Pot Of Water Research Articles

Experimental field study of the integration of passive and evaporative cooling techniques with Mashrabiya in hot climates

Mashrabiya is one of the primary features of Arab-Islamic architecture which can be found and still used in different cities around the world. It can be defined as an opening covered with wooden lattice for ventilation, daylight, privacy, and an aesthetic appeal for houses. The motivation for this work stems from the lack of existing field studies on the ventilation and thermal performance of buildings incorporated with Mashrabiya and the potential to enhance its capabilities by combining it with different passive cooling techniques. The present study aims to investigate the influence of Mashrabiya on the indoor environment in a traditional building situated in a hot climate. The case study selected for this work is the Baeshen House which is located in the heart of historic Jeddah and the area with the most traditional Mashrabiyas in Saudi Arabia. The field data of air temperature, relative humidity, globe temperature, and air velocity were collected for two similar rooms (one open Mashrabiya and one close) in the building during typical hot summer conditions when the outdoor temperature ranged between 40 and 41.6 °C in the afternoon. Different techniques of passive/evaporative cooling strategy were integrated with the Mashrabiya: thermal mass, water pots, water spray, and cloth. The results showed that the closed Mashrabiya contributed to reducing the flow of hot air into rooms during the afternoon, and the indoor temperature was maintained at 35.4–35.8 °C. Increasing the speed of airflow into the room by opening the Mashrabiya had a minimal effect during the afternoon, but it was observed that the night cooling improved. It was found that the most effective strategy was the use of wetted cloth near the inlet of the Mashrabiya (33.8 °C indoor average when the outdoor temperature was at 41.6 °C). The study demonstrated that comfortable conditions could be attained between 1 and 9 a.m. during hot summer conditions. Overall, the Mashrabiya with evaporative cooling was not able to provide comfort during the midday, and other strategies should be considered for hot summer conditions. Future work will focus on investigating different materials and strategies to enhance the performance of Mashrabiyas.

Factors associated with occurrence of salmonellosis among children living in Mukuru slum, an urban informal settlement in Kenya

BackgroundIn Kenya, typhoid fever and invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis present a huge burden of disease, especially in poor-resource settings where clean water supply and sanitation conditions are inadequate. The epidemiology of both diseases is poorly understood in terms of severity and risk factors. The aim of the study was to determine the disease burden and spatial distribution of salmonellosis, as well as socioeconomic and environmental risk factors for these infections, in a large informal settlement near the city of Nairobi, from 2013 to 2017.MethodsInitially, a house-to-house baseline census of 150,000 population in Mukuru informal settlement was carried out and relevant socioeconomic, demographic, and healthcare utilization information was collected using structured questionnaires. Salmonella bacteria were cultured from the blood and faeces of children < 16 years of age who reported at three outpatient facilities with fever alone or fever and diarrhea. Tests of association between specific Salmonella serotypes and risk factors were conducted using Pearson Chi-Square (χ2) test.ResultsA total of 16,236 children were recruited into the study. The prevalence of bloodstream infections by Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), consisting of Salmonella Typhimurium/ Enteriditis, was 1.3%; Salmonella Typhi was 1.4%, and this was highest among children < 16 years of age. Occurrence of Salmonella Typhimurium/ Enteriditis was not significantly associated with rearing any domestic animals. Rearing chicken was significantly associated with high prevalence of S. Typhi (2.1%; p = 0.011). The proportion of children infected with Salmonella Typhimurium/ Enteriditis was significantly higher in households that used water pots as water storage containers compared to using water directly from the tap (0.6%). Use of pit latrines and open defecation were significant risk factors for S. Typhi infection (1.6%; p = 0.048). The proportion of Salmonella Typhimurium/ Enteriditis among children eating street food 4 or more times per week was higher compared to 1 to 2 times/week on average (1.1%; p = 0.032).ConclusionTyphoidal and NTS are important causes of illness in children in Mukuru informal settlement, especially among children less than 16 years of age. Improving Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) including boiling water, breastfeeding, hand washing practices, and avoiding animal contact in domestic settings could contribute to reducing the risk of transmission of Salmonella disease from contaminated environments.

Breaking Backs and Boiling Frogs: Warnings from a Federal Dialogue between Water Law and Environmental Law

Law has long struggled to address cumulative environmental threats, as activities interact and aggregate to cause larger problems, from global climate change to water over-exploitation in the Murray-Darling Basin. Using two well-known proverbs – the straw that breaks the camel’s back, and the frog in a pot of water coming to the boil – this article critically examines how key elements of Australia’s most significant federal environmental and natural resources legislation treat cumulative environmental effects. Promising regulatory approaches are emerging. However, the structure and implementation of these linked federal legislative regimes ultimately permit metaphorical camels’ backs to be broken and frogs to be boiled. They risk insidious environmental degradation even in the absence of a conspicuous crisis. Judicial and policy development of key statutory concepts could guide a more effective response to incremental environmental change, and should be informed by experience of domestic, comparative and international legal approaches to controlling cumulative environmental effects.

Physiological response of spinach to toxic heavy metal stress.

This study was carried out to investigate the concentration of two heavy metals, i.e., mercury (Hg) and arsenic (As) in soil and plant. Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) was used as a test vegetable in a pot experiment. Five spiked concentrations of both the metals along with sewage water were used as treatments. The analyses of the metals were determined in two cuttings. The results showed significant effect of treatments on the concentration of the two metals in soil and plant. The concentrations of As recorded were higher in 1st spinach cutting and reduced in the second harvest. However, comparing the two metal concentrations, it was found that As was absorbed greater as compared with Hg. Analyzing the plant growth parameter, it was found that metal stress has significantly influenced the plant growth. In sewage water pots, As was significantly higher than Hg. The transfer factor from soil to plant showed higher As in plants at lower concentration, but at higher As levels, the transfer rate declined, while Hg showed it was completely inverse. Positive correlation was found between soil applied metal concentration and plant uptake. It may be concluded from the above results that spinach is a good accumulator of heavy metals and has shown significant result of both As and Hg accumulation in plant. The concentration increased with the increasing concentration in soil.

Patterns of Burns among Children up to Five Years Old in El-Minya - Egypt

تعتبر الحروق من اكثر اإوصابات تدميرا للجسم نظرا لما تخلفه من أثار تدميريه جسديه ونفسيه وماديه قد تمتد لفتره طويله لذا فهي شديدة الضرر على الأطفال خاصة في السن المبكرة حيث طبيعتهم الفضولية والمتهورة وقلة الخبرة في كيفية التفاعل مع الحدث وتقييم الخطر والضرر ولهذا فقد تم التركيز في هذا البحث على هؤلاء الأطفال في واحده من محافظات صعيد مصر حيث التشابه في الظروف الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والبيئية وكان الهدف من البحث : وصف أنماط إصابات الحروق والسلق في الأطفال 5 سنوات فاقل في محافظة المنيا للوقوف جيدا واستيعاب لماذا مثل تلك الإصابات مستمرة في الحدوث رغم خطورتها ورغم الجهود المبذولة ولوضع خطط أوليه لمنعها والوقاية منها. وعلى مدار عامين من الدراسة تم حصر حالات الحرق والسلق للأطفال 5 سنوات فأقل الذين ترددوا على أقسام الطوارئ الخاصة بالحروق بمستشفى المنيا الجامعي ومستشفى مغاغه المركزي ومستشفى ملوى المركزي ومستشفى بنى مزار المركزي ومستشفى العدوة المركزي بمحافظة المنيا وكانت البيانات المأخوذة من الحالات تتضمن السن والنوع والجزء المصاب والمادة المسببة وكيفية ونوع الإصابة والتصرف مع الإصابة. وقد اسفرت النتائج عن حصر2117 حاله وكانت نسبة الإصابة في الذكور (61.4%) والإناث (55.6%) والإصابات معظمها إصابات سلقيه (81.4%) مقابل (18.6%) للحروق وكانت الحروق معظمها نتيجة ملامسة ماده ساخنه (69.4%) ومعظمها تحدث داخل المنزل (71.8%) وكان الأطفال ألأقل من عامين الأكثر تعرضاً لخطر الإصابة بالحروق والسلق وكانت الإصابات السلفية الأكثر إقامه بالمستشفيات وقد استحوذ الماء الساخن والحساء (59%) من المواد المسببة للإصابات السلقية. أما كيفية الإصابة بالحروق السلقية فقد كان هناك طريقتان استحوذتا (54.2%) من كيفية الإصابة أولهما أن الطفل يصل إلى الوعاء المملوء بالمادة الساخنة ويجذبه من فوق الموقد وثانيهما أن ألطفل يمسك أو يقلب أو يسفك الوعاء المملوء بالمادة الساخنة على نفسه. وقد احتل صدارة الجسم على (93%) من الإصابات السلقية معظمها في الوجه والأذرع والطرف العلوى. الاستنتاج: تعرض الأطفال لإصابات الحروق مشكله شائعه وأكثرها حدةً في صعيد مصر وواجبنا أن نوفر لكل أطفالنا محيطاً آمناً فيه ينمون ولكى نقلل الانتشار الهائل لمثل تلك الإصابات بصعيد مصر علينا أن نضع خططاً وقائيةً هدفها بيئة آمنه بالمنزل من خلال الندوات والتوعية الأسرية والدعم المادي للأسر الفقيرة وسن القوانين وصناعة مواقد آمنه وإضاءة فعالة وآمنة.

Telling the boiling frog what he needs to know: why climate change risks should be plotted as probability over time

Abstract. Humanity's situation with respect to climate change is sometimes compared to that of a frog in a slowly boiling pot of water, meaning that change will happen too gradually for us to appreciate the likelihood of catastrophe and act before it is too late. I argue that the scientific community is not yet telling the boiling frog what he needs to know. I use a review of the figures included in two reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to show that much of the climate science communicated to policymakers is presented in the form of projections of what is most likely to occur, as a function of time (equivalent to the following statement: in 5 min time, the water you are sitting in will be 2 ∘C warmer). I argue from first principles that a more appropriate means of assessing and communicating the risks of climate change would be to produce assessments of the likelihood of crossing non-arbitrary thresholds of impact, as a function of time (equivalent to the following statement: the probability of you being boiled to death will be 1 % in 5 min time, rising to 100 % in 20 min time if you do not jump out of the pot). This would be consistent with approaches to risk assessment in fields such as insurance, engineering, and health and safety. Importantly, it would ensure that decision makers are informed of the biggest risks and hence of the strongest reasons to act. I suggest ways in which the science community could contribute to promoting this approach, taking into account its inherent need for cross-disciplinary research and for engagement with decision makers before the research is conducted instead of afterwards.

The “Pots of Water” Emerging Framework for Alumni Engagement: Examining How Alumni Make Sense of Their Relationships with their Alma Maters

The “Pots of Water” Emerging Framework for Alumni Engagement: Examining How Alumni Make Sense of Their Relationships with their Alma Maters

Performance Analysis of Non Burn Cooking Device Using Commercial Grade Quicklime as Heating Fuel

The need for portability and easy to handle devices has been felt by the trekkers and campers. In a country like Nepal, with tough geographical terrain and changing climates, a non burn cooking alternative is sought for outdoor cooking. Quicklime or Calcium Oxide (CaO) is commercially available in abundance. CaO releases 64 kJ of heat during slaking at Normal temperature and Pressure. Boiling of water, preparing tea, boiling egg, preparing omelet and preparing instant noodles were tested with an average of 32.7 % deviation from theoretical values without considering the manufacturing specification of 90 % purity. Calculating with the manufacturing specification, the error reduced to 27.3 %. Though cooking is correlated to the subjective preference of individuals, the highest cooking temperature was recorded 86.5 °C (boiling water), and the highest temperature of inner pot reached was 121.1 °C in that case. The highest temperature reached in each of cooking purposes were respectively as; boiling egg on water(75.6 °C), boiling egg without using water (11.2 °C), preparing tea(85.9 °C) and preparing instant noodles (68.3 °C). The quantity of cooing material resulted in higher efficiencies as evident by the factor that minimum deviation from theoretical calculation was seen during the cooking of noodles (17.5 %) and the maximum deviation was observed during preparation of boiled egg without using water or secondary pot (58.5 %). The device was not found financially feasible for household cooking and for cases where transportation cost incurred is high; the device was financially feasible (Rs. 14 as compared to above Rs. 400 and Rs. 250 of LPG based and kerosene based cooking respectively).

Design of energy utilization test for a biomass cook stove: Formulation of an optimum air flow recipe

Biomass is a major source of fuel in many developing countries and used in cook stoves. The water boiling test or its variants are used to evaluate the performance. The evaluation is on an average basis throughout the test and does not provide the dynamics of the energy transfer process. To provide a better insight on this transfer process, the present study demonstrates energy utilization test, which enables analysis of the performance parameters with respect to time. The WBT experimental set up is modified to measure the variation of biomass fuel consumption and water evaporation separately with time by incorporating the separate top mounted weighing balance. The new variable, weight of the water pot, variation with time is also observed along with other standard WBT variables. This new test is validated by performing several experiments. It provides insights on the time-dependent behavior of thermal efficiency and other parameters when performed at different air flow rates. Based on the test results, a new air flow recipe is developed which provides better performance and outlines the significance of energy utilization test. With the formulated recipe, the runtime has improved to nearly 85 min which is an increase of more than 30%.

Handcraft as luxury in Bangladesh: Weaving jamdani in the twenty-first century

Abstract The practice of making things by hand in the Indian subcontinent is centuries old. Many, if not most, artefacts were handcrafted until the late twentieth century and some are still. From handwoven textiles made from handspun and hand-dyed cloth, printed and embroidered by hand; to brass water pots beaten out by hand, making a deafening noise, and handloom carpet weaving in the Indian town of Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh. Many of these crafts and their associated livelihoods are now almost extinct or under threat (Radzan 2007). By the late seventeenth century, Bengal in Western India had become the centre of a worldwide silk and cotton textile trade, notably in the largescale hand production of muslin and jamdani – exceptionally fine plain and figured woven cottons made specifically in the area around Dhaka, capital of independent Bangladesh since 1971. In the late eighteenth century, Dhaka, then part of Bengal, also had royal workshops devoted to producing fine cotton muslins exclusively for royal consumption (Latif 1997: 43). A length of Mulmul khas, or ‘special muslin’, measuring 22 yards by one yard (20.11 × 0.91 metres) took up to six months to weave. It could only be made when the air was moist enough to prevent the fibres from breaking. With a drastic decline in fine handweaving, however, the exceptional textile traditions of Bangladesh today are precarious. This article focuses on the situation of jamdani weaving, indigenous to a specific geographical area now in Bangladesh; it argues that the survival of traditional muslin and jamdani making has to be considered not as a ‘folk craft’, but as the production of the refined luxury fabric it was historically. While there are other traditional textiles being made by hand in Bangladesh today, this short article will focus on the handweaving of jamdani.

The Improvement of Phytomediation on the Treatment Effectiveness of Heavy Metals with Energy Sunflower Plants with Calcium Peroxide and Phytohormones

Phytomediation is an environmentally friendly green rehabilitation technology that is often incorporated with an application to improve calcium peroxide and phytohormones required for the growth of agricultural plants with the expectation to improve the effectiveness of plant rehabilitation. This study mainly consists of two parts: (1) water culture experiment and (2) pot culture experiment. In the water culture experiment, we attempt to understand the influence of the addition of calcium peroxide, phytohormones (IAA and GA3) and a chelating agent on the growth of sunflower plants. From the growth, we are then able to know the effectiveness of the addition of phytohormones. However, in the pot culture experiment, when hormones and the chelating agent EDTA are introduced to different plant groups at the same time, if the nutrition in the water required by plants is not available, the addition of the hormone cannot negate the toxicity caused by EDTA. In terms of calcium peroxide, due to quick release of oxygen in water, this study fails to apply calcium peroxide to the water culture experiment. When the pot culture experiment is used to examine the influence of hormones at different concentration levels on the growth of sunflowers, GA3 10-8M is reported to have the optimal effectiveness, followed by IAA 10-8M; IAA 10-12M has the lowest effectiveness. According to an accumulation analysis of heavy metals at different levels, GA3 concentrates in leaves to transport nutrition in soil to leaves. This results in an excellent TF value of 2.329G of GA3 than 1.845 of the control group indicating that the addition of the hormone and chelating agent to GA3 increases the TF value and the chelating agent is beneficial to the sunflower plant. If we examine phytoattenuation ability, the one-month experiment was divided into three stages for ten days each. The concentration level of heavy metals in the soil at each stage dropped continuously while that of the control group decreased from 31.63 mg/kg to 23.96 mg/kg, GA3 from 32.09 mg/kg to 23.04 mg/kg and EDTA from 30.65 mg/kg to 25.93 mg/kg indicating the quickest growth period of the sunflowers from the formation of the bud to blossom. During the stage, the quick upward transportation of nutrition results in quick accumulation of heavy metals; the accumulated speed of heavy metals is found higher than that of directly planted plants. This study shows an improvement in the effectiveness of the addition of hormones on plant extraction and when rehabilitation is incorporated with sunflowers with the beginning bud formation, better treatment effectiveness can be reached.

A Robust, Self-Healable, and Shape Memory Supramolecular Hydrogel by Multiple Hydrogen Bonding Interactions.

A versatile double-network (DN) hydrogel with two noncovalent crosslinked networks is synthesized by multiple hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) interactions. The DN hydrogels are synthesized via a heating-cooling photopolymerization process by adding all reactants of agar, N-acryloyl glycinamide (NAGA) and N-benzylacrylamide (NBAA) monomers, UV initiators to a single water pot. Poly(N-acryloyl glycinamide-co-N-benzyl acrylamide) (P(NAGA-co-NBAA)) with a triple amide in one side group is synthesized via UV-light polymerization between NAGA and NBAA, forming a strong intermolecular H-bonding network. Meanwhile, the intramolecular H-bonding network is formed between P(NAGA-co-NBAA) and agars. The sol-gel phase transition of agars at 86 °C generates the molecular entanglement network. Such a double network enables the hydrogel high self-healing efficiency (about 95%), good shape memory ability, and high mechanical strength (1.1 MPa). Additionally, the DN hydrogel is completely crosslinked by multiple hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) and the physical crosslinking of agar without extra potential toxic chemical crosslinker. The DN hydrogels find extensive applications in the biomedical materials due to their excellent biocompatibility.

Comparative Study of Al2O3 Nanofluid Heat Pipes Using Various Inclinations with Water Based Heat Pipes

An experimental study is carried out in order to quantify the net heat transfer from evaporator region of a heat pipe to the cold water poured inside cooling water pot mounted on the condenser end of the heat pipe. For this purpose a setup is designed in order to accommodate five heat pipes out of which four of them are charged with nanofluid in the increasing order such that the concentrations by the total volume of working fluid were 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 1% respectively and remaining one consisting pure water. For preparation of nanofluids water is used as the base fluid because of its reliability to high temperature and ease of availability. Nanoparticles of the size of 100nm were manufactured in nanolabs and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) analysis is carried out. 20 RTDs (4 RTDs for each heat pipe) were used to measure the local wall temperature; five heaters are mounted at the bottom of heat pipe to heat the evaporator region of heat pipe, and a control panel consisting of temperature indicator, voltmeter and ammeter. A heat input in the steps of 25W is given to the evaporator and the performance is monitored for various concentrations by varying inclinations of heat pipes with respect to horizontal. The tests are stopped after a heat input of 100W. All the tried inclinations (30⁰,45⁰,60⁰,90⁰) proved that there is increase in the net heat transfer rate when heat pipes are charged with nanofluids than that of water.

Effects of operational mode on particle size and number emissions from a biomass gasifier cookstove

Interest in the size distribution of particles emitted from biomass cookstoves stems from the hypothesis that exposure to ultrafine particles is more detrimental to human health than exposure to accumulation mode or other size regimes. Previous studies have reported that gasifier cookstoves emit smaller particles than other cookstove designs under steady operating conditions. In the present study, the number size distribution of particles emitted from a forced-air gasifier cookstove was measured at 1 Hz as the stove transitioned between several steady and transient operating modes. During normal operation, when the stove functioned as a top-lit updraft gasifier, the distribution was bimodal, with peaks at 10 nm and 40 nm, when a pot of water was on the stove. The distribution became unimodal with a peak at 10 nm when the pot was removed. Once the fuel bed had completely gasified and the secondary flame extinguished, the concentration of particles increased and the peak in number concentration shifted to a...

Environmental sensitivity as a trigger of erythema nodosum and perimenopausal symptoms

A 45-year-old woman presented to the University of Arizona Integrative Medicine Clinic for advice on managing recurrent erythema nodosum (EN), along with recent onset perimenopausal symptoms. Her painful EN flares...

The Use of Water Features in the Palace Landscapes of the Late Ottoman Era

Despite palaces reflect the cultural characteristics of their period they also reflect the life styles of people who lived in these sites and the artistic properties and construction techniques of the period. Garden culture has emerged as an outcome of human-nature relationships and changed and developed throughout history with the geographical, historical and socio-economic conditions of each period. Water features have always appeared as crucial design components in Turkish gardens. It is remarkable that fountains and dispensers, designed for meeting water utilization need, were also used for sound and cooling purposes. Water in Turkish gardens emerged as rich forms including dispensers, water pots and stagnant and running water. Pools were in the shapes of foursquare, rectangular or square starting from early Ottoman Period until the 18 th century and subsequently, round and curvilinear-shaped pools took their place. Pool interiors were brightened by various means starting from the 18 th century and for this purpose, islands, grotto made of artificial rocks, waterfalls and passages in the form of bridges were built in the middle. However, fountains and dispensers have been significant water features in every period. In this research, water features (pools, fountains, dispensers, waterfalls and grottos) situated in Yildiz Palace Gardens, erected as the final premises of the Ottoman Empire by Sultan II Abdulhamid and in Beylerbeyi Palace Gardens, constructed by Sultan Abdulaziz as a summer sea-side palace, will be scrutinized. Design and structural characteristics of water features that reached today and are situated in the palace gardens will be discussed based on the collected data and suggestions will be made for the current preservation issues.

Electrophysiology of Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia.

Electrophysiology of Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia.

Functional Demarcation of Traditional Off-White Colored Water Pots Manufactured from Rajasthan Clayey Soils and Red Colored Water Pots from Gujarat Clayey Soils Using Spectrographic, Cooling and Strength Studies--A Case Study from Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

ABSTRACTOff-white water pots have had sustained traditional acceptance for a long period of time in Jodhpur compared to red colored water pots imported from the neighboring Gujarat state. Both types of pots hold 20 liters of potable water. The fluorescence spectroscopy reveals dominance of silica, alumina and iron oxide in red pots from Gujarat whereas off-white pots from Rajasthan also have a slight excess of CaO and MgO. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy reveals a firing temperature of 800 °C for off-white pots, which is comparatively less than that for red pots. A lower amount of Fe2O3 and higher MgO in off-white compared to red water pots is responsible for the color differentiation. Off-white pots show a better degree of cooling compared to red pots. Better resistance to load was observed in off-white pots compared to red pots. This study may imply influence of hidden techno-functional aspects towards sustainability of off-white pots in Jodhpur, Rajasthan.

フィン付き湯沸し鍋の沸騰特性

フィン付き湯沸し鍋の沸騰特性

Design, Estimate, Costing and Execution of a Two Tier Outdoor Fountain

A two tier outdoor fountain was designed to showcase the ornamental work and functionality of a concrete structure. The fountain is 3800 mm. The size of the footing mat is 1800mm X 1800mm. Diameter of the column is 450mm. The overall thickness of foundation is 350mm whereas the thickness at the edge is 200mm. The concrete used for the entire construction is of either M15 or M20 grade. This thickness was designed based on the requirement of bending, punching shear and beam shear. Two bowls were constructed at a certain height distance apart. The top of the fountain gives a shape of an earthen water pot with an opening at the top. The opening is fitted with a foam shower. There are 64 Nos. of nozzle jets are fitted all along in the inner part of the parapet wall in circumferential pattern that throws water to the bowls. Finally a 1HP pump is installed inside the static water storage of the fountain and four Nos. of coloured water proof flood lights were fitted at four elevated corners. The total cost of the fountain is estimated around one lakh forty six thousand and seventy two only in INR till execution. The design parameters are prepared by the authors taking different design factors.