Water Usage Research Articles

An Investigation of Water Resource Management in the Beverage Industry

According to studies, industrial water use comprises production processes, auxiliary processes, kitchen use, and outdoor use. Reducing industrial water use is dependent on the implementation of administrative, engineering, mechanical, and human controls. The objectives of this research were to assess the water use of a Soft Drink Plant; determine the water use ratio for a two-year period; and determine the plant’s compliance with local and international regulations for wastewater discharge. We also determined the level of success of implementing a water minimisation plan, whether there was an improvement in the Water Use Ratio, and compliance of the industry with local and international discharge regulations. The sequential transformative strategy was used to collect and analyse data so as to ascertain water usage and disposal, and a semi-structured interview was conducted to validate the non-existence of heavy metals in the wastewater discharged from the soft drink plant. The Soft Drink Plant’s Water Minimisation Plan 2013-2016 achieved a high level of success overall, with 74.42% of the activities implemented by the assigned completion dates. However, three of the five measures implemented recorded low levels of success. Paired sample t-tests revealed statistically significant differences in the water use ratio obtained for the periods 2013-2014, 2014-2015, and 2013-2015, although the differences were relatively small (t (df)=2.242, p=0.047; t (df)=2.592, p=0.025; and t (df)=6.250, p=0.000) for the respective periods. Six of the eleven tested parameters were statistically different when compared to the Coca-Cola Operating Requirements and Environmental Protection Agency standards, indicating a high variation in effluent discharge.

A Closed Loop Automated Drip Irrigation System Based on Arduino Uno

In recent years, the limited availability of irrigation water has made the optimal use of water a necessity. Successful irrigation practices in agriculture reduce excessive water usage and increase water use efficiency. Economical use of water can be made possible through modern irrigation systems. Nowadays, automatic control systems in agriculture have made significant progress and offer important advantages. In this study, a mini evaporation pan consisting of nested two cylinders was used (outer cylinder diameter 32 cm, inner cylinder diameter 27 cm, and both with a height of 20 cm) and the water remained at a constant level in both cylinders due to the notch beneath the inner cylinder. A water level sensor was placed inside the inner cylinder, and irrigation was activated based on the signal received from the sensor. The data from the sensor was processed by the microcontroller on the Arduino Uno, and three different irrigation applications were implemented by activating pumps connected to relays at 07:00, 14:00, and 21:00 o’clock, and then the mini-evaporation pan was refilled, and the system waited for the next irrigation period. The automation drip irrigation system maintained irrigation as a closed loop throughout the entire growth period of the lettuce plants using this approach. The addition of a fertilization unit to this system could make it more effective in plant production. The performance of the system will be significantly enhanced by enabling hardware that provides irrigation and fertilization to the plant according to its specific needs in terms of timing and quantity, along with appropriate software integration.

Influence of public participation in the planning phase on the outcome of water projects in Matungulu Sub-County, Machakos County

This study aimed to find out the influence of public participation in the planning phase on the phase-specific outcome and overall outcome of water projects in the Matungulu sub-county, Machakos County, Kenya. Employing a sequential mixed-method approach, data was gathered from 220 household heads, one water project manager, and eight water user committee representatives. Quantitative data analysis was done using linear regression, and the hypothesis was tested at a significance level of 0.05. A thematic approach was employed for the qualitative data analysis. Results indicated that public participation in the planning phase significantly influenced both the planning phase-specific outcome and the overall water project outcome. However, the level of public participation in the planning phase was found to be low. The study recommends that the Machakos County government officials and elected representatives prioritise public consultation and involvement in the planning phase since it ensures that water projects implemented are relevant to the needs of the local residents and enhances project ownership at an early stage. This ultimately guarantees project success and sustainability. This study provides insights to both the national and county governments on how the involvement of the local community in the planning phase fosters project ownership and leads to more sustainable water projects.

Improving Irrigation Performance of Raised Bed Furrow Using WinSRFR Model

Agricultural productivity is intricately tied to efficient water management strategies, with raised bed furrow systems being a prevalent method for irrigation. However, the optimization of these systems remains a critical area of exploration. The border irrigation method is commonly employed in developing countries for irrigation and leads to significant water loss, reduced irrigation efficiency, and increased irrigation durations. In contrast, raised bed furrow irrigation represents an improved surface irrigation technique that optimizes water usage in irrigated systems. This study seeks to assess the irrigation performance of raised bed furrows, encompassing deep percolation loss, distribution uniformity, adequacy, and application efficiency. The evaluation will be conducted for both existing conditions and an optimized scenario achieved through the application of the WinSRFR model. Field data facilitated the numerical simulation and the model was calibrated to reflect the existing irrigation system dynamics accurately. The performance of the model was assessed by utilizing the statistical indicator of root mean square error (RMSE) and revealed good agreement between advance and recession time. Results revealed that existing raised bed furrow irrigation exhibited up to 40% deep percolation loss, 80% distribution uniformity, and 60% application efficiency. Increasing furrow length had adverse effects; decreased application efficiency and distribution uniformity; and increased deep percolation losses. In contrast, reducing the furrow length and cutoff time by up to 33% and 40%, respectively, and increasing the width and inflow rate by up to 55% and 100%, respectively, enhanced the application efficiency and distribution uniformity, and minimized deep percolation loss. Overall, improved raised bed furrow irrigation provides a more efficient option and is encouraged to adopt for irrigation.

Water peaking with a three‐pillar analysis in China: Exploring the interplay of resource utilization and industrial structure

AbstractThis study introduces the innovative concept of water‐peaking theory, drawing inspiration from the theories of “peak oil” and “carbon peaking.” Employing the Environmental Kuznets Curve, Tapio's decoupling theory, and Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index decomposition, we analyze data spanning from 2006 to 2020, yielding significant findings. First, China's three industries exhibit an imbalanced structure in the utilization of water resources, necessitating the reallocation of water from the primary industry to the secondary and tertiary industries. Second, although China has not yet attained absolute water peaking, it confronts a predicament in sustainable development. Third, the primary and secondary industries demonstrate favorable decoupling of water consumption from economic growth, while the tertiary industry faces challenges in achieving historical water peaking. Fourth, drivers on the production side (technological effects, structural effects, output effects) substantially reduce water consumption across all industries, contributing to progress toward water peaking. Conversely, factors on the consumer side (population effects) play a minor role with untapped potential. This research provides valuable insights for nations worldwide in identifying historical inflection points in water resource management, pursuing sustainable pathways for industrial water usage and economic growth, and achieving environmental quality and sustainable economic development objectives. China's experiences serve as a guiding exemplar in this endeavor.

Effect of Growth Stage-based Water Stress on Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicon L.) in Semi-arid Regions of Tigray, Ethiopia

Water availability is a major concern in regions with limited water resources. Implementation of best irrigation water management methods can maximize crop yields and irrigation water use efficiency. An experiment was conducted in Laelay Koraro district, Tigray, Ethiopia for two consecutive years (2018 and 2019 off seasons) to investigate the effect of growth stage-based deficit irrigation on tomato yield, yield characteristics and water usage efficiency. The experiment used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The treatments were three irrigation levels (100%, 50%, and 25% of crop irrigation requirement) and four FAO-defined tomato growth stages (initial, developmental, mid, and late seasons). Data on agronomic parameters and irrigation water were collected and analyzed statistically. The results revealed that reducing irrigation amount by up to 75% during the development growth stage significantly decreased marketable yield by up to 66.5%. However, the highest water use efficiency (9.2kgm-3) was achieved by reducing irrigation amount by 75% at the end-growth stage of tomato. Treatments with the lowest water use efficiency (3.5kgm-3) were those receiving 75% less irrigation amount than the full requirement during the development growth stage. Irrigation deficit up to 75% of the full requirement during tomato development stages greatly affect marketable yield and water use efficiency. Therefore, the tomato crop is highly susceptible to water stress when receiving more than a 50% reduction in full irrigation requirement during its developmental growth stage.

Evolution Trend of Water Quality in the Inner Mongolia Section of the Yellow River from 2003 to 2020

The aim of this study was to comprehensively understand the water environment quality status and its change trend in the Inner Mongolia section of the Yellow River Basin. To analyze the water quality in recent years,the water quality data in the Yellow River basin from 2003 to 2020 were firstly collected from five typical monitoring stations．Various data analysis methods, including principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and a long short-term memory model, were used along with an improved comprehensive water quality identification index to explore the spatiotemporal characteristics of water quality in the Yellow River Basin. The results showed that the overall water quality in the basin has improved and stabilized over time. In terms of temporal variation, there was a distinction between the wet season and dry season, with a better status observed during the wet season due to increased agricultural irrigation and higher water volume. Spatially, the five monitoring sections could be divided into three categories based on strong natural factors that maintained their temporal characteristics during the wet season； however, significant differences were observed during the dry season due to urban water usage patterns. Analysis using LSTM models revealed that ammonia nitrogen will continue to decline and have a decreasing impact on the comprehensive water quality. These findings provide valuable insights for the comprehensive management of water quality in Inner Mongolia's Yellow River Basin.

Investigating Economic and Climate Signals in Groundwater Data

Hydrologic, climatic, regulatory and economic factors interact in complex ways to influence groundwater conditions. These relationships can be difficult to measure and model but are important for water management and for considering viable futures for regional economies. This paper proposes a strategy for an improved understanding of how groundwater levels reflect signals of regulatory, economic and climate factors. Most existing econometric studies of groundwater use focus on large-scale irrigated agriculture and urbanized areas in first world nations, where groundwater extraction data is available. In much of the world, groundwater extraction data are not available for individual farms and other water users. The goal of this study is to explore the responsiveness of groundwater levels (a more widely available measure of groundwater conditions) to regulatory, economic and climate signals in rural areas, using a growing body of remotely sensed land cover data. Pooled Ordinary Least Squares econometric models examine the effects of regulatory, climatic and economic factors on groundwater levels in rural Arizona. Groundwater regulations, recharge projects, housing units and irrigated acreage have statistically significant relationships to groundwater levels in the study areas. This approach can be valuable for understanding factors that influence groundwater conditions and which may be useful in managing groundwater use in widespread areas where groundwater extraction data is unavailable.

REDUCING OF WATER AND ENERGY RESOURCES CONSUMPTION IN IRRIGATION BASED ON RESOURCE OPTIMISATION

The need for further development of irrigation practices on the basis of nature oriented and ecologically efficient solutions is considered primarily regarding the saving of water and energy resources for the adaptation of irrigated agricultural production to the current global challenges and threats, the achievement of sustainable development goals. It is shown that there is an objective need to change methodological approaches to the assessment of overall efficiency and justification of optimal solutions in design, reconstruction, and operation projects of irrigation systems based on the principles of resource optimization. On the basis of the indicator of the level of irrigation sufficiency (introduced by the authors), which reflects the reduction of the studied watering and irrigation rates in relation to their design values, a study of the impact of reducing the use of water and energy resources under different modes of sprinkler irrigation on the corresponding decrease in the level of cultivated crops productivity was carried out. At the same time, it was experimentally determined that the intensity (rate) of the decrease in the cultivated crops productivity, which occurs due to the decrease in the usage of water and energy resources during the application of irrigation, is significantly lower than the intensity (rate) of the decrease in the usage of the resources themselves. The studied options for reducing the consumption on water and energy resources as a whole turned out to be economically profitable when with a decrease in water and electricity usage by 27–48% there is more than two times lower decrease in the costs of gross products by 10,80–18,06% with the achievement of a net income of 11,4 to 5,7 thousand UAH. The influence of various options of reducing water and electricity consumption on the discounted investment payback period shows that several options may be acceptable, for which the investment payback period does not exceed 10 years, and the choice of the optimal solution requires taking into account the conditions of a specific object, limitations of water resources, and the interests of investors and land users. At the same time, the ecological component of the overall efficiency of irrigation practices consists in the decrease in the use of water and energy resources that a priori reflects the decrease in the negative impact of irrigation on the environment. Thus, reducing the usage of water and energy resources is a fully justified decision on the way to adapt irrigated agriculture production to the modern conditions and requirements, and the presented results can be a scientific basis for the implementation of this approach while practically applying irrigation.

Widening the scope: The direct and spillover effects of nudging water efficiency in the presence of other behavioral interventions

Policymakers and firms use behavioral interventions to promote sustainable development in various domains. A correct impact evaluation requires looking beyond the targeted domain and assessing its interactions with similar interventions. Existing evidence in this area is limited, leading to potential misestimation of behavioural interventions and poor guidance on their design. Here, we test the impact of a two-year social information campaign to nudge water conservation through a large-scale randomized controlled trial implemented with a multi-resource company,. We find that the water nudge significantly decreases water and electricity usage, but not that of gas. Spillovers arise for customers who do not receive nudges targeting the other resources. Customers receiving the water report are also significantly less likely to deactivate their gas and electricity contracts, regardless of whether they receive other reports. Our results suggest that multiple nudges strain users’ limited attention and ability to enact conservation efforts. Users’ constraints in attending to multiple stimuli need to be accounted in designing policy interventions to foster sustainable practices.

A Systematic Review on Drivers of Water-Use Behaviour among Agricultural Water Users

Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6) is closely linked to the sustainable management of water resources and sanitation worldwide. SDG 6.4, in particular, aims to significantly improve water-use efficiency across all sectors by 2030. It is important to acknowledge the significant role that behavioural aspects of water users in an agricultural context play in contributing to water-use efficiency. This systematic review aims to provide an up-to-date synthesis of the current knowledge of water-use behaviours in agriculture to stay on track in achieving SDG 6. This systematic literature review investigates the factors influencing water-use behaviour among agricultural water users globally. Using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) method, we retrieved a total of 867 records, of which 47 matched the eligibility criteria. The 47 relevant studies were primarily conducted in the United States and China with key themes including sustainable agricultural practices, technology adoption for productivity, climate change adaptation, and modelling and uncertainty in water conservation. Additionally, the review identified six distinct water-use behaviours investigated from 2020 to 2024, which were each driven by its unique set of factors. Overall, the findings from the systematic review indicate that there has been a geographical gap in research efforts over the past five years, and it is important for water-use behaviour-related research to be extended to other countries that are water-stressed. Furthermore, the researchers recommend that future studies should develop comprehensive behavioural models and adopt holistic approaches to better understand and promote sustainable water-use behaviours in agriculture. These efforts are vital for achieving sustainable water management and broader SDGs.

Enhancing protein extraction from soybean expeller: Exploring the impact of precipitating agents and flour-to-water ratios on functional properties

AbstractThis study investigates sustainable methods for producing protein from soybean expeller via pH-shifting processes, aiming to reduce water usage in alkaline extraction by adjusting solid-to-liquid ratios per cycle and employing isoelectric precipitants like lactic acid and lactic acid bacteria (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lactococcus Lactis) to enhance functional and antioxidant properties over a wide pH range. Results indicate that the most efficient approach involves three 1:10 (w/v) extraction cycles with lactic acid bacteria as precipitants, demonstrating high productivity and low specific water consumption. Protein content and recovery yield showed no significant differences compared to alternatives with higher water consumption or less eco-friendly precipitants. Despite lower solubility, protein products precipitated with lactic acid bacteria formed stable emulsions, exhibiting superior free radical scavenging activity.

THE HISTORICAL AND LEGAL BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM OF SHARING THE NILE WATERS STUDY CASE: THE GRAND ETHIOPIAN RENAISSANCE DAM PROBLEM

Disputes over waterways are among the most important causes of conflicts, especially in Africa. Thus, studying these disputes is an important introduction to studying security in Africa. However, far from focusing on the security, geopolitical or strategic approach to studying these crises, this study attempts to review the historical and legal aspects of one important dispute over waterways in Africa, the problem of Nile River. The study attempts to discuss the Nile water-sharing problem in a historical and legal frame by examining the international order of waterways and the agreements related to Nile water usage. The study also briefly explains the history of the clashes between Nile Basin countries explaining their different points of view. Finally, the study delivers the Grand Renaissance Dam of Ethiopia as a case study to present a concrete discussion of the Nile water-sharing problem and its impact on the stability of the African continent.

Assessment of heavy metal levels in polyculture fish farms and their aquatic ecosystems: an integrative study addressing environmental and human health risks associated with dam water usage.

This study examines the levels of heavy metals in polyculture fish (Labeo rohita, Cyprinus carpio, and Catla catla), water, and sediment in Tanda Dam, Kohat, Pakistan, aiming to understand environmental and health risks. Samples of fish, water, and sediment were collected from 3 fish farms, and heavy metal concentrations were measured using a Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results reveal that C. catla exhibited significantly higher (p < 0.05) levels of Zn than other fish species. Conversely, C. carpio showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, Mn, Cu, As, and Ni than other species. The heavy metal hierarchy in C. carpio was found to be Zn > Cu > Pb > Cr > Cd > Mn > As > Ni. While heavy metal levels in L. rohita and C. catla generally fell within reference ranges, exceptions were noted for Zn, Pb, and Cd. Conversely, in C. carpio, all metals exceeded reference ranges except for Cu and Ni. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated a close relationship between water and sediment. Additionally, cluster analysis suggested that C. catla formed a distinct cluster from L. rohita and C. carpio, implying different responses to the environment. Despite concerns raised by the Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) and Contamination Factor (CF), particularly for Cd, which exhibited a high CF. Furthermore, Hazard Index (HI) values for all three fish species were below 1, suggesting low health risks. However, elevated Igeo and CF values for Cd suggest significant pollution originating from anthropogenic sources. This study underscores the importance of monitoring heavy metals in water for both environmental preservation and human health protection. Future research efforts should prioritize pollution control measures to ensure ecosystem and public health safety.

Large agri-food corporations in the global staple and cash crops markets: a quantitative analysis of rice and coffee through the virtual water perspective

The paper investigates the influence of major food corporations on global rice and coffee markets from 2013 to 2022, with a focus on market presence and water usage. It uses detailed data from the Euromonitor Passport and the CWASI datasets to analyze environmental impacts and virtual water (VW) flows at the company level, addressing gaps in the existing literature. Key findings show that although rice sales are larger than those of coffee in quantity, coffee embeds a higher total water use due to its greater unit water footprint (WF). The rice market is less internationalized and concentrated compared to the coffee market, where a few companies hold significant market shares across multiple countries. In 2022, the top 12 rice-selling companies control 16% of the global rice WF, exceeding the combined WF of the top three rice-importing nations. Similarly, the top 15 coffee-selling companies command 55% of the global roasted coffee WF, with significant disparities in VW quantities compared to major importing nations. The coffee market exhibits a higher number of companies with larger shares of WF than volumes, with this disparity increasing over time. Furthermore, more countries exhibit high and moderate concentration indices for coffee sales compared to rice. These findings highlight the considerable concentration of water resources among large companies, particularly in the coffee sector. The paper emphasizes the importance of considering the environmental implications of corporate activities in food supply chains, providing valuable insights for sustainability efforts in the agri-food industry.

The Priority Areas for Groundwater Utilization in Fractured Rock Formation, Pangandaran Regency

Abstract Pangandaran Regency is one of the best tourist destinations in West Java; many tourist attractions and regional developments to facilitate visiting tourists increase the need for water. However, in some areas of Pangandaran Regency, it is included in the rare groundwater zone according to its aquifer productivity, especially in the fracture rock formation, so it is necessary to conduct research related to the presence of groundwater in the area. This study aims to determine priority areas for the development of groundwater utilization in fractured rock formations located in the Pangandaran Regency. The fracture rock formations in Pangandaran Regency are located from the northwest to the southeast; on the regional geological map, the formation’s name is the Jampang Formation. This study used the Groundwater Potential Index (GPI) method to determine groundwater potential and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to determine water utilization area levels. The parameters used are fracture (F), lithology (L), drainage (D), topography (T), rainfall (R), water usage, land use, and population distribution. This research shows that areas with rare groundwater zones still have groundwater potential that can be developed to meet water needs. There are five priority area classifications: very high is 19 km2, high is 17.92 km2, medium is 67.90 km2, low is 70.99 km2, and very low is 162.40 km2.

The Price of Water: Evaluating the Potential Cost Savings of Switching from Saline to Distilled Water for Wound Irrigation

As water becomes an increasingly precious commodity, health systems face difficulties in balancing usage and costs. Numerous studies indicate minimal differences in patient outcomes between the use of normal saline and tap water in wound care and surgical procedures. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential cost implications for hospitals when shifting from sterile water and saline to in-house distilled water for wound care and surgical procedures. We analyzed a two-facility hospital network, assessing current sterile water and saline solution usage and expenses and compared it with the cost of implementing an in-house water distillation system. In 2022, the hospital network spent $305,180.78 on sterile water and saline solution bottles. By replacing the current expenditure on sterile water and saline solution bottles for irrigation with a water distillation plant at the hospital network, the estimated annual cost of the new system is projected to be significantly lower, at $83,298.87. This results in substantial total savings of $221,881.91 annually, amounting to $361.37 per bed per year, while also considering the additional benefit of reducing plastic disposal costs. Extrapolating the in-house distillery cost savings to all 919,649 staffed hospital beds in the United States could potentially save approximately $565 million annually. Over a decade, this could reach up to $5.65 billion, if all hospitals adopt similar self-hosted water distillation systems.

Urea intercalated encapsulated microalgae composite hydrogels for slow-release fertilizers

In agriculture, hydrogels can be addressed for effective operation of water and controlled-release fertilizers. Hydrogels have a significant ability for retaining water and improving nutrient availability in soil, enhancing plant growth while reducing water and fertilizer usage. This work aimed to prepare a hydrogel composite based on microalgae and biopolymers including chitosan and starch for use as a soil conditioner. The hydrogel composite was characterized by FTIR, XRD, and SEM. All hydrogel properties were studied including swelling degree, biodegradability, water-holding capacity, water retention, and re-swelling capacity in soil and water. The urea fertilizer loading and releasing behavior of the prepared hydrogels were investigated. The results revealed that the range of the maximal urea loading was between 99 and 440%, and the kinetics of loading was fitted with Freundlich model. The urea release % exhibited 78–95%, after 30 days, and the kinetics of release was fitted with zero-order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer–Peppas models. Furthermore, the prepared hydrogels obtained a significant water-holding capacity, after blending soil (50 g) with small amount of hydrogels (1 g), the capacity increased in the range of 99.4–101.5%. In sum, the prepared hydrogels have the potential to be applied as a soil conditioner.

The Use of Weather, Water, Ice, and Climate (WWIC) Information in the Polar Regions: What Is Known after the Decadelong Polar Prediction Project?

Abstract The polar regions are facing a wide range of compounding challenges, from climate change to increased human activity. Infrastructure, rescue services, and disaster response capabilities are limited in these remote environments. Relevant and usable weather, water, ice, and climate (WWIC) information is vital for safety, activity success, adaptation, and environmental protection. This has been a key focus for the World Meteorological Organization’s (WMO) Polar Prediction Project (PPP), and in particular its “Societal and Economic Research and Applications” (PPP-SERA) Task Team, which together over a decade have sought to understand polar WWIC information use in relation to operational needs, constraints, and decision contexts to inform the development of relevant services. To understand research progress and gaps on WWIC information use during the PPP (2013–23), we undertook a systematic bibliometric review of aligned scholarly peer-reviewed journal articles (n = 43), examining collaborations, topics, methods, and regional differences. Themes to emerge included activity and context, human factors, information needs, situational awareness, experience, local and Indigenous knowledge, and sharing of information. We observed an uneven representation of disciplinary backgrounds, geographic locations, research topics, and sectoral foci. Our review signifies an overall lack of Antarctic WWIC services research and a dominant focus on Arctic sea ice operations and risks. We noted with concern a mismatch between user needs and services provided. Our findings can help to improve WWIC services’ dissemination, communication effectiveness, and actionable knowledge provision for users and guide future research as the critical need for salient weather services across the polar regions remains beyond the PPP. Significance Statement Every day, people in the Arctic and Antarctic use weather, water, ice, and climate information to plan and carry out outdoor activities and operations in a safe way. Despite advances in numerical weather prediction, technology, and product development, barriers to accessing and effectively communicating high-quality usable observations, forecasts, and actionable knowledge remain. Poorer services, prediction accuracy, and interpretation are exacerbated by a lack of integrated social science research on relevant topics and a mismatch between the services provided and user needs. As a result, continued user engagement, research focusing on information use, risk communication, decision-making processes, and the application of science for services remain highly relevant to reducing risks and improving safety for people living, visiting, and working in the polar regions.

Water Consumption Using Artificial Neural Network Modelling in Commercial Aircraft

Amidst the current period of increased environmental consciousness and the aviation industry's dedication to sustainability, the delicate balance between water-carrying and fuel usage in commercial aircraft has become a crucial issue due to the rapid development of aviation technology. The primarypurpose of this study is to evaluate thewater usage of commercial aeroplanes and to optimise the aeroplanes' usage of water. Moreover, the study focuses on analysing the comparison between water consumption estimated using the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) andhistorical data collected precisely. By referring to the actual operational data of water tank usage of the Boeing 787-9 fleet in a commercial airline, the flight hours, total passengers, and also actual portable water tank wereobtained. The data weregathered over twoyears,starting from January 2022 until December 2023,for day and night flight time. After all the collected data werecompleted, the optimisation of the water consumption was conducted and analysed using ANN. The optimised results were then compared using two conventional methods,IATA and Boeing. In conclusion, the ANNmethod has the least errorscompared to IATA and Boeing.The ANN method is suggested as a method to optimise thewater tank volume for commercial aircraft.