Waterfall Research Articles

Design characteristics of showering aeration system

AbstractThe showering aeration system (SAS) was designed and its performance was evaluated by conducting the aeration experiments in a tank of dimension 2 × 4 × 1.5 m. Initially, the aeration experiments were conducted to optimize the radius of curvature of the SAS with different values, such as = 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mm, and maintain other geometric parameters, i.e. number of holes in the shower (); height of water fall (H); diameter of the shower hole (d); volume of water under aeration (V) and water flow rate (Q) as constants. The optimum radius of curvature () was found to be 10 mm. The aeration experiments were further conducted with four different non-dimensional geometric parameters such as the number of holes , the ratio of the height of water fall to the length of shower arm the ratio of the diameter of the hole to the length of shower arm and the ratio of the volume of water to the cube of the length of shower arm The Response Surface Methodology and Box–Behnken Design were used to optimize the non-dimensional geometric parameters of the SAS to maximize the Non-Dimensional Standard Aeration Efficiency. The result indicates that the maximum NDSAE of 16.98 × 106 was obtained from the SAS performance at = 80; = 2; = 4 and = 48.

Sharpshooting dwarf gouramis target dinner with dribbly jets

The roll call of animals that use tools continues growing; from twig-wielding birds and primates to dolphins stirring up prey with sponges and even water-squirting fish. ‘To be considered a tool, an object: must not be part of the animal itself; must be an unattached or manipulable attached environmental object; and be manipulated to achieve some beneficial outcome’, says Nick Jones from the University of St Andrews, UK. Targeted jets of water fall easily within this definition. Of course, the pre-eminent jet sharpshooter is the archerfish, famed for its precision and 2 m spurts. But dwarf gouramis (Trichogaster lalius) are also capable of aiming a squirt, albeit on a more diminutive scale. ‘Their shots reach a limited height of 5 cm’, says Jones, yet no one really knew if these fish spit water to dislodge lunch, simply do it for the sheer pleasure, or whether females even have the ability. Jones teamed up with animal tool use expert Barbara Klump (Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Germany), Teresa Abaurrea (University of Helsinki, Finland), and Sophie Harrower, Clare Marr, Louise Scott, Luke Rendell and Mike Webster from the University of St Andrews to check out the spitting prowess of dwarf gouramis. ‘Male dwarf gouramis build nests of bubbles that they make by sucking in air at the surface and then blowing bubbles coated with their saliva’, says Jones, who was curious to find out whether bubble blowing provides jet-squirting male dwarf gouramis with an advantage over the females. Jones, Marr and Harrower trained both sexes to target a black bead with a jet of water, in return for fish food pellet rewards, to test their sharpshooting abilities and recall that the gouramis were very cooperative. ‘The first week we got females in the lab, one started shooting on day two’, says Jones.So, it was quickly clear that the females were equally as enthusiastic as the males at taking pot-shots. ‘I easily won my bet with my supervisor [Mike Webster] that they would shoot as well as males’, chuckles Jones. In addition, when the team tested whether five untrained female gouramis could dislodge a fly or cricket wandering along a dowel located 2 cm above the water, most successfully aimed their sloppy jets, enthusiastically taking a shot by the time the third insect came into range. Some of the successful hunters even stopped for a nibble after bringing down their prey.Then, Scott tested the range of the gouramis’ jets, spending days training the fish to spit at a blob of plasticine at heights ranging from 1 to 5 cm above the water, rewarding the fish with a tasty bloodworm snack even when they didn't hit the target, to ensure that the fish always took a shot. And it turned out that the popular pet-trade animals had steely determination, doggedly squirting at the target up to 10 times before successfully landing a shot. However, the fish seemed to have a good sense of their own limitations, hesitating longer and taking fewer shots at plasticine blobs placed toward the upper end of their range (4 and 5 cm). The team also noticed that the fish that were quicker on the draw tended to down their prey more often and kept firing for longer until they successfully struck the target; they are definitely determined sharpshooters.So, dwarf gouramis can add their name to the list of water squirters capable of downing dinner with a ballistic jet, albeit a shorter dribblier imitation of the archerfish's high-precision fluid missiles.

Analysis of precipitation microstructure characteristic during Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) using micro rain radar (MRR) and disdrometer in South Tangerang

Rain microstructure is a critical aspect to understand the dynamics and microphysics character of the clouds. It is characterized by the distribution of size, fall velocity and shape of raindrop. Raindrop size distribution (DSD) explains the detail of the microphysical process because it represents a process of rain to the surface. One of the phenomena that influence the rain patterns in Indonesia is Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO). Therefore, observing rain microstructure with its relation to MJO can determine the differences in rainfall characteristic and microphysical processes during active and inactive MJO period. The data used in this study are Micro Rain Radar (MRR), disdrometer, and real-time multivariate (RMM) index data. The period/date selection of active MJO event performed using RMM index method is more than 1 in phases 4 and 5 and otherwise for inactive MJO. Types of rain are divided into stratiform and convective rain based on disdrometer data. From that, there are 46 active and 52 inactive MJO events. Rain microstructure in this study focuses on DSD from disdrometer and micro rain radar data analyzed with liquid water content profile, fall velocity, reflectivity, and rain rate from MMR. Besides, there are parameters of DSD, which are the mass-weighted diameter (Dm) and total concentration (Nw), calculated using the moment and gamma distribution method. The result shows that DSD and other parameters are greater during inactive MJO period. It means that process of collision-coalescence, evaporation, and updraft is dominant during inactive MJO period.

안도 다다오 유민 미술관의 건축 어휘 및 공간 구성적 특성

Purpose: The Yumin Art Museum Designed by Ando Tadod is located at Seopjikoji in Jeju Island, Korea. The environment of site is surrounded by beautiful nature such as ocean, small hills, and legendary rock. His attitude to respect the existing nature and local conditions is expressed in this museum. First, this research studies the site condition, environment, and background related to the tradition and culture of Jeju Island. Next, it analyze the axis of site plan and landscape design with symbolic gardens representing Jeju Island. The floor plan and zoning, circulation, elevation, and section of main exhibition gallery are discussed in detail. This museum is small but provides rich and dramatic experiences through space layout, light contrast, and building materials. This research will be helpful to design an ideal museum in the future. Method: By reviewing precedent theses and articles related to the Yumin Art Museum, the design strategies and points to achieve Ando Tadao’s basic philosophy will be examined. The research is developed by visiting and experience this museum several times, studying and analysing the architectural drawings, and interviewing with the museum staffs. Result: Ando Tadao suggest the best way that Yumin Art Museum exist with nature harmoniously by putting the main exhibition galleries in the underground level and exposing the building at a minimum. Moreover, he tried to understand tradition, culture, material, and nature of Jeju Island and consider its local characteristic into architectural design. The landscape design is consists of the garden of Stone, Woman, and Wind which is the three representatives of Jeju Island. The basalt is used for the building material with exposed concrete besides Jeju’s traditional stone wall around the museum. Through the spacial experience from ticket center, the gardens, water fall, and the main exhibition galleries underground, the Yumin Art Museum reveals Ando Tadao’s architectural language and philosophy very well.

Catalysis of Chlorovirus Production by the Foraging of Bursaria truncatella on Paramecia bursaria Containing Endosymbiotic Algae.

Chloroviruses are large viruses that replicate in chlorella-like green algae and normally exist as mutualistic endosymbionts (referred to as zoochlorellae) in protists such as Paramecium bursaria. Chlorovirus populations rise and fall in indigenous waters through time; however, the factors involved in these virus fluctuations are still under investigation. Chloroviruses attach to the surface of P. bursaria but cannot infect their zoochlorellae hosts because the viruses cannot reach the zoochlorellae as long as they are in the symbiotic phase. Predators of P. bursaria, such as copepods and didinia, can bring chloroviruses into contact with zoochlorellae by disrupting the paramecia, which results in an increase in virus titers in microcosm experiments. Here, we report that another predator of P. bursaria, Bursaria truncatella, can also increase chlorovirus titers. After two days of foraging on P. bursaria, B. truncatella increased infectious chlorovirus abundance about 20 times above the controls. Shorter term foraging (3 h) resulted in a small increase of chlorovirus titers over the controls and more foraging generated more chloroviruses. Considering that B. truncatella does not release viable zoochlorellae either during foraging or through fecal pellets, where zoochlorellae could be infected by chlorovirus, we suggest a third pathway of predator virus catalysis. By engulfing the entire protist and digesting it slowly, virus replication can occur within the predator and some of the virus is passed out through a waste vacuole. These results provide additional support for the hypothesis that predators of P. bursaria are important drivers of chlorovirus population sizes and dynamics.

Distribution and density of six large whale species in the New York Bight from monthly aerial surveys 2017 to 2020

This multi-year study investigated the density and distribution of six large whale species in the New York Bight (NYB): the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus), fin whale (B. physalus), humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis), sei whale (B. borealis), and sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus). During 36 line-transect aerial surveys conducted systematically nearshore out to 120 nm from March 2017 to February 2020, 318 total sightings of these species were recorded. Sighting rates varied by season and distance from shore. The combined density of the six species, uncorrected for detectability on the survey line (g[0]), was 1.7 individuals/1,000 km2, and average annual abundance was estimated to be 76 whales (CV = 21.2%) in the NYB survey area. When species-specific corrections for trackline detectability bias were applied, the overall density estimate increased to 6.3 individuals/1,000 km2 and 272 average annual abundance. Sightings were characterized within four habitat distribution zones based on depth or distance from shore out to 250 nm. Humpback and fin whales occurred in greater numbers than the other four species and were recorded in all years, in all four seasons, at minimum at least once in each month, and from nearshore to offshore in all habitat zones. Right whales were seen in all seasons except summer and occurred mainly in the shelf zone. Sperm whales were seen in all seasons and in all months except May and November, mainly in offshore waters in the plain. Blue whales were seen in fall and winter in offshore waters, and sei whales in spring on the shelf and slope. All large whales were most frequently sighted in the shelf zone with similar albeit lower numbers seen in the slope and plain habitat. Large whale sighting rates were highest during summer, followed by spring. Results from these surveys provide valuable data on the year-round occurrence of large whales, including blue and sei whales which have rarely been recorded in Atlantic seaboard waters west of Cape Cod, and provide a basis for management and conservation efforts in the NYB. These data can inform assessments of current measures to protect large whales from anthropogenic threats like fishing, shipping, and offshore wind development in the NYB, as well as evaluations of specific potential impacts of such activities (e.g., site-specific take estimates and noise exposures).

Centrifugal model test of deformation law under different reservoir water fluctuation rates: Muyubao landslide case study

Many ancient landslides have become active due to the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir. Considering the Muyubao landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir area as the research object, we analyzed the long-term deformation law since the impoundment of the reservoir and conducted centrifugal model tests of the landslide deformation process under different reservoir water fluctuation rates. The monitoring data analysis reveals that the deformation of the Muyubao landslide is mainly affected by the elevation of the reservoir water level and its rising and falling rate. A deformation greater than 30 mm mainly occurs at the water level of 165–175 m. A higher reservoir water rising rate promotes landslide deformation, with a monthly cumulative displacement of above 30 mm in the reservoir water rising stage. Further, a lower reservoir water decline rate can promote several landslide deformation events with monthly cumulative displacement greater than 30 mm. A Centrifugal model test demonstrates the Muyubao landslide deformation to the hydrodynamic buoyancy pressure of reservoir water. The head difference inside and outside the slope is minimal when the reservoir water rising and the falling rate is small, and the reservoir water buoyancy controls the deformation of landslides. However, the head difference inside and outside the slope increases with the reservoir water rise and fall rate, leading to increased hydrodynamic pressure, which weakens the landslide deformation in the reservoir water rising stage, and strengthens the deformation in the reservoir water-falling stage. The results provide a significant reference for landslide control and reservoir operation optimization in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.

PENGARUH DEBIT AIR TERHADAP? PUTARAN?TURBIN?DAN?DAYA?OUTPUT? YANG?DIHASILKAN?PROTOTYPE PLTMH?DENGAN?TURBIN?KAPLAN

Kaplan turbine is suitable turbine to use in the place that have small water fall (head)but need big water discharge. The problem from this turbine is the turbine need high waterdischarge to test the related parameters but it is too difficult to do because the water dischargeis not constant in the river. Based on the problems described, it is necessary to make a hydropower plant prototype using a Kaplan turbine with a laboratory scale so that it can obtainmaximum output result on a micro hydro power plant. The Method of analysis used is bycalculating the rimary data obtained. Prototype testing in this study uses water discharge thatvaries including 9 liter/s, 10 liter/s, 12 liter/s, 14 liter/s and 16 liter/s. The maximum outputobtained is when the water discharge is 16 liter/s which produces a turbine rotation of 228,3 rpmbefore the generator is coupled and 172,5 rpm after the generator is coupled, the generatorrotation is 902,5 rom, the generator voltage is 9,07 Volts, the generator current is 0,56Amperes, generator power is 5,09 Watt, torque is 0,28 Nm, and the efficiency occurs 1,62%.Based on the result of the study, the maximum output obtained is from the water discharge 16liter/s which is the biggest water discharge because an increase in the value of water dischargewill cause the micro hydro power plant performance to increase.

Triangle of Environment, Water and Energy: A Sociological Appraisal

Triangle of Environment, Water and Energy: A Sociological Appraisal

Creep Properties of Altered Rock Subjected to Water Influx-Lost Cycles

Creep properties of altered granite were changed due to water level rise and fall in the tailings ponds. In this paper, the effects of water influx-lost cycles on the creep properties were tested. The axial load was applied with the 30%, 40%, 60%, 75% and 100% of the triaxial compressive strength, the rock creep test results showed that: (1) Significant creep effects of altered granite subjected to water influx-lost cycles, the creep stages were included decay creep stage, steady creep stage, and accelerated creep stage. It was found that the creep strain gradually increases with of the number of water influx-lost cycles increases, and the ratio of the maximum creep strain to total strain can reach 10.42%. (2) The degradation of long-term strength of altered granite subjected to water influx-lost cycles was studied, the long-term strength was decreased from 32.13 to 5.46 MPa. The relationship between the long-term strength and number of cycles was indicated by an exponential function. It was found that water influx-lost cycles have adversely effects on the long-term stability of the tailing pond slope, and the research results are of great significance to the prevention of slope engineering disasters.

A Trusted Water Fall Model for Efficient Data Transmission in VANET

Vehicular adhoc networks are slowly gaining importance as the demand for faster communication increases. The vehicular nodes need to communicate securely via an established and effective route. Control and protocol information between the vehicles is transmitted using the technique of broadcasting. The nodes are never stagnant and even though their energy rarely dissipates, the high mobility of the nodes poses quite a problem. Lack of an established infrastructure is a major issue and needs to be addressed in order to achieve maximum performance. We have designed a novel waterfall model focusing on a robust broadcasting method. The OLSR protocol is enhanced using a robust MPR technique, which helps in mitigating the circulation of duplicate packets within the network. The RMPR subset of the OLSR protocol is capable of handling transmission errors and the hidden and exposed terminal problems prevalent in the VANET environment. The inclusion of a waterfall model enables the proposed technique to maximize throughput and minimize the delay in the network. The waterfall model works in two major phases. The first phase incorporates the Cognitive radio scheme for effective channel allocation and utilization.The RMPR technique is implemented in the second phase which focuses on utilizing the neighbor nodes to transmit the packets successfully towards the destination. The RMPR scheme aims to categorize the neighboring nodes as either one hop or 2-hop neighboring nodes. Additionally, the uncategorized nodes are further probed to find a second subset of 2-hop nodes which would speed up the transmission. The implementation of these two important phases into the classic waterfall model helps to streamline the activities and helps in streamlining the network activities.The proposed waterfall model RMPR technique is analyzed with protocols like MMPR–OLSR and the OLSR protocols to determine the effectiveness of the proposed protocol. The performance analysis is carried out using the NS2 simulator. The techniques that are compared are evaluated using major network parameters like throughput, delay, PDR and channel utilization. It is evident that the proposed protocol is able to maximize the PDR than the existing techniques.

Epicuticular Wax Rice Mutants Show Reduced Resistance to Rice Water Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Plant structural traits can act as barriers for herbivore attachment, feeding, and oviposition. In particular, epicuticular waxes (EWs) on the aerial surfaces of many land plants offer protection from biotic and abiotic stresses. In rice (Oryza sativa L.), mutations that reduce EWs have been previously reported. However, whether such mutations affect rice water weevil (Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel) and fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith) performance has not been investigated yet. These pests cause significant economic problems in important rice-producing areas of the United States. The aim of our study was to characterize the EWs of EW mutants and wild-type rice plants by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and compare the resistance of mutant and wild-type plants against rice water weevil and fall armyworm. We hypothesized that mutants with reduced EWs would have weaker resistance to pests than wild-type plants. Three mutant lines (6-1A, 7-17A, and 11-39A) and their wild-type parent (cv. ‘Sabine’) were used to test this hypothesis. Levels of EWs were significantly lower in mutant lines than in the wild-type, and qualitative differences in EW composition were also observed. Reduction in EWs significantly affected performance of insects in experiments conducted under greenhouse conditions. Experiments with rice water weevils were conducted in arenas in which females were given a choice of the mutants and the wild-type for oviposition. Number of first instars emerging from the three EW mutants (an indication of oviposition preference) was higher on the three EW mutants than on wild-type plants with normal wax levels. Similarly, in no-choice experiments using whole plants or detached leaves, weight gains of armyworms on leaves were higher on the mutant lines than on the wild-type. These results indicate that EW traits are involved in rice resistance to weevils and armyworms. Understanding the plant traits that contribute to resistance to rice pests will be helpful for the development of resistant varieties for reducing pest insect damage.

Community aquatic therapy for Parkinson’s disease: an international qualitative study

Purpose To explore the opinions of people living with Parkinson’s disease about access to and participation in community aquatic therapy. Methods Focus groups and individual interviews were conducted with people living with Parkinson’s disease in Ireland (n = 24) and Australia (n = 10). All discussions were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and thematically analysed. Results Four main themes were identified. Primarily, participants were optimistic about their reasons for choosing aquatic therapy and found it beneficial to their health and well-being. Optimal components of aquatic therapy identified were access to individually tailored aquatic programs, completed as a minimum once a week, at a moderate to high-intensity level, and guided by a credentialed instructor. Fear was a significant barrier for a small proportion of participants and was linked to water competence, past experiences, and fall risk associated with the aquatic environment. Participants identified a strong need for education and increased awareness about aquatic therapy benefits to promote greater engagement. Conclusion Aquatic therapy is a popular exercise choice for people with Parkinson’s disease, especially in the early to middle disease stages. Considering the views of people living with Parkinson’s disease can aid the design and implementation of interventions and future aquatic research internationally. Implications for Rehabilitation Aquatic therapy is emerging as an effective physiotherapy approach for managing motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. Little is known regarding community-based aquatic therapy programs from the perspectives of people living with Parkinson’s disease internationally. People with Parkinson’s disease may benefit from timely information about the unique benefits, prerequisites, and local aquatic therapy facilities to promote greater uptake of aquatic programs. Tailored aquatic therapy interventions delivered within a group setting by a credentialed healthcare professional may increase long-term adherence.

The prototype for measuring the height and monitoring of river water quality based on the Internet of Things

Abstract. Technology continues to develop from year to year which aims to simplify human work or automation of a system. The concept of measuring the water level is automatically applied to the river in front of the Tanggulangin tourism market, which aims to make it easier for residents to check the river water level in real time via the internet network. By utilizing the DS18B20 sensor to find out the temperature which has 97.85% accuracy and the HC-SR04 ultrasonic distance sensor which has 100% accuracy at a distance of less than 20 CM to find out the water level based on changes in the distance value on the sensor as an indication of the rise and fall of river water. From the sensor, the sensor is controlled with the Arduino UNO and NodeMCU microcontroller board to make the system work automatically, as well as the use of the MIT App Inventor to create android applications and to support the internet of things system. From the results of this research, it is obtained: (1). In the HC-SR04 ultrasound sensor test, the stability of the measurement value is very good, seen from the standard deviation value. (2). In testing the DS18B20 temperature sensor with a standard thermometer ratio has a difference of 0.7 ° C accuracy with an accuracy of 97.85% so that it can be used as a measurement tool. (3). On the TDS sensor, the standard deviation can be between 130-141 ppm which indicates this tool can function properly. (4). On the LCD, it can work properly and is ready to use in a system that functions to display information carried out by the microcontroller. (5). For pH sensors, this sensor can measure the degree of acidity / basicity of water between 1-10 pH.

Development of a Small Hydropower Plant (SHP); A Review Study of Erin-Ijesa Water Fall, Erin-ijesa, Osun State, Nigeria

Energy demand has been on the increase globally due to the increase in population, urbanization and industrialization. In developing countries, while the rate of energy consumption is increasing, supply which is usually produced from fossil fuels is depleting resulting in energy shortage and pollution. Hence the need to explore alternative or renewable sources of energy to meet current and future energy demand. This paper examines the potential of Erin-Ijesa waterfall as a possible source of power supply to Erin-Ijesa community. The erratic supply of electricity in Nigeria, Erin-Ijesa community inclusive makes it paramount to consider generating electricity from the waterfall. Towards achieving this, the waterfalls data were obtained from Osun State Water Corporation Board Secretariat in Osogbo and a survey was conducted on site at Erin-Ijesa water falls where the flow and the head parameters were collected. The falls gives gross head of 200m with water flow rate of 0.85m3/s. These two parameters were used in the standard hydroelectric power (SHP) equations. The results obtained gave a theoretical power of 1.4MW, compared with the required power consumption of 1MW by the inhabitants of Erin-Ijesa community. A deviation of +0.4 from the required power consumption. It was also observed that the generated power from the falls will be sufficient to supply the entire community. The viability of small hydropower plant and the reduction in design time were established. Small hydropower plant will perform well if explored and executed in Erin-Ijesa, and in Nigeria at large.

Cover Feature: Direct Oxidative Nitrogen Fixation from Air and H2O by a Water Falling Film Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor at Ambient Pressure and Temperature (ChemSusChem 6/2021)

Cover Feature: Direct Oxidative Nitrogen Fixation from Air and H₂O by a Water Falling Film Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor at Ambient Pressure and Temperature (ChemSusChem 6/2021)

Certain Investigations and an experimental approach for the kerbside Rainwater collection

Rainwater is a free and renewable source used for domestic purposes but due to storage constraints, 36% of rain water is used in India even though heavy rainfall occurs during monsoon months. Nowadays the roads and their development in city environments are incalculable. The outstanding backlog is that most of the time, the drainage is filled by rain that falls on roads lead to less possibility of rain water usage. This work describes of saving rain water via external sensor -equipped pipes attached to the roadside. Whenever rain water fall on sensors it will be sensed, so that the pipes will open and rain water will fall through the fitted pipes and further it is transferred to storage tank with the aid of servo motors and DC motors. Through this prototype construction the rain water quantity of 55% is getting saved and also supports for ground water recharge

Direct Oxidative Nitrogen Fixation from Air and H2 O by a Water Falling Film Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor at Ambient Pressure and Temperature.

Current industrial production of HNO3 relies on the Ostwald process via catalytic oxidation of NH3 , which is responsible for the vast bulk of CO2 emission. An attractive alternative route to HNO3 is direct N2 oxidation to aqueous HNO3 , which avoids the NH3 intermediate. Herein, we for the first time report a non-thermal plasma-assisted nitrogen fixation process characteristic of a large gas-liquid contact based on the water falling film dielectric barrier discharge, wherein HNO3 is produced directly from ambient air and H2 O at atmospheric pressure and room temperature without the presence of any catalytic material. By optimizing the plasma reaction conditions, a relatively high synthesis rate and low energy consumption was achieved at the same time with good product selectivity.

Efficient Degradation of Tetracycline in Aqueous Solution Using a Coupled Z-Scheme ZnO/g-C <sub>3</sub>N <sub>4</sub>/Zeolite P Supported Catalyst with Water Falling Film Plasma Reactor

Efficient Degradation of Tetracycline in Aqueous Solution Using a Coupled Z-Scheme ZnO/g-C <sub>3</sub>N <sub>4</sub>/Zeolite P Supported Catalyst with Water Falling Film Plasma Reactor

The Autowave Mode of the Formation of Dinitrosyl Iron Complexes with Thiol-Containing Ligands

Addition of a 20-μL drop of a mixture containing 1 mM Fe2+ + 0.5 M glutathione to the surface of 0.5 M S-nitrosoglutathione solution, which is expected to form dinitrosyl iron complexes with glutathione, generated short-lived (0.2 s) concentric ring-shaped structures in the S-nitrosoglutathione solution. The number of the ring-like structures exceeded the number of concentric circles spread across the water surface (mechanical waves) when droplets of water fall into a body of an aqueous solution. It appears likely that the ring-shaped structures observed in the S-nitrosoglutathione solution are associated with an autowave distribution of products generated during the formation of dinitrosyl iron complexes with glutathione.