Water Usage Research Articles

Comparative Assessment of Environmental Disclosure Practices: A Case Study of Two Leading Oil Companies in India

This study conducts a comparative analysis of the environmental disclosure practices of two leading oil companies in India: OIL and Petronet LNG. By evaluating their sustainability reports and publicly available environmental information, the research assesses key performance areas such as energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, water management, waste treatment, and biodiversity conservation. The analysis reveals that both companies exhibit similar environmental disclosure practices, with strengths in energy and emissions management but significant gaps in compliance, biodiversity, and grievance mechanisms. A statistical t-test shows no significant difference between the environmental performance of the two companies, indicating comparable transparency levels. The study highlights the need for both organizations to improve their environmental reporting and align more closely with global sustainability standards, such as the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP). Recommendations include enhancing biodiversity conservation efforts, strengthening supplier environmental assessments, and improving compliance with environmental regulations. Keywords: Environmental disclosure, Oil industry, Sustainability reporting, Comparative analysis, India, Greenhouse gas emissions, Energy management, Water usage, Biodiversity, Compliance, Corporate social responsibility (CSR).

A Review of Agricultural IoT: Challenges, Applications & Future Research Direction

The field of wireless communication has had significant boom in wireless communication, mostly driven by increasing demand for connectivity and technological advancements in low power transceiver development. An Agriculture IoT (AIoT) refers to the technology to enhance agricultural sustainability, productivity, and efficiency. The agricultural IoT uses artificial intelligence to build a network of interconnected systems by fusing digital sensors, IoT devices, advanced analytics, and cloud computing. Agricultural products will be in high demand by 2030 because of the 40% raise in global population. IoT technology is currently utilized in various industries, including agricultural for automation processes. Therefore time is saved, total productivity is increased and decisions are made more effectively and resulting in higher crop yields. AIoT is also being utilized more to keep updated on the sustainability of agricultural supply chains, environment and water usage. Several IoT applications and problems have been covered in this paper. There is also an outline of potential future agricultural research directions.

Spatiotemporal dynamics of the water footprint and virtual water trade in global cotton production and trade

Cotton, the world's most widely cultivated fiber crop, is associated with a multitude of environmental impacts, particularly the intensive use of water resources. While previous studies have assessed cotton's water usage through the water footprint concept, they largely focused on spatial variability, leaving temporal dynamics and the issue of unsustainable water use underexplored. This global study addressed these gaps by examining both the spatial and temporal variability of cotton's water footprint and assessing the unsustainable water footprint over time. Additionally, it explored the potential of flax as a water-efficient alternative for fiber production. Using a global gridded crop model, the study simulated yield and water use of flax and cotton from 1972 to 2018 at 30 arcmin resolution. The results showed that the global average blue, green, and total water footprint of cotton decreased by 37%, 48%, and 43%, respectively, due to yield improvements driven by improved crop cultivars, fertilizers, and better water management practices, with climate playing a minor role in these reductions. Despite this, the total water footprint of cotton production increased by 5%, with the blue water footprint rising by 17%. Additionally, unsustainable blue water usage in cotton cultivation increased from 59.3 km³/y to 70.9 km³/y between 1972-1976 and 2014–2018, with 71.1% of the unsustainable water traded virtually. USA, Pakistan, and India accounted for over 60% of this unsustainable virtual water trade. Flax, with its substantially lower water footprint, emerged as a promising alternative to reduce water consumption in fiber production. These findings offer critical insights for formulating strategies to mitigate unsustainable water use in global fiber production.

Isotype Profile of Specific Antibodies after Chronic Exposure to Microcystins

Background: The detection of microcystins in blood, respiratory mucosa, and urine samples to diagnose acute or chronic microcystin intoxication is difficult and requires sophis-ticated analysis techniques. Finding simple and quick methods to assess the exposure of indi-viduals to microcystins is crucial. Objective: This study aims to assess the presence of specific antibodies (IgG, IgE, IgA, and IgM) against microcystin-LR in individuals exposed to cyanobacterial blooms as a non-com-plex biomarker. Methods: Blood samples were taken to reveal the presence of specific antibodies as well as to measure a standard set of biochemical parameters. All volunteers were administered a ques-tionnaire regarding their water usage, health status, and habits. Significant differences in the antibody content were studied between exposed and non-exposed people to cyanobacterial blooms. Results: We found that out of 73 studied individuals, 87.7% of them showed positive results for at least one of the four types of antibodies tested. The prevalent isotype was IgE, and sig-nificant differences were detected for all isotypes between the exposed and non-exposed groups. The biochemical profile was altered in some cases. Conclusion: The presence of specific antibodies in serum could be used as exposure biomarkers to complement epidemiological studies and medical diagnosis of microcystin intoxications. The in-house ELISA method, developed by our group for the detection of antibodies, should now be improved in terms of specificity and accuracy. These findings also indicate that more re-search should be conducted on the protective role and duration of antibodies.

Impact of high-speed nanodroplets on various pathogenic bacterial cell walls.

Although existing disinfection techniques demonstrate bactericidal effects through chemical reactions, concerns regarding human toxicity and environmental contamination have been raised. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first in the world to reveal that the use of this technology, with nanodroplets of less than 100 nm, can destroy and sterilize bacterial cells by colliding with biofilm-forming bacteria at 75 MPa. Furthermore, because this technology uses only water, it can solve the problems of human toxicity and environmental contamination caused by existing disinfection techniques. Because of its minimal water usage, it can be employed for sanitation worldwide without being limited to specific regions. Our report proposes an unprecedented physical disinfection approach that utilizes a high-speed nanodroplet generation technology.

Evaluation of the Critical Success Factors for Household Product Sustainability

Introduction: Sustainability and sustainable development have received growing at-tention in both industry and academia due to concerns regarding the rapid decrease in natural resources and increase in carbon emissions. Methods: In this study, we focus on the determination, evaluation, and analysis of the critical success factors in product sustainability by specifically focusing on the household goods indus-try. In the first phase of the study, we determine the critical success factors by referring to the existing literature and opinions of the experts who have experience in the household goods in-dustry. Next, we use a trapezoidal type-2 fuzzy AHP algorithm to rank the determined criteria and discuss the main findings from a practical point of view. Results: Computational results bring several important managerial insights. First, we observe that all three aspects of sustainability (economic, environmental, and social) should be consid-ered to ensure product sustainability. Second, the analysis reveals that cost (economic), quality (economic), generated waste and emission during the life cycle (environmental), energy and water consumption during the life cycle (environmental), and occupational health and safety (social) are among the highly ranked criteria. Conclusion: In this regard, in order to increase product sustainability, the companies should de-termine ways to decrease water usage, energy usage, carbon emission, and waste without ne-glecting the cost and quality of the product and without ignoring occupational health and safety.

A Low Cost Wastewater Reclamation Unit comprising a Lamella Settler for reducing Fresh Water Usage in Carwash Stations

A Low Cost Wastewater Reclamation Unit comprising a Lamella Settler for reducing Fresh Water Usage in Carwash Stations

Detection of Chemical Contaminants in Water for Irrigation Systems: A Systematic Review

Water pollution is a detrimental issue that occurs when there are bad changes in water quality parameters. It directly disrupts water usage and poses a danger to society, environment, economy, and agriculture. Water quality should be monitored to alert authorities on water pollution, so that action can be taken quickly. Improper water management pollutes rivers and lakes in Malaysia such as Klang River, Semenyih River, Kim Kim River, Slim River, and others. Various techniques are introduced to detect contaminants in water such as electronic sensors, biosensor approaches, laboratory analysis, and optical techniques. The functionality tool varies depending on the specific contaminants or parameters that are targeted, and the resources allocated. Several common contaminant types are found in polluted water including heavy metals, organic and inorganic chemicals, industrial pollutants, suspended solids, and others. The objective of the review is to study various non-optical and optical contaminant detection methods in water to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the methods. In this review, water pollution problems mainly due to the agricultural sector in several countries are discussed. Besides, conventional, and modern methods are compared in terms of parameters, complexity, and reliability. We believe that conventional methods are costly and complex, whereas modern methods are also expensive but simpler with real-time detection. Recent contaminant detection methods in water are also reviewed to study any loopholes in the latest methods. We found that the spectroscopy method based on light propagation theory is suitable and one of the promising methods for chemical contaminants detection for water quality analysis. This method offers fast analysis time, high sensitivity detection, non-invasive analysis, provides reliable data, and others. Undoubtedly, some contaminants in water can be challenging to be identified rapidly and confidently even though there are numerous tools and techniques available for water quality analysis. Thus, the review is important to compare previous methods and to improve current chemical contaminants detection analysis in terms of reliability with a minimum operating system and cost effectiveness.

Assessing Water Demands and Allocation Strategies Using the Water Evaluation and Planning System—A Case Study of the Ghrib Basin, Algeria

The Ghrib Basin is currently encountering water-related challenges due to population growth and growing competition among water users. Therefore, assessing the current water situation is essential for the anticipation of future needs in the region. This paper assesses water demand and allocation strategies in the Ghrib Basin, Algeria, using the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) system. The simulation is based on five scenarios: “Increase in population and agricultural activity”, “Improving agricultural activity”, “Minimum domestic consumption”, “Enhancing Water Resources”, and “Best practice”, (which is a combination of two scenarios, i.e., “Improving agricultural activity” and ”Minimum domestic consumption”). The simulation outcomes indicate that the “Best practice” scenario represents the most advantageous and beneficial scenario by which the problem of the unmet demand can be solved. The resulting simulations indicated the need for the employment of water-efficient irrigation systems as well as the encouragement of sustainable water use, such as drip irrigation, which necessitates coordinated efforts and particular infrastructural investments. The derived outcomes are highly convincing and have the potential to serve as a decision support system for the effective governance of water resources in the Ghrib Basin. The methodology utilized in this study has the potential to be implemented in any basin across the globe.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Single Jersey Knitted Fabrics Containing Recycled Cotton Fiber and Fabric Performance

This study investigates the life cycle assesment of single jersey knitted fabrics containing recycled cotton and their some performance properties. In the yarn production stage fibers obtained from waste through mechanical recycling (pre-consumer recycle) were used in blends at 10%, 15%, and 20% to produce knitted fabrics. Some performance properties such as fabric stiffness, air permeability, and dimensional change, which are important in the usage properties of jersey knitted fabrics, were compared. Within the scope of the study, the environmental impact of the use of recycled raw materials was evaluated with LCA. According to the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) results, the use of recycled cotton with contributions ranging from 10% to 20% instead of 100% original cotton demonstrated significant improvements in resource depletion (fossil fuels), global warming, ozone layer depletion, toxic impact on human life, toxic impact on freshwater life, toxic impact on terrestrial life, and total water usage.

A-204 Commitment to Sustainability From Laboratory Medicine

Abstract Background According to McGill University, sustainability means “meeting our needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. Sustainable environmental practices improve water and air quality, reduce landfills, and increase renewable energy sources in the long term. In response to the growing urgency of global sustainability challenges, the healthcare industry is taking a step forward to reduce its environmental impact. University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) is a government-funded teaching hospital and medical institution, which processes about 3.95 million chemistry and 371,000 immunoassay tests per year. This study aims to evaluate the sustainability aspects of Atellica Solution, focusing on water usage, power consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and plastic waste generations. Methods Power and water consumption for the analysers Advia Chemistry 2400 & XPT and Advia Centaur XPT were obtained from Atellica Solution using the year 2022 test volumes and compared with those of Siemens legacy system for the year 2019 test volumes. In addition, the reduction of plastic usage was also assessed for the year 2019 and 2022. Results With innovative Atellica Solution replacing Siemens legacy system, the data showed reduction in water and energy consumption by 36.44% and 47.74% respectively, whereas the annual throughput increased by 13.7%. By using Atellica INTELIQ QC management, fewer aliquot tubes were used and thus plastic waste was reduced by 168 kg. These reductions combined to lower CO2 emissions by about 16 tons. Conclusions Atellica Solution is designed for high throughput and sustainability, reducing water and energy consumption while also significantly reducing CO2 emissions. Furthermore, it enables faster, streamlined quality control management with Atellica INTELIQ QC management system. UMMC is strongly committed to minimizing laboratories’ environmental footprint and provide better access to care eventually contributing to the well-being of patients.

Irrigation Water Management and Food Security in Nigeria

Food security remains a persistent challenge in Nigeria, a country with a rapidly growing population and a heavy reliance on rain-fed agriculture. Effective irrigation water management is crucial to improving agricultural productivity and addressing this critical issue, particularly in the face of climate change and increasing water scarcity. This study investigates the current state of irrigation water management and its impact on food security in Nigeria. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining an extensive literature review with field surveys, interviews, and focus group discussions with key stakeholders, including farmers, water resource managers, policymakers, and subject matter experts. The findings reveal significant gaps in Nigeria's existing irrigation water management system, including outdated infrastructure, inefficient water distribution, limited access to irrigation technology, and poor coordination among relevant government agencies and agricultural extension services. The study explores the multifaceted relationship between irrigation water management and food security, highlighting the impact of water availability, quality, and accessibility on crop yields, livestock production, and overall agricultural output. The analysis also examines the socioeconomic and environmental implications of poor irrigation water management, such as reduced farm incomes, food price volatility, and environmental degradation. Based on the research findings, the study proposes a comprehensive framework for sustainable irrigation water management in Nigeria. This framework emphasizes the integration of technological innovations, policy reforms, institutional strengthening, and community-based approaches to enhance the efficiency, equity, and resilience of the irrigation system. Key elements of the framework include modernizing irrigation infrastructure, promoting precision agriculture techniques, improving water governance and stakeholder coordination, and enhancing the capacity of farmers and water user associations. The implications of this study are far-reaching, as it provides policymakers, development agencies, and agricultural practitioners with a thorough understanding of the critical role of irrigation water management in achieving food security in Nigeria. The proposed framework offers a roadmap for the implementation of sustainable irrigation practices, which can contribute to increased agricultural productivity, improved rural livelihoods, and enhanced national food security. The findings of this research also offer valuable insights for other developing countries facing similar challenges in the realm of irrigation water management and food security.

Southern Bug River: water security and climate changes perspectives for post-war city of Mykolaiv, Ukraine

This article focuses on water security in Mykolaiv, a city of 0.5 million inhabitants in southern Ukraine, in the situation of scarcity of usable water resources caused by climate change and military operations. This problem arose after the Dnipro-Mykolaiv water pipeline was destroyed in April 2022 as a result of military operations and the supply of drinking water to the city was cut off. To ensure that the city’s population has constant access to sufficient water of acceptable quality, a search for alternative water sources and a climate risk assessment were carried out for the new municipal water supply system from the Southern Bug River. The possible change in flow and its intra-annual distribution under the influence of climate change was modeled using the WaterGAP2 hydrological model and climate projections under the SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-P8.5 scenarios. It was found that under the SSP1-2.6 scenario, the reduction in river flow will be insignificant (up to a maximum of 14% in the far future) and there will be no restrictions on the city’s water supply from this section of the river in the near (2021-2050) and far (2051-2080) period. The maximum water withdrawal for municipal water supply and the minimum environmental flow will reach their maximum value only in August (56% of the projected flow), which is not critical. Under the SSP5-8.5 scenario, in the long-term perspective of 2051-2080, the largest decrease in runoff will occur from May to October, and the water withdrawal will increase to 40-79% of the projected flow. The use of the research results not only in water management, but also in municipal administration, and their dissemination in territorial communities will contribute to the successful adaptation of socio-economic and environmental processes in the region and can bring successful benefits not only to the economy, but also to communities.

Role of Polyhouse Technology in Mitigating Climate Risks for Floriculture

Climate change poses significant challenges to agricultural productivity, particularly in sectors like floriculture that rely heavily on favorable environmental conditions. In this context, polyhouse technology emerges as a promising solution for mitigating climate risks faced by floriculture farmers. Polyhouses provide a controlled environment that shields crops from extreme weather events, temperature fluctuations, and excessive rainfall, thereby reducing the vulnerability of floriculture production to climate variability. This paper reviews the role of polyhouse technology in climate risk mitigation for floriculture farmers. It examines how polyhouses help in maintaining optimal growing conditions, including temperature, humidity, and light intensity, throughout the year. By regulating these environmental factors, polyhouses enable year-round cultivation of high-value flower crops, offering farmers a stable income stream despite external climate fluctuations. Furthermore, the study explores the economic and environmental benefits associated with polyhouse-based floriculture systems. It analyses the cost-effectiveness of polyhouse construction and operation, considering factors such as energy consumption, water usage, and crop yield. Additionally, the environmental sustainability of polyhouse technology, including its potential to reduce pesticide and fertilizer usage, is discussed. The paper also highlights the challenges and limitations of adopting polyhouse technology in floriculture farming, including initial investment costs, technical expertise requirements, and market access issues. Strategies for overcoming these barriers, such as government subsidies, capacity building programs, and market linkages, are proposed. The polyhouse technology can play a climate-resilient solution for floriculture farmers, offering opportunities for increased productivity, income stability, and environmental sustainability in the face of climate change.

Life cycle assessment of the manothermosonication of liquid whole egg: a comparative evaluation with conventional thermal preservation

Manothermosonication (MTS) is a promising alternative to thermal preservation of liquid whole egg (LWE) in terms of safety level and improved quality. However, energy and sustainability assessment of MTS are not well described. This study compared the energy balance and life cycle assessment (LCA) of MTS to traditional thermal preservation of LWE, considering equivalent microbial inactivation levels and a production capacity of 100 kg/h within a "gate to gate" approach.Results of the energy assessment indicated that MTS preservation consumed 15% less energy (2.00 kWh/kg of LWE) and water compared to thermal preservation (2.36 kWh/kg of LWE). This reduction is attributable to cavitation, the mechanism of action in MTS, which eliminates the need of pre-homogenisation stage and water for heating. Concerning the environmental impact, MTS scored lower in all impact indicators, mainly due to reduced electricity and water usage. For instance, carbon footprint of CO2 emissions from LWE processing were 57.3% for MTS and 61.8% for thermal preservation, with the environmental impact of the pasteurisation stage being 4.1-fold lower in MTS. This study suggests MTS preservation of LWE is a viable alternative to thermal methods, offering safety, quality, and improved energy and environmental benefits.

Water Demand Forecasting in Multiple District Metered Areas Based on a Multi-Scale Correction Module Neural Network Architecture

Short-term water demand forecasting (STWDF) for multiple spatially and temporally correlated District Metering Areas (DMAs) is an essential foundation for achieving more refined management of urban water supply networks. However, due to the greater uncertainty associated with specific DMA demand compared to overall water usage, accurately predicting STWDF poses significant challenges. This study introduces an innovative network architecture—the multi-scale correction module neural network, built upon Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) enhanced with Attention mechanisms—for simultaneous STWDF with a temporal resolution of one hour over a week for 10 DMAs located in a single city in northern Italy. This framework utilizes multivariate corrections to refine and enhance the output accuracy. The results reveal that, in comparison to traditional Gated Recurrent Unit or LSTM models, the proposed model with integrated correction modules, particularly those that leverage inter-DMA correlations, improves performance across all evaluation metrics by an average of 5%-20% per DMA. Additionally, it consistently delivers superior accuracy across three scenarios: single DMA forecasting, total water demand, and extreme conditions, while maintaining stable performance throughout. Furthermore, the interpretability analysis underscores the feasibility of this innovative structure and highlights the contribution of meteorological features to the predictive model in some DMA-level STWDF. The unified input-output framework elegantly simplifies the STWDF process across multiple DMAs, providing new insights and methodologies for future research in this domain.

A dynamic solvent chamber propagation estimation framework using RNN for warm solvent injection in heterogeneous reservoirs

Warm solvent injection (WSI), injecting low-temperature solvent into formations to reduce the viscosity of heavy oil, is a clean technology for heavy oil production through reducing greenhouse gas emissions and water usage. The success of WSI operation depends on the uniform development and propagation of solvent chambers in reservoirs. However, reservoir heterogeneity stemming from shale barriers plays a detrimental role in the conformance of solvent chamber development and oil production rate. In this work, we developed a novel recurrent neural network (RNN)-based framework with the capability of efficiently tracking and estimating the solvent chamber positions in heterogeneous reservoirs based on only production time-series data. The developed estimation model utilizes the “sequence-to-sequence" mapping methodology to correlate observed production time-series sequence and solvent chamber edge sequence via a long short-term memory (LSTM) algorithm. The trained RNN models exhibit high accuracy, evidenced by the predicted dynamic solvent chamber locations match the corresponding true locations from numerical simulation, with a high coefficient of determination (R2) and a low mean squared error. Specifically, the achieved R2 values exceed 0.98 on both the training and testing data. The developed RNN-based workflow was tested via several cases from both regularly- and irregularly-shaped shale barriers, and the results were promising. The predicted solvent chambers showed strong agreement with those obtained from numerical simulations. The major benefits of this workflow include reducing computational time and saving overall monitoring and tracking costs for conventional techniques. The present work would provide a good demonstration of the capability of practical integration of machine learning methods in solving engineering problems.

Water provision benefits from karst ecosystems: An example for Watuputih groundwater basin, North Kendeng Mountain, Indonesia

Karst ecosystems offer a wealth of ecosystem services, but their protection is increasingly challenging due to degradation and land-use conversion, including limestone mining. This study investigates the water provision service derived from karst ecosystems threatened by limestone mining in the Watuputih groundwater basin, Central Java, Indonesia. Water supply was quantified by measuring water discharge rates from major springs around the basin. Water usage was quantified for household consumption, agriculture, and recreation. This study also measured water infiltration rates in mining and non-mining areas to indicate the effects of limestone mining to hydrological processes. This study identified three primary springs around the basin: Sumber Seribu spring, Brubulan spring, and Kalutan spring, with discharge rates of 1,080 liters per second, 85 liters per second, and 0.76 liters per second, respectively. A local water company extracts water from Sumber Seribu spring at a rate of 80 liters per second to supply approximately 57,600 individuals. The water supply from the three springs can irrigate approximately 1,594 hectares of rice fields. Water from Sumber Seribu spring also supports recreational activities in Sumber Semen recreation park, attracting an average of 19,173 visitors per year. This study revealed a complete impairment of soil's water infiltration capacity in limestone mining areas. These findings underscore the pressing need to safeguard the Watuputih groundwater basin and to mitigate the detrimental effects of limestone mining on hydrological processes. This involves designating the Watuputih karst ecosystem as a protected area, implementing Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) programs, and restoring degraded post-mining sites.

INTEGRATING LAND USE ANALYSIS WITH WATER DEMAND ESTIMATION: A CASE STUDY OF PUTRAJAYA, MALAYSIA

The challenges posed by population growth, urbanization, and changing land use patterns on sustainable water resource management are significant. This paper puts forth an integrated framework aimed at assessing future water demand in Putrajaya, Malaysia. The proposed framework combines population projections, estimations of water demand, and analyses of land use activities. Through an examination of demographic trends and land use patterns, the framework predicts population growth and identifies areas with high water demand. Daily water use patterns in homes and businesses (temporal analysis) inform the designing future water infrastructure, incorporating temporal aspects. Statistical and spatial analysis techniques are then utilized to merge these projections with water demand estimations to quantify water requirements in various zones and types of land use. This study has unveiled two daily peaks in water demand, which align with household schedules. Residential areas emerge as the primary consumers of water, displaying an evening peak distinct from the midday peak seen in businesses. The current water demand in Putrajaya is estimated at 94 million litres per day, with domestic usage surpassing non-domestic usage in a ratio of 3:2. Projections based on future land use plans foresee a 19% increase in demand, underscoring the urgency for proactive water management strategies. Spatial analysis has highlighted residential areas as the main users of water, with demand levels varying throughout the city. By comprehending these temporal and spatial patterns, water authorities can strategically target interventions, optimize infrastructure siting, and forecast future demand trends. These proactive measures are essential for securing a sustainable water future for Putrajaya.

Analysis of Water Production Factors of Gas Wells in Sulige Gas Field

Abstract The Sulige gas field, characterized by its low porosity and poor permeability, faces challenges in managing the complex gas-water distribution, which has become a growing concern as the field develops. This complexity, coupled with the varied and intricate nature of water production, has impacted the field’s efficiency. To tackle this issue, a study was carried out on water-producing gas wells within the field, examining the production mechanisms, main factors, and distribution patterns. The study found that in the field’s central region, the gas-water ratio in water-producing wells is relatively stable, with some wells yielding over 0.8m3 of water per day. The water sources include formation water, pore water, and water from the wellbore edges and bottom, as well as industrial water usage. Understanding these factors helps mitigate the negative impact of water production on field development and provides guidance for managing similar gas fields effectively.