Water Supply Pipe Research Articles

Numerical study on the flow characteristics of slot cooling header after rolling

In order to study the flow distribution characteristics of the slot cooling header after hot rolling, and the influence of different structure and technological parameters on the flow uniformity of outlet velocity and length direction was obtained. The three-dimensional steady-state numerical simulation analysis of the flow inside the manifold was carried out by FLUENT analysis software. The influences of inlet pressure, shape and structure of intermediate transition cavity were studied respectively. The results show that within the range of 0.1~ 0.5MPa of the inlet pressure, the velocity fluctuation in the direction of the outlet length increases with the increase of the pressure, and the width decreases from the middle of the gap to both sides. The flow velocity at the jet outlet can be increased by changing the angle of outflow tilt of the water supply pipe.

Leakage Reduction of Water Distribution Network System Based on the Observation Data of Water Leakage and Pressure of Actual Water Distribution Network System

As the main way of urban water use, water supply system is an important urban infrastructure. It plays an important role in guaranteeing people’s life and economic construction. In recent years, it has an overall and guiding influence on the city. The monitoring and leak detection of water supply network system has become one of the most important problems in the water supply network system. The purpose of this paper is to explore the leakage reduction of the water distribution network system under the observation data of water leakage and pressure based on the actual water distribution network system. This paper analyzes the different pipe diameter of pressure change on the influence of water leakage, and the effect of different decompression interval to reduce water leakage results show that the leakage and pipeline pressure changes exponentially, it changes with reduced pressure pipe installation of pipe diameter and valve for high same diameter of pipeline, decompression and leakage effect is more effective, for the decompression range of basically the same pipeline, pipe diameter, the greater the effect is more obvious. In this paper, we study a kind of based on the pressure signal and traffic signal of the existing urban water supply pipe network leakage recognition and positioning method, and carries on the simulation of urban pipeline leakage simulation test platform through test analysis, probes into the key technology of this method and improvement, to improve the accuracy and positioning precision of the method to detect leaks. The research results show that the simplest method can be realized and the best effect can be achieved through the summary analysis of existing studies. When the leakage coefficient is set as 1, the water leakage is about 600%, and the pressure value of the leakage node and the pressure monitoring point for 24h is shown. It is obvious that when the lowest pressure is 10h, the pressure value is 300%. Through the analysis and improvement of this method, it can realize the timely identification and positioning of leakage events, reduce economic losses, and guarantee people’s normal life.

Research on Detection Technology of Joint Sealing of Large Diameter PVC Water Supply Pipe

With the increasing application of PVC water supply pipe in production and life, this paper aims at the problem that there is no single sealing ring connected large diameter PVC pipe interface sealing detection equipment in the construction site of agricultural water supply. According to the sealing test method of negative pressure test, a set of large diameter PVC pipe interface sealing test device is designed, and the corresponding test procedures and standards are put forward. The field sealing test of large diameter PVC pipe interface is carried out, and the portable aviation aluminum box with universal wheel is designed and customized. The device has the advantages of simple structure, easy installation and disassembly, easy carrying, and is suitable for field operation. It provides important equipment support for the better promotion and use of large PVC pipes.

Impact of Water Demand Pattern Variation on Hydraulic Behavior and Water Quality in Water Distribution Systems

Water is the most valuable source for human life. Egypt is one of the driest countries facing an enormous shortage of potable water especially with the population increase and limited water resources. It is becoming aware of the need to preserve water and sustainable water management. Potable water supply pipes are important for delivering water to consumers and serving as the last process between the treatment plant and the consumer. Water demand can vary periodically over the course of the day and for the same average daily demand, the peak value of the demand pattern can vary. These variations in peak demand can have significant effect on the hydraulic behavior of pipes network, water quality, and energy consumption through it. A significant amount of cost is spent on energy consumption in the water supply pipes network. In this research, the effect of water demand pattern variation on hydraulic behavior, water quality and energy consumption in water supply pipes network is studied. EPANET2 software was used to perform the hydraulic analysis through extended period simulation through a hypothetical water supply pipes network. Five patterns of demand variation were adopted in this analysis called pattern demand for big city, village, rural area, industrial zone and hotels. It was found that the type of demand pattern has a significant effect on velocity through the different pipes and pressure head of the different nodes and chlorine decay through the network.

Construction of Underground Service Tunnels as Part of Disaster Management

Japan is one of the most earthquake-prone countries in the world. The Great East Japan Earthquake that struck on March 11, 2011 devastated a vast area centered on three prefectures in the Tohoku region (Fukushima, Miyagi, and Iwate), and there is said to be a more than 70% probability of a magnitude 7 earthquake striking Tokyo—the nation’s capital—within the next 30 years.Under these circumstances, various measures are being considered for application to a range of facilities, transportation systems, and infrastructure in Japan in order to protect people’s lives and—at the very least—reduce damage in the event of an earthquake, but in reality no one can image the kind of situation that would unfold should an earthquake actually occur.Sandwiched between Tokyo Station and the Imperial Palace in the center of Tokyo, the Otemachi, Marunouchi, and Yurakucho districts (known colloquially as the “Daimaruyu” area) comprise one huge business district where there is a concentration of representative Japanese companies—including major banks, trading companies, and newspapers—and Japan offices of foreign corporations. In addition to protecting human life, this area potentially faces another serious challenge in the event of a major earthquake—preventing disruption to the businesses operating within it.In order to be able to do this, strengthening and redundancy of infrastructure such as energy, water, and heating and cooling systems are required. In order to achieve this strengthening and redundancy of energy, water, and heating/cooling infrastructure, utility and service tunnels for installing energy, water, and air-conditioning supply pipes are currently being constructed at a depth of 20–30 meters below ground in the Daimaruyu area. This paper provides an overview of the significance and purpose of this service tunnel construction as well as the project content.

Long-Term Internal Pressure Performance Evaluation of a GFRP Water Supply Pipe Buried Underground

Long-Term Internal Pressure Performance Evaluation of a GFRP Water Supply Pipe Buried Underground

A Basic Experimental Study on Analysis of Leak Signal and Monitoring Method for Water Supply Pipe

Water supply systems are essential elements for human life and industry, and water leaks and water supply cut-off may cause major problems. Local water leaks and pipe failures in the water supply system are inevitable problems due to the aging of pipes. Therefore, leakage detection and prevention are required to monitor the integrity of the water supply system. This paper is a fundamental study on the applicability of the smart bolt, which was developed as a monitoring system to detect water leakage in water supply monitoring. Detection experiments were conducted using a smart bolt with a built-in strain sensor and an accelerometer. Through finite element analysis using ANSYS 2019 R2 and tensile strength testing, the strength of the smart bolt was confirmed to have the acceptable tensile strength. The smart bolt used in this study was verified to meet the allowable criteria of torque and tensile stress for a municipal water supply system. The frequency responses of the simulated leakage pipe system, according to the leakage of the valve and the main pipe, were analyzed, and a leak signal at the valve leak point was detected in the 60-Hz band. The main pipe leaking point was observed to produce a leak signal with a much higher-order mode than that of the valve leak point. Therefore, the smart bolt can be applied to detect warning leak signs from water supply valves and to monitor for loosening of the bolts.

Geochemical characteristics and quality of groundwater evaluation for drinking, irrigation, and industrial purposes from a part of hard rock aquifer of South India.

The present study is a part of hard rock aquifer of Telangana, South India, where the groundwater is withdrawn heavily for drinking, irrigation, and small-scale industrial purposes. Geochemical characteristics explain the chemical processes, which control the groundwater chemistry and consequently the groundwater quality, while the chemical quality of groundwater is adversely affected by anthropogenic activities, which damage the water environment. The focus of the present study was, thus, to know the origin of geochemical characteristics and also to evaluate the quality of groundwater for various purposes for taking the suitable remedial measures to provide safe water to the local community. Geochemical relations (GR) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to assess the geochemical characteristics. Entropy weighted groundwater quality index (EWGQI), United States Soil Salinity Laboratory Staff (USSLS)'s diagram, and groundwater quality criteria for water supply pipes (GQCW) were used to evaluate the groundwater quality for drinking, irrigation, and industrial purposes, respectively. The study found that the water-rock interactions associated with ion exchange and evaporation were the prime geochemical factors controlling the geochemical characteristics and the anthropogenic activities as the secondary factor. These observations were further supported by HCA. According to the EWGQI, 34.97% of the spatial area was found to have the poor and very poor groundwater quality zones for drinking purpose, because of the dominance of TDS, Na+, Cl-, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and F- contents in the groundwater system. Based on the USSLS's diagram, 79.55% of the present study area was observed to be poor and very poor water quality type for irrigation utilization due to salinity hazard. The GQCW demonstrated that the 7.91% and 8.82% of the areas were not suitable for industrial purpose due to influence of incrustation based on [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively, and 1.85%, 12.32%, and 1.25 of the areas are unfit due to influence of corrosion based on pH, TDS, andCl-, respectively. Therefore, boiling, activated carbon filter, rainwater harvesting, suitable coatings on metal surfaces of water supply pipes, etc. are the important suggested effective strategic measures to provide safe water for drinking, irrigation, and industrial purposes.

Pipe breaks and estimating the impact of pressure control in water supply networks

The deterioration and fracture of water supply pipes present a major threat for the continuous provision of drinking water. The hydraulic pressure in pipes is an influential factor for the occurrence of pipe breaks. However, little evidence has been provided so far for the quantitative assessment of the impact of pressure control on reducing the number of pipe breaks. In this paper, we applied logistic regression with polynomial terms, and a sensitivity analysis to assess the potential impact of pressure control on reducing pipe breaks. A large dataset of historic pipe breaks was used to develop and validate the presented method. Cast iron and asbestos cement pipes were examined in detail. Results showed that pipe breaks could be decreased by 18% to 30% by reducing the mean pressure for the investigated cohorts of asbestos cement and cast iron pipes. Pressure range reduction could provide larger impacts on both pipe materials. These results indicate that proactively controlling the hydraulic pressure may have a potentially significant impact on the reliability and sustainability of water supply networks.

Aerobic methanotrophs in an urban water cycle system: Community structure and network interaction pattern

Aerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) play an important role in reducing methane emissions in nature. Most current researches focus on the natural habitats (e.g., lakes, reservoirs, wetlands, paddy fields, etc.). However, methanotrophs and the methane-oxidizing process remain essentially unclear in artificial habitat, such as the urban water cycle systems. Here, high-throughput sequencing and qPCR were used to analyze the community structure and abundance of MOB. Six different systems were selected from Yunyang City, Chongqing, China, including the raw water system (RW), the water supply pipe network system (SP), the wastewater pipe network system (WP), the hospital wastewater treatment system (HP), the municipal wastewater treatment plant system (WT) and the downstream river system (ST) of a wastewater treatment plant. Results clearly showed that the MOB community structure and network interaction patterns of the urban water cycle system were different from those of natural water bodies. Type I MOB was the dominant clade in HP. Methylocysis in Type II was the most abundant genus among the whole urban water cycle system, indicating that this genus had a high adaptability to the environment. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and concentration significantly affected the MOB communities in the urban water cycle system. The network of MOB in WT was the most complicated, and there were competitive relationships among species in WP. The structure of the network in HP was unstable, and therefore, it was vulnerable to environmental disturbances. Methylocystis (Type II) and Methylomonas (Type I) were the most important keystone species in the entire urban water cycle system. Overall, these findings broaden the understanding of the distribution and interaction patterns of MOB communities in an urban water cycle system and provide valuable clues for ecosystem restoration and environmental management.

Simulation of cavitation phenomena near the wall

The influence of cavitation phenomena near the wall was analyzed. When the cavitations occurred, the generation and annihilation of bubbles had the synchronous characteristic, which led to the periodic fluctuation of the medium density in the water supply pipe. The cavitation led to the fluctuation of pressure and caused the pipeline vibration. In addition, during cavitations, bubble collapse produced shock waves, impact damage to blades of pump.

Evaluation of an Automatic Drain System of Stagnant Drinking Water: A Case Study of a Water Supply Pipe in Seoul

This study provides a case study using an automatic draining solution within the drinking distribution system where it was difficult to maintain an acceptable level of retention time and water quality. Water quality behavior was simulated using EPANET 2.0 in a block system of the distribution network system linked with a given reservoir. The site surveys for the simulated stagnant areas were used for building the automatic drain system at the accessible site. Water quality online monitoring without drain showed that earlier occurrence event of residual chlorine below 0.1 mg/L with 45 days than that of turbidity above 0.5 NTU with 90 days was a critical factor to open and close the drain valve. The discharge volumes of the automatic drain system at the stagnant area were 10~100% of the flushing volume drained by the existing manual drain work. It was confirmed that the volume and cycle of drain could be flexibly changed over time and water temperature. The long term operation of the automatic drain system at the test bed showed that the annual flushing volume and working time could be reduced by 65% and 80%, respectively. The continuous operation of the automatic drain system showed that optimal flushing and online sensing compared to manual drainage could reduce maintenance costs and ensure stable water quality of stagnant drinking water. Although the scope and effect of this study are limited to a particular water pipe, the applicability of an automatic drain system can be evaluated by the approach of this study with optimized drain conditions.

Urban Water Supply Management and Water Supply Safety Countermeasures

With the development of social economy, the scale of towns is expanding, the quality of life is improved, and the water supply safety is more and more concerned. Urban water supply as the key component of urban infrastructure construction, in order to ensure the safety of water quality, to avoid different nature of water quality pollution, to different management objects and system analysis, understand the factors affecting water quality, using scientific management methods, construction of perfect urban water supply security and quality assurance management system. And establish a certain period, regularly control urban water supply pipes and auxiliary facilities, find and control and deal with problems in time. The transformation of urban pipe network should promote and apply new pipe materials, which can avoid the secondary pollution of pipe materials. To sum up, the current water supply system management and urban water supply system is serious, backward management technology and supervision technology, aging water supply pipe network and insufficient capital investment all affect the management of water supply system and water supply safety, relevant departments should pay attention to and control, and do a good job in problem solving and control

Development and Application of a Heating Remote Monitoring System Based on KingSCADA

A remote monitoring system for a secondary heating pipe network is designed on the basis of the KingSCADA software. Remote data communication is implemented through the IP mapping technology. Remote data are sorted through IOServer, and the remote monitoring of the pipe network unit port return is implemented accordingly. Using data such as water temperature and pressure of the water supply and return pipes, valve opening can be remotely adjusted to optimize the performances of the network to meet user needs in real time. The research results show that this remote monitoring system displays a reasonable degree of stability and efficiency in remote communication.

Research on the selection of pipe materials for water supply and drainage

Municipal water supply and drainage project is one of the infrastructures that affects the planning of modern city construction. Therefore, it is required that the municipal water supply and drainage project can achieve economic, social and ecological benefits. As one of the basic elements of engineering project, the quality, performance and price of pipe materials have become a common concern in engineering construction. With the continuous development of modern science and technology, the type of water supply and drainage pipe has increased significantly. This paper briefly analyzes the properties, advantages and disadvantages, and application of common water supply and drainage pipes, hoping to provide some reference and help for the selection of pipe materials.

Development of the Urban Water Balance Model by Linking Water Distribution and Sewer Networks

Due to urban overcrowding, the population density of residential areas and water use per unit are increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to study the flow of water supplied to cities and to improve the healthy circulation of urban water. This study used Modelica, a non-causal analytical program. Using Open Modelica, the researchers constructed a model linking water distribution and sewerage, as the basis of a balanced urban water model. Using the programmer's toolkit provided by EPA-NET and EPA-SWMM, which are commonly used to simulate the existing water supply and sewage pipe networks, Open Modelica-based water distribution networks and sewage pipe networks can be connected and simulated based on the customer block. A model was built so that 90% of the hourly water consumption supplied to the water supply pipe network can be automatically introduced into the sewage pipe network. If a matching table is constructed to connect the nodes of the water supply pipe network and the sewer pipe network, the nodes will reflect in the graphical user interface (GUI) developed in Open Modelica. It was developed to enable modification of links, pumps, tanks, and valves. The 48-hour water supply was simulated using the developed model, and it was confirmed that water supply and sewage networks were successfully connected. In the future, we plan to develop a more expanded and realistic urban water circulation model by considering additional urban water circulation factors, such as sewage treatment, water reuse, rainwater use, storm runoff, and low-impact development facilities. Through this study, it was confirmed that Modelica can simulate changes in the system over time. Since it is a formula-based non-causal simulation language, it is possible to establish and reuse relationships between blocks through block-by-block development of urban water circulation elements. It is expected to contribute to the visualization and concretization of future urban water circulation models.

A Study on the Comparative Analysis of 2-MIB Treatment Characteristics and Optimization of Process Operation in 2-types of Advanced Water Treatment Plants in the Han River Water Supply System

Objectives:In this study, through the results of the high-concentration 2-MIB (2-Methyl Isoborneol) treatment by two different types of advanced treatment plants (Post Peroxone+GAC, UV/H2O2+GAC F/A) which intake raw water from the same water intake facility, the 2-MIB removal characteristics by oxidation process of each WTPs (Water Treatment Plants) were compared and analyzed, and optimal operation methods were derived.Methods:The 2-MIB removal rate was compared and analyzed according to each AOP (Advanced Oxidation Process) operating conditions (Post Peroxone+GAC of the G WTP and UV/H2O2+GAC F/A of the I WTP). The optimal equations of chemical injection were derived through the correlation between the operating conditions of the AOP for each WTPs and 2-MIB removal rate. By analyzing the operating characteristics of each WTPs, the cost and unit price for optimal operation were calculated according to the 2-MIB concentration of raw water and water production. Optimal operating conditions were derived through the performance of oxidation facilities and chemical injection equations of each WTPs, and economical operating plans were reviewed through linked operation of 2 WTPs.Results and Discussion:The 2-MIB removal rates for each WTPs were 70~100% for the G WTP and 50~96% for the I WTP. The operating conditions affecting the 2-MIB removal were [O3 injection×contact time], H2O2/O3 for Post Peroxone of the G WTP, and [UV dose×H2O2 injection] for UV/H2O2 of the I WTP. As a result of comparing the operating cost(electric power cost + chemical cost) of each WTPs, I WTP was 6.6~24.3 KRW/m3 higher than G WTP. It is considered to be because the H2O2 injection was 11~43 times for UV/H2O2 than Post Peroxone. Optimal operating conditions could be derived through the performance evaluation of each oxidation facilities and chemical injection equations of each WTPs. The G WTP and the I WTP are equipped with pipe line for linked operation in the water supply pipes, so the water production for each WTPs can be distributed. In the case of the same water production, it was confirmed that the unit price can be reduced when the water production ratio of the G WTP is increased. Because the decrease in cost of the I WTP is higher than the increase in cost of the G WTP.Conclusions:It was confirmed that both Post Peroxone+GAC of G WTP and UV/H2O2+GAC F/A of I WTP were effective in 2-MIB treatment. As for the operating cost, it was analyzed that UV/H2O2 had higher unit pice than Post Peroxone because of the large amount of H2O2 injection. Considering the 2-MIB removal rate and operating cost of each WTPs, it was possible to derive the optimal operating conditions for each WTPs and a linked operation plan.

Production vacuum-evaporation unit for increasing humic suspension concentration

Humic preparations belong to natural growth regulators. Humic preparations eliminate the negative effects of factors unfavorable for the development of plants, normalize the processes of intracellular metabolism. Humic substances are adsorbed on the cell wall of the animal organism, increasing the elasticity of its membrane and increasing the surface of the cell, this leads to an increase in the amount of oxygen and metabolism entering it. With the introduction of humic substances in the diet of cattle, the average daily increase in live weight increases by 14.4%. When used as an additive in chickens feed, the average daily increase increases by 11.85%, the weight of the heart, liver, spleen, and gall bladder up to 20.7%. The average daily gain in sucking piglets is increased by 8.3%. A line with a vacuum evaporator was developed to increase the concentration of humic suspension. The installation consists of a heating chamber, a steam pipeline, a steam condenser, a condensate tank, a water-air ejector, a cooler, a water tank, a centrifugal pump, a hot water supply pipe to the heating jacket, a water drain pipe from the shirt, a working water pipe, a pressure gauge, vacuum gauges, a thermometer.

Terrain wetness indices derived from LiDAR to inform soil moisture and corrosion potential for underground infrastructure

The external corrosion of cast iron water supply pipes has been associated with the availability of free moisture at the pipe wall. This is difficult to observe or measure for extensive pipe networks such as in major cities. A proxy is soil surface moisture content. This may be estimated using terrain wetness indices with highly accurate elevation data derived from airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR). Such information was obtained for several pipelines and compared with data from 6 cm deep soil moisture Theta Probe measurements along 12 pipeline transects. Additionally, all soil moisture data (in volumetric water content, %) were combined and separated by thresholds of transect means into low (<20%), medium (20%–35%) and high (>35%). Good correlations were obtained (R values 0.49–0.93, all with p value < 0.05). Higher R values were found for wetter conditions (above ~20%). The wetness indices were also found to relate to pipe-wall maximum pitting corrosion rates (mm/yr) when soil classifications were taken into account, with separate trends for clay, silty clay, sandy clay and sand. Some outliers were detected. These were all associated with pipes for which there is evidence of poor workmanship or quality during installation. In total, 25 catchments from inner city to coastal and lakeside suburbs as well as semi-rural regions were assessed. Results show the potential for terrain indices to indicate relative soil wetness in urban areas and thus potential for pipe failure. This is the first study of its kind. This also may assist water authorities to improve life prediction, management and replacement schedules for water supply pipelines and other underground assets.

The quality of drinking water supply in Samara

The purpose of the study was to monitor the quality of drinking water supply in Samara. The quality of drinking water was evaluated in 7 districts of Samara on the basis of 20 sanitary-chemical indicators in accordance with health and safety norms and regulations (SanPiN 2.1.4.107401 20102013 and 20182019). A changed color of drinking water was mainly observed in the areas with water supply from the Saratov reservoir (53,5 8,5% of samples). In the areas with underground water sources the dry residue and hardness of drinking water exceeded hygiene requirements by 100% and 87,5% of samples respectively. 64% of samples in 20102013 and 17,4% of samples in 20182019 were non-standard in terms of permanganate oxidation. Several samples didnt meet the hygienic standard for iron content. Adverse changes in the temporal dynamics of the proportion of samples that didnt meet the hygienic standard for the content of oil products were noted. The quality of some samples of drinking water in Samara did not meet sanitary requirements for some indicators. No significant differences were found between the average long-term values of sanitary and hygienic indicators for urban areas and the obtained data for drinking water in the new housing estate, which suggests that the condition of the water supply pipes doesnt influence the composition of the drinking water in the yard or at home.