Watering System Research Articles

Design of Intelligent Watering System of Flower Based on ZigBee and WiFi

Aiming at the problem that the traditional artificial watering method in flowers is time-consuming and laborious, and cannot reasonably water the growth of each flower, an intelligent watering system of flower cultivation based on ZigBee and WiFi technology is designed. The CC2530 chip is used as the main control chip for ZigBee communication. Multiple terminal nodes and the coordinator node are wirelessly communicated through the ZigBee network. The RTL8710 is used as the WiFi communication chip to upload data to the host computer. The data and image curves are displayed on the host computer in real time. A composite switching control algorithm based on fuzzy control and PID control is designed. Based on the collected temperature and humidity and light intensity, the irrigation demand is calculated to achieve a better water-saving irrigation effect. Through the test, the entire system with excellent control performance and practical application value.

Exploration of Agriculture Automation Employing IoT Gateway and Wireless Network

The Platform which is known as the Internet of things (IoT) is a growing technology which can connect and control IoT sensors, appliances, home and industries. The devices which will be used are based on IoT & by using them one can enhance agriculture production, save water and reduce the wastage. The objective of the paper is to propose automatic watering system to plants using sensors and IoT & to simplify agricultural techniques through modern day digital methods. Also Real time monitoring of plants will be done. Farmers can monitor live data (Humidity, Temperature, soil moisture level, Condition). By this smart IoT based farming technology, Farmers can receive real-time data as well as past data of plant (the data will be stored in the cloud service) and they can also receive the real-time image of the plant.

A Simulation Based Study of A Greenhouse System with Intelligent Fuzzy Logic

Greenhouse (GHS) system is a system, that provides an efficient condition to grow plants. This research paper describes designing of a greenhouse system to control climate, soil moisture, lighting using fuzzy logic. The proposed model consists fuzzy logic to control GHS parameter such as temperature, Humidity,light, soil moisture and watering system to the plant. In this proposed system temperature controlling controller is used to take current temperature as input by using temperature sensor and its deviation from user set data. The temperature is controlled by the speed of fan. This algorithm is same for all other parameters. In this research the set value of different sensors is selected by the owner of the greenhouse according to the basis of growing plant condition. This system will enhance the capability of fuzzy logic control systems in case of process automation and potentiality.Simulation using MATLAB is used to achieve the designed goal.

Repeatable Stair-step Assay to Access the Allelopathic Potential of Weedy Rice (Oryza sativa ssp.).

Weed competition contributes significantly to yield losses in cropping systems worldwide. The evolution of resistance in many weed species to continuously applied herbicides has presented the need for additional management methods. Allelopathy is a physiological process that some plant species possess that provide the plant with an advantage over its neighbors. Allelopathic crop varieties would be equipped with the ability to suppress the growth of surrounding competitors, thus reducing potential yield loss due to weed interference. This paper focuses on the construction and operation of a stair-step assay used for the screening of the allelopathic potential of a donor species (Oryza sativa) against a receiver weed species (Echinochloa crus-galli) in a greenhouse setting. The structure described in this paper serves as a stand for the plant samples and incorporates a timed watering system for the accumulation and distribution of allelochemicals. Allelochemicals produced by the plant roots are allowed to flow downward through a series of four pots separately into a collection tank and recycled back to the top plant through electric pumps. This method of screening provides an avenue for the allelochemicals from the donor plant to reach receiver plants without any resource competition, thus allowing quantitative measurement of the allelopathic potential of the selected donor plant. The allelopathic potential is measurable through the height reduction of the receiver plants. Preliminary screening data for the effectiveness of this method demonstrated height reduction in the receiver species, barnyardgrass (E. crus-galli), and thus the presence of allelopathic residues from the donor plant, weedy rice (Oryza sativa).

Observation of greenhouse condition based on wireless sensor networks

Along with increasing years, meeting food needs in Indonesia continues to experience improvements. This is because it is not balanced between the rate of population growth and the amount of food production. In order to help increase food production and improve the quality of food, modern technology in agriculture is needed, one of which is a greenhouse. Most greenhouses still use manual watering systems that have not been supported by technology that utilizes an automatic watering system and is accompanied by a monitoring system, temperature and humidity control and greenhouse soil moisture using wireless sensor network communications. By spreading 6 nodes at each point and each node equipped with 3 sensors, it is expected that the greenhouse monitoring and control process will be more thorough. The results of temperature testing at the greenhouse before using the wireless sensor network and after being implemented have increased by 23%. This also applies to the value of air humidity has increased by 4% and soil moisture by 1.20%.

Irigacioni sistem kontrolisan Arduino uno mikrokontrolerom

In crop production, a healthy water balance is essential for high quality yields. Under-watered crops suffer from nutrient deficiencies while over-watered plants are more susceptible to diseases pressure and can in some cases lead to root death through suffocation. Also over-watered plants are not able to withstand dry spells during dry season. The aim of this paper is to use control engineering principles and concepts to provide a microcontroller based irrigation system. The system helps in saving money and water and at the same time increasing crops production. The automated irrigation system is controlled using ATmega328 microcontroller based on Arduino platform. The system is programmed via the microcontroller to give interrupt signal to the irrigation system (drip, sprinkler, ditch etc.) depending on the soil moisture levels. The soil moisture/humidity levels are checked using soil moisture sensor. Whenever there is a change in moisture/humidity in the soil, this sensor senses the change and gives an interrupt signal to the micro-controller and thus the watering system is activated or deactivated.

Design of Automatic Watering System Based on Arduino

Food self-sufficiency is a government program that has been being actively promoted so that Indonesia can reach food independence by the end of 2019. Indonesia is a maritime country and also an agricultural country with two seasons namely rainy season and dry season. In the rainy season, food plants usually do not need to be watered, while in the dry season, the plants must be watered regularly in accordance with soil moisture conditions. Farmers usually do not grow food plants in the dry season for fear that it will not grow well. The farmer’s dependence on the season causes the production to decline and becomes an obstacle in the success of the food self-sufficiency program. An information and communication technology-based agricultural device is needed to overcome the problem. The research aimed to design a programmed microcontroller chip to control watering automatically based on soil moisture detected using a domestic soil moisture sensor. This device detects whether the soil is dry or not. The farmers do not need to do watering manually. In addition to helping farmers, the device can also be installed on plantations, seedbed nurseries, urban parks, hotels, offices, and in homes that have parks or plants that need regular watering.

Simple Design of Solar Based Watering System for Plants: Application in Multi-Story Buildings

In this paper, the design of a solar-based watering system for plants in multi-story buildings is proposed. The main advantage of the design is that when the people are out of station or busy for particular days, the proposed solar-based system will water the plants for a particular time in a day. The proposed design is verified on a real-time hardware setup. The main advantage of the proposed design is that the mathematical approach is very simple and no need for any rocket science.

Study of the Possibility of Reusing Rain and Purified Water in the City of Fez, Morocco

The current work seeks firstly the integration of a rainwater reuse system that will be of use in the watering of the green spaces, and secondly the re-use of purified water in the irrigation of agriculture spaces, which are in the nearby of wastewater treatment plant. The results show that 41% of the green spaces in the city of Fez require a renovation and installation of adequate watering systems taking into account the specificity of the city which is crossed by several rivers badly exploited for watering. The purified wastewater is of much better quality than the Moroccan reuse standards and is discharged with a flow that is large enough for the irrigation water requirements of the fields close to wastewater treatment plant.

Miniature Automatic Watering System of Ornamental Plant at Permanent Seedbed of Central Management of Regional River Flow (BPDAS) Palu–Poso Using Microcontroller Arduino-Uno

The results of the research carried out were successful in making the Miniature automatic watering system designed using Arduino UNO as a brain control system, DHT22 sensors to measure temperature and humidity environment, RTC module as a time saver, water pump and DC motor used for the watering mecanism. After testing all the tools and sensors, the instrument can be run well and normally. Watering done on the morning (08:00 wita) using the RTC as the reservoir time, the RTC will inform the arduino so arduino will command to a motorcycle do a watering. When air temperature around detected more than 18oC and soil humidity less than 60% then the system will automatically did watering over past 3 minutes. So that automatic watering system can be used to help out watering an ornamental plant based on sensors detected related to temperature and soil humidity at the green house.

Automatic Movable Drip Irrigation System Using IoT

In agricultural field automation is highly recommended to increase production of harvesting crops. Automatic movable moisture control of soil detection system is developed in this project using Adriano Uno microcontroller. Now days farmers should improved their cultivation by the aid of technological support. Solar power automatic movable watering system can be improved drip irrigation management system. In this system moisture level detects & control through water spray arrangement as per requirements and also movement of the car depends upon the moisture level of the soil. IoT system helps in this system more flexible and reliable. In this system water wastage also reduced.

Comparison of a manometric tear duct irrigation test with dacryoscintigraphy in the investigation of epiphora

ABSTRACT Purpose Assessment of lacrimal resistance in patients with patent lacrimal systems is important in determining whether dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) surgery is appropriate. Current techniques, including lacrimal syringing and dacryoscintigraphy (DSG), can be unreliable. We compare the results of a manometric tear duct test (mTDT) irrigation technique with DSG in these patients. Methods All symptomatic patients in a specialist lacrimal clinic had full work-up apart from syringing. Lacrimal resistance was assessed using mTDT which applies a fixed head of fluid pressure via a cannula sealed to punctum. Conventional syringing was also performed in cases with abnormal mTDT. Symptomatic patients with delayed tear clearance, no external cause for watering and patent lacrimal systems had DSG. MTDT and DSG results were compared, including in asymptomatic fellow eyes. Results 105 tear ducts were examined, 85 symptomatic. Symptomatic eyes had a significantly higher mean mTDT resistance (p = .0003) and more had abnormal mTDT (52%) compared to asymptomatic eyes (10%). Although mean tear duct resistance was higher in those with nasolacrimal duct stenosis (NLDS) than freely patent (FP) on syringing (8.5 vs 10.8 dpm), this was not significant (p = .6). High proportions of both FP and NLDS groups had no flow at all on mTDT (60% and 53%, respectively). DSG showed no significant difference in the symptomatic versus asymptomatic eyes (p = .36), nor between those with a normal or abnormal mTDT (p = .25), nor between FP and NLDS groups (p = .25). Conclusions In contrast to DSG, the mTDT provides valuable, objective information on lacrimal resistance that can guide a decision to DCR surgery.

Pemanfaatan IoT (Internet of Things) Pada Irigasi Tetes Untuk Tanaman Jeruk

Tanaman jeruk manis merupakan salah satu produk unggulan Desa Petungsewu Kabupaten Malang. Selama ini, Mitra mengandalkan air hujan dengan menggunakan sistem tadah hujan untuk mengairi tanamannya. Persoalan muncul tatkala musim kemarau, terbatasnya air menjadi kendala utama saat Mitra ingin melakukan penyiraman maupun penyemprotan. Akibat terbatasnya air, tanaman hanya mampu berbuah sekali dalam setahun tidak seperti tanaman di perkebunan lain yang mendapatkan irigasi air sungai yang mampu berbuah dua kali dalam setahun. Untuk mengatasi terbatasnya air, maka diusulkan suatu tandon air dengan ukuran 4x6x2 m3 sebagai tempat penyimpanan air dari sistem tadah hujan, sedangkan untuk mengendalikan penggunaan air saat melakukan penyiraman digunakan sistem irigasi tetes yang dikendalikan menggunakan teknologi Internet of Things (IoT). Selain menyediakan tandon air, pada kegiatan ini juga dibangun suatu surau di atas tandon dan toilet. Karena ketidak tersediaan sumber energi listrik, maka kegiatan ini juga menyediakan sumber energi terbarukan berupa energi panel surya. Sistem penyiraman dilakukan secara otomatis menggunakan sensor kelembaban tanah, jika kelembaban kurang dari 70% maka valve akan membuka sehingga air mengalir, sebaliknya jika kelembaban telah terpenuhi maka valve akan menutup. Adanya kegiatan ini, Mitra dapat melakukan penyiraman tanaman secara otomatis meskipun di musim kemarau, dan tanaman jeruk bisa berbuah dua kali dalam setahun

Environmental safety in the irrigation and watering systems design stage

At the present stage of water management complex development as a part of the agricultural-industrial complex (AIC), there is an ambitious task to create fundamentally new technologies for using water resources for existing and emerging irrigation and watering systems (I.W.S.). Based on the transformations in natural environments natural processes unity (atmosphere, hydrosphere, upper layers of the lithosphere and soil cover) aimed at the water resources formation (surface and underground runoff) within the basin geosystem under consideration spatial limits, with water use technological processes at I.W.S. as a part of the natural-technical system (NTS) “Environment - I.W.S. – Population” (“E.- I.W.S. - P.”), presents the comprehensive studies results of the processes of interconnection, interaction and relationship (IIR) of the I.W.S. technogenic component with E. and living P., on the basis of which the methodological foundations were developed for putting forward the new ideas on water resources use, where the central concept is the “Ecological Acceptability” of design decisions, stipulating the system principle of the principal role of the whole in relation to the main problems of Energy, Water, Food and Ecology. The I.W.S. environmental acceptability is determined by the current regulatory environmental requirements for environmental safety (ES) in the areas of I.W.S. influence. Based on the comprehensive research results, the constructive and technological requirements are formulated for providing electronic components in design solutions, as factors in providing electronic information for I.W.S.

Design and implementation of smart farming system for fig using connected-argonomics

<span lang="EN-US">This paper proposes a design and implementation approach of smart farming system using connected-agronomics technique for fig farm application. Nowadays, fig plants having a rapid growth in the current market demand due to its rich in natural health benefiting nutrients, antioxidants and vitamins where some farming systems have been used in maintaining fig plant’s environmental resources to grow without fail. Smart farming is a system applied to provide user with real time information and plan for desired plant such as time intervals for watering systems. There are two major problems on maintaining the fig fruit quality; watering system fail during emergency blackout and a contagious disease known as leaf rust due to external environments. The system implements two microcontrollers, the Arduino Uno & Raspberry Pi along with smartphone Android application. The system performance is evaluated based on the requirement specification, irrigation soil, surrounding temperature and moisture. It is found that all data collected by the sensors are within the optimal range of values, which are 1500 µS/cm to 1599 µS/cm for the EC reading of the fertilizer while 6.0 to 6.5 for the pH value of the soil. This prototype of smart farming was well developed and can be applied to the fig plantation environment.</span>

The design and evaluation of an automatic watering system by using Fuzzy Mamdani

The fruits and vegetables are high demand commercial commodities recently. In this work, small spaces are addressed as modern vegetable cultivation in order to fulfill family member vegetables daily needs. The automatic watering system with a soil moisture sensor, a temperature sensor, and periodically watering based on Fuzzy Logic can provide water to vegetables according to their needs is proposed. In the practical, the Chinese Green Cabbage has been watered with the automatic system consists of raspberry pi, temperature sensor, soil moisture sensor, and timer. Both data of soil moisture sensor and temperature sensor are sent to Raspberry Pi that set an optimum condition of the Chinese Green Cabbage cultivation. The watering system is working when the conditions of the soil moisture less than 35% and the temperature of more than 29°C, respectively. However, the automatic watering by using the timer as 30 seconds of watering on 09.00 AM and 03.00 PM is needed. This system has succeeded in applying the Fuzzy Mamdani method to determine the length of watering on Chinese Green Cabbage. As a result, the automation system is promising for the cultivation of vegetable plants around the home living.

Advancement of a smart fibrous capillary irrigation management system with an Internet of Things integration

This paper presents the development work for integrating an Internet of Things (IoT) with a fibrous capillary irrigation system based on the climatic demand estimated by the weather condition. The monitoring and control using an IoT system is critical for such application that is targeted for precision irrigation. The fibrous capillary irrigation system is managed by manipulating a water supply depth using the potential evapotranspiration (ETo). A soil mositure sensor was used to monitor the progress of the root water uptake and input the fuzzy logic system, to determine the water requirements for the crop medium. Experiment was conducted by using a Choy sum plant as the test crop grown in a greenhouse. The monitoring of the demand and management of the watering system was successful. The ETo data was able to approximate the crop water requirement in near real time.

Design and Development of an IoT Based Intelligent Controller for Smart Irrigation

Internet of Things (IoT) is a rapidly developing area in the world because users can enormously benefit from real-time monitoring and controlling of remotely located devices over the internet, without being physically present at the location of the device. In the field of agriculture, development of efficient IoT based smart irrigation systems are similarly a valuable requirement for farmers, because they can remotely monitor crops and remotely control parameters in the field such as water supply to plants and collect data for further research purposes. In this research, a low cost IoT and weather based intelligent controller system is developed. First, an efficient drip irrigation system which can automatically control the water supply to plants based on soil moisture conditions is developed. This system brings greater benefits in terms of saving water, compared to traditional pre-scheduled watering systems. Next, this water efficient irrigation system is given IoT based communication capabilities to remotely monitor soil moisture conditions and to manually control water supply by a remote user with different features. Further, temperature, humidity and rain drop sensors are integrated to the system and is upgraded to provide monitoring of these parameters by the remote user via internet. These weather parameters of the field are saved in real time in a remote database. Finally, a weather prediction algorithm is implemented to control the water supply according to the existing weather condition. The proposed IoT based intelligent controller system will provide an effective method to irrigate farmer’s cultivation.

Epidemiological survey and risk factor analysis on Eimeria infections in calves and young cattle up to 1 year old in Colombia.

A large-scale cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted to evaluate prevalence, species diversity, and associated risk factors of Eimeria infections in 55 cattle farms across seven states of Colombia, including subtropical and tropical regions. In total, 1333 fecal samples from young animals (< 1 year of age) were examined at a single sampling date from August 2016 to December 2016. Flotation and McMaster techniques were conducted for parasitological investigation. Excreted Eimeria oocysts were allowed to sporulate in vitro and thereafter identified to species level based on morphological and morphometric characteristics. The overall Eimeria prevalence was 75.5% (1006/1333), with no difference observed between age categories. In total, 13 different Eimeria species were identified. The most prevalent species was E. bovis (33.5%), followed by E. auburnensis (12.5%) and E. zuernii (11.9%). Analysis of extrinsic associated risk factors revealed the floor type, feeding system, watering system, and herd size as significant (p < 0.05) risk factors for Eimeria spp. infections. Based on these data, it can be assumed that bovine coccidiosis infections occur ubiquitously in the country and might play an important role especially in its subclinical form by affecting production parameters in conventional cattle management systems.

Vegetative Growth Response of Eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum L.) to Combined Effects of Fertilizer Types and Irrigation Regimes Applied on Littoral Tertiary Soil in Côte d’Ivoire

The use of manures and irrigation systems are essential ways to improve the fertility of coastline poor soils in Côte d’Ivoire and to optimize crop yields at any time of the year. The present study aims to identify the best manures and irrigation systems suitable for the vegetative growth of eggplant on the tertiary poor soils of the coast in Côte d'Ivoire. For this purpose, combinations of fertilizer (urea and organic manure from chicken droppings) and irrigation techniques (manual watering and drip irrigation system) were tested in Fisher block design. So, vegetative growth variables of Eggplant, Aub 21N / 06, grown on tertiary soil at the Marc Delorme research station of the Centre National de Recherche Agronomique (CNRA) in Southern Côte d'Ivoire were evaluated. The results showed that the growth dynamics of collar circumference, height and leaf production of eggplant irrigated by drip system and fertilized with organic manure from chicken droppings was significantly higher. The eggplants that received a treatment composed by organic or chemical manure without irrigation and those without manure and irrigation expressed lower vegetative growth. The organic manure from chicken droppings associated with the drip irrigation regime had a significant beneficial effect on the average growth rates of the collar circumference (0.0035 cm.day-1), height (0.5669 cm.day-1) and leaf production (3.12 leaves.day-1) of eggplant. It appears that organic manure from chicken droppings associated with drip irrigation regime is an agricultural innovation to disseminate to market gardeners to cultivate the eggplant on littoral tertiary soil.