Source Of Water Supply Research Articles

Unleashing Effective Models of Collaboration for Rainwater Harvesting: Experiences from Nepal

Background: Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is an age-old practice of a localized renewable and alternate source of water supply to meet the growing demand of people in developing countries like Nepal. Thus, the effective models of collaboration for providing water services through RWH is a pathway to the sustainable water management of the nation leading to achieving SDGs. Purpose: The paper aims at unleashing effective models of collaboration for RWH in the context of the rural areas of Nepal. Methodology: The study comprises a descriptive cum analytical research design based on both primary and secondary data. The necessary primary data were collected by conducting a field survey using a semi-structured questionnaire on a sample of 38 communities/projects having RWH systems while the secondary data were collected through relevant publications. The csollected data were analyzed using statistical tools through SPSS to derive results leading to major findings of the study. Analysis/Results: The study concluded that a collaborative plan provides a ground to get contributions from different stakeholders and increase their sense of ownership. The collaboration with the local government ensures co-financing and involvement in planning and monitoring and increases prospects for support to required rehabilitation in the future. Community engagement from planning to implementation to managing the systems ensures the system's functionality and sustainability, leading to caretakers’ management and promoting income-generating activities using waste/overflow water from the system. The multiple uses of water services (MUS) provide a basis for livelihood enhancement leading to regular payment of tariffs. The caretakers’ management ensures to fix minor repairs promptly as needed. A combination of monitoring and eval_uation with different stakeholders during implementation and afterward ensures efficient and effective implementation and sustainability of the RWH system. Originality/Value: No such study uses recent data related to effective models of collaboration for RWH in the context of the rural areas of developing countries like Nepal is accessible. The paper, therefore, is valuable for users’ committees, development actors, academia, and policymakers to create effective models of collaboration for RWH. This work may potentially be useful to academia for future studies. Future avenue: The extension of this study can be made by incorporating an analysis of diverse applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in the water management sector in future studies.

A Novel Image Processing Approach for Colloid Detection in Saturated Porous Media.

Over recent decades, natural and artificial colloids, as well as nanoparticles, have been increasingly used in various applications. Consequently, with this rising consumption, surface and subsurface environments are more exposed to these particles. The presence of these particles and the colloid-facilitated transport of microorganisms, the interactions between dissolved contaminants and mobile colloids in porous media, and the fate and transport of colloids through groundwater-one of the primary sources of water supply for human societies-have attracted extensive research. This study investigates the performance of several image processing methods in the field of colloid detection, which is a prerequisite for the subsequent steps in porous media research. We employed four different categories of image processing approaches on microscopy images-segmentation-based methods, background-detection-based methods, filter-based methods, and morphology-based methods-to conduct the detection process of colloids. Eight methods were applied and subsequently analyzed in terms of their drawbacks and advantages to determine the best ones in this domain. Finally, we proposed an ensemble approach that leverages the strengths of the three best methods using a majority vote to detect colloids more accurately. In experiments, Precision, Recall, F-measure, and TCR criteria were considered as evaluation tools. Experimental results demonstrate the high accuracy of image processing methods in recognizing colloids. Among all these methods, morphology-based methods were the most successful, achieving the best detection performance and improving the limited distinguishing features of small colloids. Moreover, our ensemble approach, achieving perfect scores across all evaluation criteria, highlights its superiority compared with other detection methods.

Evaluation of groundwater quality with multi-source pollution based on source identification and health risks

Groundwater is a crucial water supply source in Chengdu City, western China, a region experiencing significant water scarcity. The sources of inorganic pollutants in groundwater and their potential health risks are of great concern. In this study, based on 156 groundwater samples collected in 2021 in the study area were analyzed for hydrochemical characterization and controlling factors. The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model was used for contaminant source analysis, and Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) combined with the Health Risk Evaluation Model (HREM) was used to quantify the health risks. The results indicate that the groundwater in the study area is predominantly of the Ca·Na-SO4·HCO3, Ca·Na-HCO3·SO4 and Ca-HCO3·SO4 types, mainly influenced by the combination of evaporation-concentration-crystallization and rock leaching-weathering. K+, Na+, and Cl− mainly originate from the weathering and dissolution of potassium feldspar and rock salt, while Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3−, and SO42− primarily come from the weathering and dissolution of sulfate minerals. The main sources of groundwater pollution and their contributions are as follows: domestic pollution (25.6 %), dissolution-filtration-evaporation-concentration action (22.8 %), hydrogeochemical evolution (15.8 %), water-rock interactions (12.8 %), primary geologic context (12.1 %), and agricultural non-point source pollution (11.0 %). Cl− and As are the primary contributors to non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, respectively. Non-carcinogenic risks are below USEPA standards, while the average carcinogenic risk for arsenic exceeded the maximum acceptable risk level thresholds by 23 and 109 times for adults and children, respectively. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks were mainly influenced by pollutant concentrations. The primary geological background and domestic pollution contributed the most to the non-carcinogenic risk for adults (50.3 %) and children (77.1 %), and 38.2 % and 10.3 %, respectively. This study highlights the necessity of establishing a comprehensive groundwater pollution monitoring system, enhancing industrial waste management practices, and raising public awareness to mitigate contamination and ensure the sustainable use of groundwater resources in Chengdu City.

Integrated analysis of ammonium origins in a Serbian anoxic alluvial aquifer: Insight from physicochemical, isotopic, microbiological data

The significance of examining groundwater quality is highlighted by the fact that 75% of the European Union population relies on groundwater for their water supply. In the Republic of Serbia, over 50% of the groundwater used for public water supply comes from alluvial aquifers, with 80–90% of this water originating from river water infiltration. This study investigates the origin of increased ammonium concentrations (up to 4.7 mgN/l) in the Danube alluvial aquifer near Kovin-Dubovac area, Serbia, a potential future regional water supply source surrounded by intensive agricultural production and an open coal mine. Comprehensive research involved statistical processing of physicochemical data (13 parameters from 33 sampling sites), isotopic analyses (δ15N–NH4 – 12 samples; δ34S–SO4, δ18O–SO4 in 5 samples), and microbiological tests (denitrifying, sulphate-reducing, iron-related, and heterotrophic aerobic bacteria in 15 samples). Factor analysis revealed significant positive loadings (>0.5) among indicators of autochthonous organic matter origin (Fe2+, Fetot, and TOC), geological matrix components (Na, H2S, Cl), and groundwater state parameters (pH, Eh, and NH4+). This multifaceted approach and the spatial concentration gradients of parameters associated within extracted principal components revealed the predominance of two NH4+ sources. The riparian zone is characterized by sediment organic matter mineralization, increased iron content, and natural ammonium origin (δ15N–NH4+ from +4.82‰ to +6.93‰) accompanied by conditions suitable for DNRA and sulphate reduction. Approaching to the hinterland lower iron and total organic matter content, accompanied by increased redox values revealed the signature of fertilizers application (δ15N–NH4+ −0.84‰ and −0.33‰), associated with denitrification influence. This multifaceted approach reduces ambiguity, providing a clearer interpretation of results when discerning the origin of nitrogen and aquifer potential for nitrogen loss or conservation in a reducing groundwater environment.

Ecotoxicological and Microbiological Risk Assessment of Groundwater from Dimba Cave, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Dimba Cave is a large array of natural galleries in limestone mountains of the Democratic Republic of the Congo that contains highly valued pre-historic archaeological artifacts. The cave attracts a high number of tourists every year and is used by local populations as a water supply source. The main objective of the research undertaken in Dimba Cave consisted of assessing the quality of water and sediments from Dimba Cave ponds through evaluating contamination by heavy metals (15 elements analyzed, including As, Cd, Pb, and Hg) and by microbial populations (including Escherichia coli and total coliforms) in order to estimate the ecotoxicological risk to humans and to non-human biota. All water samples collected in the cave ponds showed very high metal concentrations exceeding the internationally recommended limits for drinking water, particularly for Cr, Mn, As, Pb, and Hg. Most sediment samples from cave ponds also displayed high heavy metal concentrations. The calculated pollution parameters, such as the enrichment factor (EF), and ecological risk parameters, such as the ecological risk index (Eri), indicated that the sediment may be toxic to aquatic biota. Furthermore, the microbiological analysis of pond waters indicated a widespread contamination with bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., total coliforms, and Pseudomonas spp., probably from anthropogenic and/or animal sources. Therefore, the consumption of Dimba Cave water as a drinking water represents a threat to public health. Urgent management measures should be enforced to protect public health and the cave ecosystem.

Combined electrocoagulation/flotation technique and membrane desalination for textile wastewater reuse

A novel integrated system that combined electrocoagulation/flotation (ECF) technique with membrane desalination was used for textile wastewater treatment to reduce the environmental pollution of textile wastewater. Two scenarios were examined: the first is ECF followed by membrane desalination; the second is the application of membrane desalination for treatment of raw wastewater. Iron electrodes were used in batch-wise tests to examine the effects of electrolysis time and current intensity on percentage removals. The SiO2/PA(TFC) membrane was used to treat raw wastewater and ECF effluents. As the current intensity increased from 50 mA to 600 mA, the color elimination was improved from 94 % to 99 % and the COD elimination improved from 59.1 % to 81.5 %. The findings demonstrate the efficacy of ECF in removing color and COD, although the treated wastewater sample's TDS increased from 4200 mg/L to 19,400 mg/L (raw textile wastewater sample). The SiO2/PA(TFC) membrane displays the salt rejection and water flux reduction of the raw wastewater samples 95 %, and 22 (L/m2.h). Corresponding results for ECF treated wastewater were 94, 93, 91 % and 13, 11.5, and 10 (L/m2.h), respectively. The SiO2/PA(TFC) membrane displays the reduction of COD from 760 mg O2/L (raw) and 310 mg O2/L (ECF effluent) to zero%. Also, it proves the capabilities of SiO2/PA(TFC) membrane for the removal of TDS, COD and color. This integrated system can provide sustainable source for fresh water supply used for landscape, irrigation, industry and various purposes.

Evaluation of the possibility of searching for groundwater using electrical resistivity tomography based on the data of numerical modelling in complicated permafrost conditions (the case of the territory in the eastern part of the Republic of Buryatia)

Relevance. Groundwater is the main source of industrial and technical water supply for mining facilities. The geological structure of the studied areas can be complicated by various factors that make it difficult to search for and localize groundwater. In this regard, electrical geophysical prospecting methods are often included in the complex of prospecting and exploration works, before which it is necessary to justify the application of the chosen method for solving the problems by performing numerical modelling. Aim. To substantiate the use of electrical resistivity tomography for the search for groundwater, taking into account complicating factors, including perennially frozen rocks, taliks, and fault zone, by numerical modelling. Objects. Geological environment represented by Quaternary system rocks and permafrost rocks of Cretaceous sediments of the Zazinskaya intermontane area, fault zone, talik zones. Methods. Solution of the direct problem, solution of the inverse problem, ground geophysical surveys using electrical resistivity tomography. Results. Based on the performed numerical modelling, it is shown that the use of electrical resistivity tomography is expedient when searching for groundwater in the area characterized by various factors: permafrost, talik, and a fault zone. Based on the results of solving direct and inverse problems of electrical survey, using field works performed in 2020 in the Eravninsky district of the Republic of Buryatia as an example, it is shown that pole-dipole arrays in electric resistivity survey with electrode distance of 5 m, successfully confirmed by drilling operations, allow us reliably delineate potential zones of water inflow. These zones, characterized by low values of electrical resistivity, in this area, are related to talik zones, which are powered by heat flow from the bowels of the earth.

Peculiarities of the existence of a focus cyatocephalosis among wild and cultivated salmon fishes in the reservoirs of the Izhora upland of the Leningrad region

One of the conditions for maintaining fish health in aquaculture is to control and prevent the presence of disease agents in the water supply sources of fish farms. The main advantages of industrial aquaculture to prevent the spread of parasites can be considered the use of groundwater and pellet feed. The use of an underground water source completely eliminates the possibility of the spread of parasites. In the case of using river, lakes or pounds water the consumption of pellets feed by fish should exclude their eating of invertebrates — intermediate hosts of parasites with a complex life cycle. However, we have found singles Cyathocephalus truncatus (Pallas, 1781) cestodes in juvenile rainbow trout in industrial conditions. This served as the basis for research on the spread of this parasite both in natural reservoirs and fish farms of various types located within the Izhora upland. Cyathocephalus truncatus cestode is a dangerous parasite with a complex life cycle that is widespread mainly in salmon fish. The paper presents experimental data highlighting the impact of fish farming factors and nutritional selectivity on the spread of the parasite. Special attention was paid to the infestation of Salvelinus lepecheni grown in the FSGCR in order to replenish the natural population. As a result of our research conducted over three years, fish of this species have not been invaded by the parasite in both industrial and experimental conditions. This indicates the safety of juveniles reproduced in the FSGCR for settlement in natural reservoirs. In order to determine the boundaries of the natural focus of cyatocephalosis, 106 specimens of salmon fish from 8 reservoirs were tested for infection. Methods of preventing disease in flowing pools are proposed. It has been suggested that the preservation of the focus is ensured by the progenis of the cestode procercoids, excluding the need for a definitive host (fish) to maintain the helminth population in isolated hydraulic water sources.

“URBAN REHABILITATION IN RUSSIA BROOKS NO DELAY”: STATE AND SOCIETY IN THE FIGHT AGAINST RIVERS POLLUTION AT THE END OF THE 19th — EARLY 20th CENTURIES

At the turn of the 19th and20th centuries, the growth of urban population and development of urban infrastructure were accompanied by the emergence of environmental problems, including the increase of river pollution, which might cause water supply diffi culties. The central and local authorities, as well as representatives of various public, scientific, professional organizations and business circles, were involved in solving these problems. The order of their interaction could be diff erent, but these joint projects made it possible to achieve the best results in combating river pollution caused by industrial and domestic waste, to determine priorities in the system of water protection and to improve the supply of potable water to the population. Thanks to the activities of such organizations as the Society for Assistance to the Improvement and Development of Manufacturing Industry, Russian Water Supply Congresses, sanitary stations, and the Provisional Committee for the Development of Measures to Protect the Water Bodies of the Moscow Industrial District from Pollution, a rather extensive set of measures was carried out to study the properties, nature, and degree of water pollution in the rivers that served as sources of water supply for city dwellers, and the most eff ective methods of water purifi cation were determined in experiments. Practical recommendations were developed on the use of the most eff ective and cost-efficient methods and facilities for industrial wastewater treatment. The best domestic specialists were involved in solving the identified problems, who utilized international and Russian experience. The lack of sufficient funding for water protection activities resulted in some initiatives not being or being only partially implemented. In addition, a number of practical measures which had been planned in this area had to be postponed because of the outbreak of World War I in 1914

LithoSFR Model for Mapping Groundwater Potential Zones Using Remote Sensing and GIS

Groundwater is a significant source of water supply, especially with depleted and quality-deteriorated surface water. The number of drilled boreholes for groundwater has been increased, but erroneous results often occur while selecting sites for digging boreholes. This makes it necessary to follow a science-based method indicating potential zones for groundwater storage. The LithoSFR Model is a systematic approach we built to create an indicative map with various categories for potential groundwater sites. It is based mainly on retrieved geospatial data from satellite images and from available thematic maps, plus borehole data. The geospatial data were systematically manipulated in a GIS with multi-criteria applications. The novelty of this model includes the empirical calculation of the level each controlling factor (i.e., weights and rates), as well as the LithoSFR Model, adopting new factors in its design. This study was applied on a representative Mediterranean region, i.e., Lebanon. Results showed that 44% of the studied region is characterized by a very high to high potentiality for groundwater storage, mainly in areas with fractured and karstified carbonate rocks. The obtained results from the produced map were compared with datasets which were surveyed from representative boreholes to identify the discharge in the dug boreholes, and then to compare them with the potential zones in the produced map The reliability of the produced map exceeded 87%, making it a significant tool to identify potential zones for groundwater investment.

The Integrating Impacts of Extreme Weather Events and Shrimp Farming Practices on Coastal Water Resource Quality in Ninh Thuan Province, Vietnam

Ninh Thuan is a coastal province in the central region of Vietnam and is characterized by a climate that is the hottest and driest in the country. Vietnam is also one of the top five countries most vulnerable to the effects of climate change worldwide. The objective of this study was a thorough evaluation of the quality of water supply sources and the impacts of water effluents from shrimp farms in Ninh Thuan province. The comprehensive evaluation was based on an understanding of the water–wastewater cycle employed in coastal shrimp cultivation. We combined qualitative and quantitative analyses in undertaking this study. Secondary data of groundwater and coastal water from the local periodic water quality monitoring program and national technical regulations were collected in the qualitative approach. We also integrated participatory rural appraisal techniques and field observations to understanding shrimp cultivation and the environmental and social impacts of shrimp farm effluents. The quantitative assessment consisted of measuring groundwater and wastewater contamination from shrimp ponds. As a result, four main reasons for water pollution issues were determined including extreme weather events, shrimp cultivation practices, degraded infrastructure, and mismanagement by local governance. Shrimp cultivation practices (feeding, using chemicals) have resulted in elevated levels of suspended solid (TSS, total Coliform), organic and carbon matter (BOD5, COD), and excessive nutrients (total Nitrogen, NO2-N, NO3-N, PO4-P). According to a local monitoring program, the coastal water and groundwater have experienced nutrient pollution. Groundwater sampling near the shrimp farms identified salinization elevated levels of Coliform from local domestic sewage sources. This study resulted in an integrated approach that evaluated the combined effects of extreme weather events and shrimp farming practices on the quality of coastal water. Also, the finding can be useful in recommending remedial water treatment technologies as a follow-on phase.

Upper‐flow‐regime deposits related to glacio‐volcanic interactions in Patagonia: Insights from the Pleistocene record in Southern Andes

AbstractSupercritical flows and their associated upper‐flow‐regime bedforms have been increasingly recognized in several contrasting depositional environments around the world, including volcano‐sedimentary settings. In recent years, there have been significant advances in flow modelling, architecture and depositional dynamics in upper‐flow‐regime bedforms related to glacio‐volcanic interaction, however most of these works come from specific volcanic landscapes. Examples of other regions with different tectonic and volcanic settings are needed in order to gain a more global perspective regarding the generation and preservation of upper‐flow‐regime glacio‐volcanic bedforms. This study presents a detailed analysis of Pleistocene volcaniclastic deposits accumulated in alluvial to lacustrine deltaic environments in the Southern Andes within the Southern Volcanic Zone. Six facies were defined and related to distinctive bedforms by examining sedimentary features, including textural characteristics, sedimentary structures, architecture and composition. Among these facies, five are distinguished by deposition from supercritical flows and upper‐flow‐regime bedforms, such as cyclic steps, chutes and pools, and antidunes. The stratigraphic succession reveals a predominance of repeated supercritical flows, which appear to be influenced by the availability of detritus for removal along with sudden water discharges. Compositional analyses indicate that explosive volcanism was the primary source of detritus, occurring synchronously with sedimentation. Additionally, the widespread occurrence of Pleistocene glacial conditions in this region suggests that volcanic‐induced melting ice or snow may have been an important source of water supply. Regarding the Southern Andes, the presence of local depressions, such as volcano‐tectonic calderas plays an essential role in the generation and preservation of the upper‐flow‐regime bedforms related to glacio‐volcanism. Furthermore, the importance of carrying out detailed and multidisciplinary studies seems to be critical for the recognition of these deposits in the record of the Andes.

Isogeochemical Characterization of Mountain System Recharge Processes in the Sierra Nevada, California

AbstractMountain System Recharge processes are significant natural recharge pathways in many arid and semi‐arid mountainous regions. However, Mountain System Recharge processes are often poorly understood and characterized in hydrologic models. Mountains are the primary water supply source to valley aquifers via lateral groundwater flow from the mountain block (Mountain Block Recharge) and focused recharge from mountain streams contributing to focused Mountain Front Recharge at the piedmont zone. Here, we present a multi‐tool isogeochemical approach to characterize mountain flow paths and Mountain System Recharge in the northern Tulare Basin, California. We used groundwater chemistry data to delineate hydrochemical facies and explain the chemical evolution of groundwater from the Sierra Nevada to the Central Valley aquifer. Stable isotopes and radiogenic groundwater tracers validated Mountain System Recharge processes by differentiating focused from diffuse recharge, and estimating apparent groundwater age, respectively. Novel application of End‐Member Mixing Analysis using conservative chemical components revealed three Mountain System Recharge end‐members: (a) evaporated Ca‐HCO3 water type associated with focused Mountain Front Recharge, (b) non‐evaporated Ca‐HCO3 and Na‐HCO3 water types with short residence times associated with shallow Mountain Block Recharge, and (c) Na‐HCO3 groundwater type with long residence time associated with deep Mountain Block Recharge. We quantified the contribution of each Mountain System Recharge process to the valley aquifer by calculating mixing ratios. Our results show that deep Mountain Block Recharge is a significant recharge component, representing 31%–53% of the valley groundwater. Greater hydraulic connectivity between the Sierra Nevada and Central Valley has significant implications for parameterizing groundwater flow models. Our framework is useful for understanding Mountain System Recharge processes in other snow‐dominated mountain watersheds.

The Prevalence of Malnutrition among Children Aged 6-10 Years in Umuahia South, Abia State, Nigeria

The challenges of hunger and inadequate intake of food which hampers the nutritional status of children remains an issue of concern in Nigeria. This study assessed the prevalence of malnutrition among children aged 6-10 years in Umuahia South, Abia State. A multistage sampling technique was used to select the respondents for the study. Two hundred and twenty three (223) children 6-10 years were randomly selected from three community schools in Umuahia South. Structured and validated questionnaires were used in data collection. Data collection included basic characteristics of children, socio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the parents. Food habits of the participants, anthropometric characteristics of the children. Data obtained from the study were analyzed using Statistical Package for Service Solution (SPSS) for Windows Version 20. Descriptive statistics, frequency, percentages, Pearson’s correlation, cross tabulation and chi-square were used to examine the relationship between the variables, significance was accepted at p<0.05. Almost all the children (99.6%) were immunized. About half of the households (57.8%) had a size of 4-6 persons. More than one third of the mothers’ had secondary (46.2%) and tertiary (30.9%) education. Most of the households used tap (70.4%) and borehole water (16.1%) as their major source of water. The households used gas (37.7%) and firewood (22.4%) mainly as cooking fuel. Based on the anthropometric status of the children, about 29.6% of the children were stunted, 5.8% were underweight and 2.6% were thin. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the mother’s education, source of water supply, mother’s occupation and underweight in the children. In addition, there was a significant relationship (p<0.05) between mothers’ occupation, source of energy, type of toilet, good health facility and stunting in the children. There was a significant relationship (p<0.05) between mother’s education, source of water supply, source of energy, good health facility, type of housing and BMI-for-age in the children. Socio economic characteristics of the mothers was an important factor in the health and nutritional status of children. There is need for school feeding programs and nutrition education to improve on children’s health and feeding habit.

Tracing contaminants of emerging concern in the Awash River basin, Ethiopia

Study regionAwash River basin, Central Ethiopia Study focusThe study focuses on characterization of Emerging Organic Contaminants (EOCs) in the Awash River basin. Characterization of the EOCs was supplemented by chemical analysis of samples from river, boreholes, tap water, and surface water reservoirs. Analyses of environmental isotopes (δ 2 H, δ 18 O, and 222Rn) were used to investigate the exchange of contaminants between surface and groundwater supply sources. New hydrological insights for the regionMore than 100 EOCs are identified in all water supply sources. The EOCs are linked to agricultural applications, urban, and industrial sources. Based on the analysis of chemical and environmental tracers, the deep groundwater has greater protection from contamination than the river and the shallow groundwater. The heavy metal analysis prevails the same. The shallow aquifers are affected by urban, industrial, and agricultural pollutants. Attributed to the different contaminant sources, distinct variations in terms of compound types were observed at different locations. Water supply sources located upstream are dominated by urban and industrial contaminants while compounds from agricultural applications dominate the downstream sites. Artificial infrastructures serve as attenuation points for urban and industrial sourced compounds. Characterization of EOCs showed new contaminant loads in the water supply sources, which haven’t been tested before, with potential impact on human and wider environmental health, and may necessitate a revision of the customary water quality test and monitoring practices.

WATER RESOURCES OF THE KHOROSTKIV TERRITORIAL COMMUNITY: ECOLOGICAL STATUS, WATER USE PROBLEMS, OPTIMISATION MEASURES

The article analyses the ecological state of surface water resources of the Khorostkiv territorial community (ТС). According to the results of laboratory tests, pathogenic microorganisms, bacteriological indicators exceeding the regulatory requirements, faecal contamination and high content of organic matter were detected in the surface water bodies of the Khorostkiv TC. In addition to the pollution of surface water bodies in the Khorostkiv TC, an important environmental problem worth paying attention to is the lack of sanitary protection and water protection zones for rivers and ponds, as well as the littering of the coastal strip. It was found that the water supply network of the Khorostkiv territorial community includes only the water supply network of the town of Khorostkiv (30 km, unsatisfactory condition), since there are no centralised water supply systems in rural settlements. In the sources of centralised water supply in Khorostkiv, the levels of ammonium nitrogen and colour are exceeded. Hydrochemical analysis of water samples from private wells in Khorostkiv and the villages of Peremyliv and Khlopivka confirmed compliance with the requirements of SanR&R № 400. The volume of daily water consumption and water disposal was analysed. The main sources of pollution of the community's water resources and the volume of wastewater discharges were identified. Priority areas for improving the ecological state of water resources of the Khorostkiv community are substantiated. Keywords: surface water, groundwater, pollutants, water supply, water disposal, territorial community (ТС).

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Services in Healthcare Facilities in Bayelsa State Nigeria: A Primordial Prevention Strategy for Infectious Disease Control

Lack or inadequate Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in Healthcare Facilities (HCF) have been reported severally as having an impact on the transmission of infectious diseases or outbreak of infectious diseases in a healthcare setting. The study conducted in Bayelsa State, South-South of Nigeria was an institutional-based survey that utilized observational checklist and a key-informant interview for data collection. Eleven (11) HCFs comprising of 6(54.5%) primary healthcare facilities and 5(45.5%) secondary healthcare facilities was used for this study. While 8(72.7%) of the HCFs were owned by the Government 3(27.3%) were owned by private individuals and faith-based organizations. All HCF had tap water drawn from borehole as their main source of water supply but only 4(36.4%) have alternative source of water supply. All water supplies were within the HCFs and are less than 500 m from the point of care. Only 1(9.1%) out of 11 HCFs surveyed lacked water at the time of assessment. The type of toilet present in all the HCFs is the flush (water system) and they are all within the HCF premises. Over ninety percent (90.9%) of the HCFs had no toilet designed for those with limited mobility. Wash hand basins for hand hygiene were found to be available in all the HCFs except 1(9.1%). Four (4) (36.4%) of the HCFs had separate bins for the different categories of healthcare wastes while 7(63.6%) had not. There were posters of handwashing and disease prevention in 6(54.5%) of the HCFs. In all the HCFs, there was no WASH monitoring team. The study therefore advocates for WASH monitoring team and focal persons in all the HCFs to ensure adequate provision of WASH services. The study equally recommends further study involving more HCFs and assessing the constraints militating against the provision, use and maintenance of WASH infrastructures at HCFs in Bayelsa State.

Spatial Patterns of Water Supply and Use in California

Spatial and temporal patterns of water supply and consumptive water use were analyzed from 475 Detailed Analysis Units by County (DAUCOs) spatial units across California during 2002 through 2016 to evaluate spatial and temporal variability and how it might associate with precipitation variability and other factors. Many, but not all, DAUCOs have relatively low total water supply variability compared to that of state-wide precipitation. Such low variability, in DAUCOs having sufficient diversity of water supply sources, is the result of switching between sources as needed to maintain a reliable total water supply. We used multiple approaches to explore these variations which involved four categories of water supply (local, groundwater, imported, and other) and two categories of water use (agricultural and urban). First, a cluster analysis of the volumetric water balance data identified a small set of clusters having similar magnitudes and proportions of water supply sources and water use—some of them composed of only a few DAUCOs but accounting for a disproportionate amount of the state’s water use. Second, a principal components analysis identified leading modes of anomalous water supply and water use among the 475 DAUCOs, capturing most of the time variation during 2002 to 2016. The most prominent mode exhibits a multi-year trend, most strongly involving increasing groundwater supply and agricultural water use, and decreasing urban water use and imported water supply. Over the study period, trends in both supply and use were pronounced, but differed considerably across California DAUCOs. One predominant subset of DAUCOs grew their agricultural water use with increased groundwater supply; in contrast to a widespread group of DAUCOs which reduced their urban water use. An important result for planners is our finding that variation in precipitation—itself important—is amplified by the human response to water supply availability and regulatory policy.

Geomorphic evolution of a tropical river basin in the Deccan Volcanic Province: a critical water supply source to Mumbai metropolitan region (MMR), India

ABSTRACT Reservoir siltation lowers a dam’s effective storage capacity, which is mostly determined by the sediment discharge from soil erosion in the watersheds. The morphometric parameters are significant in determining erosional susceptibility of watersheds. In the present study, morpho-hypsometric aspects of the Surya sub-basin, a major tributary of Vaitarna river, has been considered. This river system and associated dams provide the major source of drinking water supply to the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR). A major part of the river flows through the Deccan Volcanic Province (comprising basalts) and Quaternary alluvial deposits. The seven sub-watersheds (SWs) of Surya sub-basin were analysed using the morphological parameters (linear, areal, and basin shape aspects), along with ratio factors and hypsometric integral (HI) values. The HI values for the SWs range from 0.11 (SW-1) to 0.51 (SW-6) with a HI value of 0.21 for the whole Surya sub-basin. The relatively high HI values of SW-6 (0.51) and SW-7 (0.31) indicate that these SWs are relatively prone to high erosion and sediment discharge resulting in dam siltation, and will be a great threat to livelihood of millions of people in the MMR. Therefore, prioritizing these SWs for proper engineering measures could reduce erosion and improve recharge.

Geographic Information Systems for Water Quality Modeling in the Zhytomyr District Communities

Abstract To ensure safe and quality drinking water for residents of rural settlements who use their own wells, boreholes, and natural sources for domestic water supply, a comprehensive approach to evaluating the quality of underground drinking water using geographic information system (GIS) technologies is necessary. The purpose of the study was to assess the quality of drinking water sources of noncentralized water supply in rural settlements of the united territorial communities (UTCs) of Zhytomyr district and to create geoinformation models based on the research results. The following research methods were used during the research: analytical, field, laboratory, statistical, calculation, and cartographic. The research was conducted in 129 settlements of 12 UTCs of Zhytomyr district, where drinking water samples were collected from noncentralized water supply sources for further analysis in the Measurement Laboratory of Polissia National University, and the creation of geoinformation models using the ArcGIS Pro software package. It has been proven that the average pH level in none of the studied settlements exceeded the norm. The average nitrate concentration in the drinking water from noncentralized water sources exceeded the norm by 1.4–3.5 times, specifically in the water of the Pulyny, Cherniakhiv, Vilshanka, Volytsia, and Oliivka communities, exceeding the maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) limit by more than two times. Only in rural settlements in the Liubar community was the average iron content found to be above the norm by more than 1.9 times. Overall, it was established that the calculated value of the overall water quality class in the Zhytomyr district was 2.03, which is determined as “good,” clean water of acceptable quality. The best water quality was found in the Vilshanka, Cherniakhiv, and Stanyshivka communities, with a quality class range of 1.85–1.93, while the worst water quality was recorded in the Oliivka, Teterivka, and Liubar communities, with a quality class range of 2.13–2.31. It was determined that the highest contribution to the overall water quality was made by nitrate and iron content. The obtained research results and models based on them can be used by local governments of the studied communities to inform the population about the quality of drinking water and to develop a plan for improving the state of drinking water supply with the aim of increasing the level of environmental safety of drinking water.