Water Supply Pipe Network Research Articles

Urban Water Supply Management and Water Supply Safety Countermeasures

With the development of social economy, the scale of towns is expanding, the quality of life is improved, and the water supply safety is more and more concerned. Urban water supply as the key component of urban infrastructure construction, in order to ensure the safety of water quality, to avoid different nature of water quality pollution, to different management objects and system analysis, understand the factors affecting water quality, using scientific management methods, construction of perfect urban water supply security and quality assurance management system. And establish a certain period, regularly control urban water supply pipes and auxiliary facilities, find and control and deal with problems in time. The transformation of urban pipe network should promote and apply new pipe materials, which can avoid the secondary pollution of pipe materials. To sum up, the current water supply system management and urban water supply system is serious, backward management technology and supervision technology, aging water supply pipe network and insufficient capital investment all affect the management of water supply system and water supply safety, relevant departments should pay attention to and control, and do a good job in problem solving and control

Development of the Urban Water Balance Model by Linking Water Distribution and Sewer Networks

Due to urban overcrowding, the population density of residential areas and water use per unit are increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to study the flow of water supplied to cities and to improve the healthy circulation of urban water. This study used Modelica, a non-causal analytical program. Using Open Modelica, the researchers constructed a model linking water distribution and sewerage, as the basis of a balanced urban water model. Using the programmer's toolkit provided by EPA-NET and EPA-SWMM, which are commonly used to simulate the existing water supply and sewage pipe networks, Open Modelica-based water distribution networks and sewage pipe networks can be connected and simulated based on the customer block. A model was built so that 90% of the hourly water consumption supplied to the water supply pipe network can be automatically introduced into the sewage pipe network. If a matching table is constructed to connect the nodes of the water supply pipe network and the sewer pipe network, the nodes will reflect in the graphical user interface (GUI) developed in Open Modelica. It was developed to enable modification of links, pumps, tanks, and valves. The 48-hour water supply was simulated using the developed model, and it was confirmed that water supply and sewage networks were successfully connected. In the future, we plan to develop a more expanded and realistic urban water circulation model by considering additional urban water circulation factors, such as sewage treatment, water reuse, rainwater use, storm runoff, and low-impact development facilities. Through this study, it was confirmed that Modelica can simulate changes in the system over time. Since it is a formula-based non-causal simulation language, it is possible to establish and reuse relationships between blocks through block-by-block development of urban water circulation elements. It is expected to contribute to the visualization and concretization of future urban water circulation models.

Uniformly optimal multi-sensor design in pipe networks for transient-based leakage localization

The design of sensor placement in water supply pipe networks for the purpose of transient-based leakage localization is investigated. Each sensor is placed at where the Fisher information of measurement concerning leaks is maximized; equivalently, the Cramér–Rao lower bound (CRLB) representing the lower limit of leak localization error is minimized. An explicit algorithm for computing the CRLB with respect to leak parameters in a general pipe network is developed. The presence of leak is considered as stochastic and modeled in a probabilistic framework by assuming that the leak location follows a probabilistic distribution with a support on the whole network. The optimal distribution of the sensors is then computed via a quasi-Monte-Carlo simulation, where the expectation of the CRLB of leak localization error is minimized. The proposed sensor placement methodology is optimal uniformly over all the leak localization methods, all the potential sensor locations and all the situations of leaks. Four examples from a simple single-pipe system to a complex pipe network are presented to illustrate the proposed methodology.

Novel leakage detection and water loss management of urban water supply network using multiscale neural networks

Due to the acceleration of urbanization, water supply pipe networks often lack the planning. Using the series number of the pipes as category label will result in too many classification categories, and requires many training data to achieve detected accuracy. Therefore, this paper proposes novel leakage detection model based on density based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) and multiscale fully convolutional networks (MFCN) (DBSCAN-MFCN) to manage the water loss. In order to reduce the number of categories, a large water network is divided into a number of zones by the DBSCAN. The zones are used as the learning labels, which reduces the size of the output matrix of the MFCN. Then the leakage detection model is built based on the proposed method to detect the leakage area. Compared with support vector machine (SVM), Naive Bayes Classifier (NBC) and k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), the accuracy of the proposed method is improved by 78%, 72% and 28%, respectively. Meanwhile, the proposed method can solve the problem of leakage area detection, improve leakage detection efficiency and reduce water loss.

Punainen V-kirjain varren päässä – sammutusvedenottopaikkojen merkit Suomessa

Sisäasiainministeriö määräsi vuonna 1943 palokunnan sammutusvedenottopaikat merkittäväksi noin 1,5 metrin korkeuteen sijoitetulla punaisella V-kirjaimella. Sammutusvedenjakeluverkoston rakentaminen perustui vuoden 1933 palosääntöön, jossa oli määräys riittävästä sammutusveden saannista. Vesijohtoon liitetyt palopostit, jotka on vuodesta 1961 merkitty sinireunaisella palopostin avainta kuvaavalla pienellä taululla, ovat syrjäyttäneet erilliset vedenottopaikat V-merkkeineen, mutta V-opasteita löytyy edelleen teiden varsilta ympäri Suomea.

Application of acoustic intelligent leak detection in an urban water supply pipe network

Abstract Different leakage detection technologies present different efficiency and precision of leakage detection in water distribution systems due to their own properties. This study aimed to investigate the use of acoustic sensors to locate the exact position of leaks, which work 24 hours per day in different modes, i.e. fixed installation and mobile exploration. The results showed that the maximum distance between the acoustic sensors installed on the pipeline was 380 m. Field application results indicated that detecting threshold of the distance was 300 m and the intensity ratio of leaking state noise (LSN) to background noise was 1.9 respectively. The pipeline length by manual hunting area (MHA) is 1.3 times longer than the acoustic logger tested area (ALTA), but the detected leakage points in MHA is 20% less than in ALTA. Furthermore, the cost of leakage detection in MHA was about 6,000 yuan/detected leakage point. That in ALTA was about 2,500 yuan/detected leakage point. The case study also indicates that the acoustic logger is a promising tool with the advantage of lower cost and faster detection, compared to manual ground listening with a sound stick. The acoustic leakage detection method can detect the leakage in different sized pipelines, whereas the manual detection was concentrated in small-sized pipelines.

Design of Water Supply Pipe Networks in NIT Srinagar using EPANET Software

Design of Water Supply Pipe Networks in NIT Srinagar using EPANET Software - written by Sandeep Thakur , Abhinav Verma , V K Angral published on 2020/04/04 download full article with reference data and citations

Health evaluation of urban water supply pipe network using the Bayesian method based on triangular fuzzy number optimization

With the rapid increase of urbanization level in China, the accidents related to urban water supply pipe network occurred frequently due to the impacts of pipeline aging, environmental change and human factors, thus the health evaluation of urban water supply network has become one of the hot topics in recent years. Related researches mostly refer to qualitative and static analysis, some quantitative studies consider the influence of only one aspect on the status of water supply pipe network such as hydraulic, water quality and static structure, and cannot objectively reflect the health status of pipe network due to neglecting or simplifying the influence of internal hydraulic condition on the health of the pipe network. Comprehensively considering the influencing factors and the hydraulic mechanism during the operation process of pipe network, this study constructs a health evaluation index system for the water supply pipe network, and introduces the triangular fuzzy number theory into the traditional Bayesian water supply network health status evaluation model taking the uncertainty of model structure and data into account. Through applying the method to Yunhe county of Zhejiang Province China, some suggestions for the optimization and transformation of the regional water supply network are proposed, which can provide a basis for ensuring the safety of regional water supply and scientifically determining the renewal sequence of the pipe network.

The Study of the Location Model and the Valve-closing Program of the Pipe-tube of the Water-supply

The city water supply pipe network is an important part of the rapid development of the city, so the safety and the reliability of the operation of the water supply pipe network are also paid more and more attention. When the water supply pipe network is in the explosion accident, a large amount of water loss is caused. So the explosion positioning model of the water supply pipe network is particularly important for the actual accident situation which is encountered in the real life.In combination with the SCADA system, the location of the explosion accident is determined, the optimal scheme of closing the valve is established by combining the topological structure of the pipe network, the waste of the water amount is reduced and the emergency repair time is saved.

Analysis of a Water Distribution Network by Newton-Raphson Multivariable Method: A Case of Negligible Minor Losses

A logical, analytical evaluation of a water supply network is a daunting engineer’s task. Amongst other concerns, concentrated effort is directed at forestalling huge, avoidable installation and operation costs. This paper examines the water supply network for a two-wing student hostel, consisting of 20 rooms per block and 10 blocks per hostel wing. The plumbing fixtures per block were noted as 6 shower faucets, 8 lavatory sinks, 6 water closets and 2 hose bibs. A water supply pipe network consisting of 13 pipe sections was proffered. Solution sets of the network were generated through a computer implementation of a Newton-Raphson multivariate procedure and a pipe-sizing algorithm. Each solution set is a data collection of a possible mix of 13 pipe sizes and their respective flow rates that satisfy the fluid dynamics conditions and the acceptable velocity range of 0.5m/s to 2.44m/s. An optimal solution set is further selected as one with the least head loss at the first index node. This work is a viable tool for analyses of networks with similar scope. Keywords: Head Loss Optimization, Pipe Network Analysis, Newton-Raphson Method, Velocity Constraints. DOI: 10.7176/ISDE/11-2-03 Publication date: March 31 st 2020

Research of hydraulic reliability of water supply network based on the simulation of EPANET

Based on cascading failure, the model of EPANET is used to analyze the system reliability of water supply network and node impact evaluation and pipeline evaluation. Then three conclusions are obtained by calculation. The first conclusion is the hydraulic reliability of the water supply pipe network is related to the node and the pipe section. And the results of the analysis can correspond to the consequences of pipeline failure which can be used as a basis for evaluating pipeline. The second conclusion is the node can be divided into the failure node and the influence node based on node impact evaluation of the water supply network. And the failure node can be set to monitor the water supply system focus because of the sensitivity of these two types of nodes to cascading failure. The third conclusion is the pipeline evaluation is a comprehensive evaluation of pipeline operation and node influence, and pipeline can be divided into key sections, the main pipe, the general pipe, and the key pipe and the main pipe are the greatest threats to the hydraulic reliability of the water supply pipe network, so they should be considered as the key part of system optimization and system monitoring.

Lift-type and drag-type hydro turbine with vertical axis for power generation from water pipelines

Pipeline turbines are designed to supply power for smart sensors installed in water pipelines. They are installed in the water supply pipe network directly and should meet the performance requirements for starting up at low flow rates and having low pressure loss at high flow rates. To this end, we designed two types of vertical axis pipeline turbines with lift-type runner and drag-type runner respectively, and conducted both experimental test and numerical simulations on the hydraulic performance of both the turbines. The results show that both the lift-type and drag-type turbines can meet the performance requirements. Under the same incoming flow conditions, the critical startup flow rate, the tip speed ratio, and the power coefficient of the lift-type turbine is larger. And the startup process of the lift-type turbine is unstable. While the drag-type turbine shows the opposite performances in these respects. In the range of incoming flow velocity studied, the pressure loss of both the turbines increases with the incoming flow velocity, however, the maximum pressure loss is controlled in an acceptable range, which will not affect the normal water supply.

An iterative optimisation procedure for the rehabilitation of water-supply pipe networks

This paper presents an iterative method for the optimisation of the total costs for the rehabilitation of water-supply pipe networks with flow and pressure deficiency at the consumer nodes. The procedure is based on the exchange gradient concept of Granados for the economic design of pressurised networks. The substitution of pipe sections, relining and increase in pumping head are considered as being rehabilitation options. An initial solution is obtained for the deficient network by determining the required pumping head that would meet the pressure and discharge requirements at all the nodes. Subsequently, the pumping head is reduced in stages and for each reduction; the network of minimum cost is obtained by the substitution or relining of individual pipes in part or in full. The optimal solution is reached when the marginal annual cost of pipe rehabilitation exceeds the reduction in annual pumping costs.

Countermeasure Analysis on Promoting Drinking Water Safety in Shanshan County, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China

In recent years, China has paid an increasing amount of attention to improving urban and rural drinking water safety, an important aspect of building a healthy and stable society. This study analyzed countermeasures to promote drinking water safety in Turpan City of Shanshan County, in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region. First, we considered the current state of drinking water safety in Shanshan, including issues such as pollution, outdated water treatment technologies, leakage in the water supply pipe network, insufficient emergency management capability in urban areas, and low water supply guarantee rates in rural areas due to poor construction standards. Second, the quantity of guaranteed water resources was estimated; on this basis, an ideal distribution of regional water plants and water supply network needs for the optimal allocation of water resources is suggested. Third, a water purification program was developed to solve untreated water quality problems, including centralized and decentralized water quality treatments alongside intelligent water flow control processes. Water resource conservation and risk control measures are also proposed in order to promote the security of drinking water; equipment updates, and the establishment of an intelligent water management platform are also suggested.

Research on Intelligent Location Method of Water Supply Pipe Network Burst Based on BP Neural Network Deep Learning

Based on the in-depth analysis of the causes of the large-scale water supply pipe network explosion at home and abroad, the paper discusses the neural network modeling technology for quickly and accurately locating the water pipe network. Furthermore, the remedial measures of the pipe network squib in the field were adopted, and the BP neural network deep learning method was proposed to carry out the intelligent positioning of the water pipe network bursting. Based on the construction of a miniature hydraulic model based on BP neural network analysis, through the correlation analysis of the flow change of 5 positions and the pressure monitoring point change of 17 positions when the pipe network bursts, the artificial neural network deep learning is further used to diagnose the position of the pipe network where the pipe burst is located. In this paper, the small-scale water supply pipe network built by the laboratory is taken as an example to verify the research method of the pipe burst positioning.

Assessment of water pipes durability under pressure surge

Surge phenomenon occurs on the pipeline by the closing valve or pump suddenly lost power. Due to the complexity of the water hammer simulation, previous researches have only considered water hammer on the single pipe or calculation of some positions on water pipe network, it have not been analysis for all of pipe on the water distribution systems. Simulation of water hammer due to closing valve on water distribution system and the influence level of pressure surge is evaluated at the defects on pipe. Water hammer on water supply pipe network are simulated by Water HAMMER software academic version and the capacity of defects are calculated by SINTAP. SINTAP developed from Brite-Euram projects in Brussels-Belgium with the aim to develop a process for assessing the integrity of the structure for the European industry. Based on the principle of mechanical fault, indicating the size of defects in materials affect the load capacity of the product in the course of work, the process has proposed setting up the diagram to fatigue assessment defect (FAD). The methods are applied for water pipe networks of Lien Chieu district, Da Nang city, Viet Nam, the results show the affected area of wave pressure by closing the valve and thereby assess the greatest pressure surge effect to corroded pipe. The SINTAP standard and finite element mesh analysis at the defect during the occurrence of pressure surge which will accurately assess the bearing capacity of the old pipes. This is one of the bases to predict the leakage locations on the water distribution systems. Amount of water hammer when identified on the water supply networks are decreasing due to local losses at the nodes as well as the friction with pipe wall, so this paper adequately simulate water hammer phenomena applying for actual water distribution systems. The research verified that pipe wall with defect is damaged under the pressure surge value.

Selection of an evaluation index for water ecological civilizations of water-shortage cities based on the grey rough set

According to the characteristics and existing problems of water ecological civilization of water-shortage cities, the evaluation index system of water ecological civilization was established using a grey rough set. From six aspects of water resources, water security, water environment, water ecology, water culture and water management, this study established the prime frame of the evaluation system, including 28 items, and used rough set theory to undertake optimal selection of the index system. Grey correlation theory then was used for weightings in order that the integrated evaluation index system for water ecology civilization of water-shortage cities could be constituted. Xi’an City was taken as an example, for which the results showed that 20 evaluation indexes could be obtained after optimal selection of the preliminary framework of evaluation index. The most influential indices were the water-resource category index and water environment category index. The leakage rate of the public water supply pipe network, as well as the disposal, treatment and usage rate of polluted water, urban water surface area ratio, the water quality of the main rivers, and so on also are important. It was demonstrated that the evaluation index could provide an objectively reflection of regional features and key points for the development of water ecology civilization for cities with scarce water resources. It is considered that the application example has universal applicability.

A distributed model for urban water demand prediction

The prediction of urban water demand is likely to play a significant role in the planning of urban water supply and drainage pipe network. The traditional water demand forecasting methods, including the water index method and the fuzzy water demand prediction model, are widely used with some deficiencies. The water demand prediction results varied among different water quantity indexes with subjectivity. The prediction results by fuzzy water demand prediction model, with fuzzy model structure, are lack of spatial distribution. Meanwhile, the process of urban water demand is closely related to the land use of urban unit. The difference of intensity and characteristic of water demand is obvious among different land use types. In this paper, a distributed urban water demand prediction model was established based on the relationship of water demand process, considering of the eight types of urban construction land use data and three types of major water demand data. In this model, we assumed the linear relationship between water demand and land use unit, ignored the fire water demand because with more randomness than other water demand process. The distributed model for urban water demand prediction was applied in Xiamen. We obtained the land use data and water demand data in 2004–2014 of Xiamen from official statistics. The monolayer construction area and the number of building stories in the residential units obtained by the high definition satellite image and the actual measurement were used to calculated the area of residential land unit, while the area of other land unit was obtained from official land planning in 2020 of Xiamen. The water demand parameters of every urban construction land unit were calibrated by PEST, and the rationality of parameters was analyzed. We observed the stability of the water demand parameters in the model while the results showed great similarity with different calibration period in the same validation period. The water demand of Xiamen and its spatial distribution in 2020 were predicted by the distributed water demand prediction model. The results showed that the water demand of Xiamen in 2020 will reach to 366.57 million tons, which will increase by 24.2% than that in 2014; the water demand intensity of residential land and industrial land will be greater than other types of construction land; the water demand intensity of residential land in Xiamen Island will be greater than the other residential land. The simulation results proved that the spatial distribution of water demand has positive correlation with population density in urban area. We observed the great difference of water demand intensity among different types land use with great difference in the process of urban water demand. The results also showed the excellent performance of the distributed model for urban water demand prediction both in calibration and validation when applied in Xiamen urban water demand prediction. Compared with the traditional urban water demand prediction model, the distributed water demand prediction model, with bright application prospect, can obtain the distributed urban water demand data with relatively stable parameters which can be determined by water demand data and land use data in the past years.

Android APP Development of Remote Wireless Automatic Meter Reading System based on 3G

Urban water supply pipe network is critical infrastructure for the survival of people. Efficient operation of equipment, water supply and water safety are always received great attention from the government and operators. The existing way of manual meter reading and manual inspection has the drawbacks of waste time and labor. To solve this problem, we developed databases, software platforms and mobile terminal APP (Application) based on Android operating system to integrate a remote wireless automatic meter reading system based on the existing remote wireless automatic reading meter devices which are our previous research work. The system realizes the remote monitoring of the pipe network, and it also realizes the remote control of the monitoring nodes, such as the camera shooting, selection of monitoring node's working mode and so on, which data feedback is accurate and timely, monitoring methods is simple, fast and efficient. In addition, compared to traditional methods, the system greatly reduced the manpower and resources, reduce monitoring costs. And the tests and experiments show this remote wireless automatic meter reading and control system is useful and effective.

Uncertainty Analysis of Pipe-Network Hydraulics Using a Many-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization

AbstractIn water-supply pipe networks, inherent uncertainties in the analysis parameters, including nodal demands, pipe friction factors, reservoir heads, etc., lead to imprecise hydraulic responses. This study introduces a methodology based on fuzzy set theory to analyze network hydraulics under uncertainty. The fuzzy approach results in a complex optimization problem that is neither single nor common multiobjective. To solve the problem efficiently to find extreme values of nodal pressures and pipe velocities, a novel many-objective particle swarm optimization (MO-PSO) model is developed and coupled to a network hydraulic simulation model from the literature. The coupled model is applied against a benchmark example and a real pipe network from the literature and the results are compared with those from the previous methods. The examples manifest that the proposed fuzzy MO-PSO is computationally efficient and reliable. Analyzing the real pipe network shows that, for instance, ±15% uncertainty in the pipe...