communication

To saves water resources and low carbon environmental, we have designed a smart monitoring watering system based on power carrier and wireless communications, the system schema is divided into three layer, background server control the concentrated controller through wireless core network; each concentrated controller controls watering system through power carrier network; watering systems as the terminal access points of The Internet of Things , directly control the location regional's temperature, humidity and the soil situation, thereby achieved unmanned unattended, automatically watering. System integrates technology as wireless communications, power line carrier, single-chip microcomputer , application in LCD and so on, through hardware and software design, realizes data storage, the node information query, node failures and cable guard alarm function. Experimental results show that the overall system has low power consumption, high reliability, strong anti-jamming ability, so that it can better meet site's needs.

Considerations for the selection of a generator as a back-up power source for an animal facility

Loss of power, whether or not it is related to a disaster, is a potential problem for animal facilities. The lack of light and the inability to operate mechanical systems related to ventilation, security, access, water, sewer and environmental control; to use laboratory instruments and equipment such as cage-washers and automatic watering systems; and to access computers and electronic files, potentially including animal health records and environmental monitoring data, present substantial challenges to facility operation. Therefore, an animal research facility must develop a contingency plan to address loss of power and other potential threats. Use of a back-up power source such as a generator is a common component of such a plan. Here the author discusses factors that should be considered in the selection of a generator as a back-up power source for an animal facility.

Influence of Scaling in Alkaline/Surfactant/Polymer Flooding Surface Process

With the Alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP) flooding production processs developing, deposition and scaling problems are serious in ground watering and gathering system, pronounced at watering pipeline and heating furnace. So challenges must be faced with in oilfield development process, such as energy consumption increase, equipments and pipelines are damaged easily, and equipments service life shortens. The component of scale sample, which is took from ASP flooding area of Xingbei Oilfield in Daqing Oilfield, in surface watering system is investigated. The influence factors and regulation of scaling in watering system are studied by simulation experiments. It turned out that the scale sample is consists of silica scale, carbonate scale, corrosion scale and organic substance, and the silica scale is the main scale, which content is more than 45%. The watering temperature, flow rate and polymer concentration are main factors of influencing scaling in watering system. Under the conditions of ASP flooding normal production, the effect of polymer concentration is prominent.

Laminar flow analysis in a pipe with locally pressure-dependent leakage through the wall

The paper analyzes the problem of the leaky pipe (or a porous-walled pipe), namely the laminar flow of a pure fluid that takes place in a pipe, the wall of which is composed of a porous material. This configuration is inspired by some watering systems or by the cross-flow (or tangential) filtration configuration for membrane separation or capillary flow. It assumes that the leakage through the wall (or permeate) results from the pressure difference between both sides of the pipe wall, and is here modeled by the Starling–Darcy law.The inner pressure along the pipe behaves accordingly with two competitive features: the viscous pressure drop competing against the pressure increase due to pipe axial flow deceleration. It is long known that both features compensate at a critical value, Rtiso, of the transverse Reynolds number Rt (based on transpiration velocity); this corresponds to the only situation where the pressure remains uniform along the channel. The case with uniform leakage–known as Berman flow–possesses a similarity solution due to Yuan and Finkelstein (1956) [2] for the pipe configuration. The paper is aimed at extending the latter study to a non-uniform leakage depending linearly on local pressure.First, the similarity solution is revisited. Its expansion in a series of Rt allows us to propose a hierarchy of new ordinary differential equations (ODEs), that extend–to small or moderate Rt–the linear ODE proposed for the limit case Rt=0 by Regirer (1960) [25]. As by-products, we propose approximate analytical solutions that solve the problem of the leaking pipe with increasing accuracy in the weakly non-linear case (WNL) (i.e. for small and moderate Rt). Finally, the validity of ODEs and WNL solutions is numerically checked with respect to flow simulations in the Prandtl approximation.

Wind Powered Sprinkler System

Due to limited energy resources, excessive emission of CO 2 , global warming, increase of mean temperature, serious impacts have resulted on our living environment, and thus, energy saving and carbon reduction have become urgent issues. Planting grass, flowers and trees can absorb and reduce CO 2 , thus meeting the requirements for energy saving and carbon reduction in environmental protection. At present, most of lawns or gardens in Taiwan are maintained by manual or traditional semiautomatic watering device. Whether the lawn needs to be watered and the amount of water to be sprinkled depends on subjective decision. When the lawn is watered without examining the moisture content of the soil beforehand, it causes waste of time, labor, water and cost. The intelligent wind powered watering system developed by this study used an electromechanical integrated design system to control the humidity probe, and used the electricity generated by natural wind power and pumping device to control the sprinkling action. This system sprinkles water by sensing the soil moisture content, and stops sprinkling automatically when the soil moisture content is enough, thus achieving the purposes of cost and energy saving. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v11i6.2641