Water Sprinkling Research Articles

Design and Implementation of a Fast General Purpose Fuzzy Processor

In this paper, a Fast Fuzzy processor (FP) is proposed. This processor, which is implemented using FPGA, has four inputs and one output with 8-bits width for each. The proposed processor is synthesized, functionally verified and implemented using Xilinx Integrated Software Environment (ISE) and is tested using Xilinx Spartan 3E starter kit. A PC Graphical User Interface (GUI) is programmed using C# programming language to select and download the parameters of the processor through the serial port communication. The proposed processor is experimentally tested through water sprinkler system example. The experimental results approve the excellent performance of the proposed processor.

Potential implications of mine dusts on human health: A case study of Mukula Mine, Limpopo Province, South Africa

Objective : The purpose of this study was to estimate the levels of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) in ambient air within Mukula mine and the potential risks to mineworkers and inhabitants of the adjoining Mukula community's health. Methods : An SPM was used to measure the levels of particulate matter (PM10) in and around the mining site. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine significance level of PM10 in ambient air. Results : Suspended particulate matter in the air ranged from 60.25 to 1820.45 µg/m(3). The lowest value of SPM was more than four times the required World Health Organisation's allowable level in ambient air, which the mine workers and locals would be inhaling. Conclusion : Continuous inhalation of mine dusts by mine workers and locals could result in pulmonary fibrosis, silicosis and lung cancer. The findings from this study support the need to have in place the necessary control measures that will drastically reduce SPM in the air. Such measure includes wet drilling and blasting, sprinkling of water on the mine roads and planting of vegetation around the mines and neighbouring communities.

산불방지 급수시설 설치 기준 마련에 관한 연구

산불로부터 주요 산림과 시설물들을 보호하고 주변 확산을 저지하기 위해서는 상설 급수 및 살수시설이 반드시 필요하다. 우리나라에서는 2005년 양양산불로 인해 낙산사 소실을 경험하면서 주요문화재 건축물 주변에 숲 관리와 함께 산불방지 급수시설 설치사업을 단계적으로 실시하였다. 하지만 기존 설치된 산불방지급수시설의 경우, 별도의 설치와 관리를 위한 기준을 마련하지 않고 각 시공업체의 시방서를 기준으로 설치하였다. 시공업체의 시방서는 NFSC 109를 토대로 산림지역에 변형하여 설치한 것으로 광범위한 산불확산으로부터 주요시설물 등을 효과적으로 보호하기에는 방호면적이 적고 호스의 이동과 동시살수에 있어 제한적인 단점들을 가지고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국내에서 설치되어 이용하고 있는 산불방지 급수전의 실태조사를 실시하여 문제점들을 도출하였고 이를 보완할 수 있는 성능위주의 산불방지 급수시설 기준을 마련하였다. 그 결과, 산불방지 효과를 높이기 위한 방법으로 산불방지 급수시설의 구성을 수관화 확산방지를 위한 'Water Sprinkler Tower System', 지표화 진화를 위한 'Forest Fire Hydrant System', 'Portable Water Spray System' 3가지를 제시하였고 설치를 위한 펌프의 성능 및 부속품들에 대한 기준을 제시하였다. Permanent water supply and water sprinkling systems are essential to protect major forests and facilities from forest fire. Back in 2005, Naksan Temple, a valuable cultural asset of Korea, was burned down in a forest fire that took place in Yangyang. This started a series of movements including installing water supply facilities and managing forests near important cultural assets. As for the existing facilities, however, they were installed without any standard guidelines for management and installation according to each constructor's specifications, which were based on the National Fire Safety Code 109. Unfortunately, this is not effective in protecting facilities from forest fires such as they have a small protection area, limited simultaneous sprinkling, and a difficult the movement of fire hose. Against this background, the study examines the condition of water supply facilities currently in use, identifies their deficiencies, and suggests how to improve the criteria for water supply service to effectively prevent forest fire. Specifically, three systems were proposed: Water Sprinkler Tower System for preventing spread of crown fires, and Forest Fire Hydrant System and Portable Water Spray System to be effective for suppressing surface fires. In addition, the standards on the performance and components of water pumps are also suggested.

Relevance of Sprinkler Irrigation Time and Water Losses on Maize Yield

Daytime sprinkler irrigation with a solid‐set system can result in higher water losses, lower uniformity, and lower maize (Zea mays L.) yield compared with nighttime irrigation. We studied the relevance of irrigation time (daytime or nighttime) and water losses (compensating them or not in the irrigation applied) for the growth and yield of maize during 2 yr. The seasonal average sprinkler water losses compensated ranged from 14 to 19% for daytime irrigation and from 5 to 11% for nighttime irrigation. The average Christiansen coefficient of uniformity (CU) was similar for daytime and nighttime irrigation in 2009 (84%) but lower for daytime irrigation (78%) than nighttime irrigation (84%) in 2010. Daytime irrigation decreased the maize grain yield by 9% in the year that the CU was reduced. Increasing the water applied to compensate the water losses increased the soil matric potential but did not increase maize yield. The lower irrigation uniformity for daytime sprinkler irrigation compared with nighttime sprinkler irrigation seems to be a relevant reason for the yield reduction. Solid‐set sprinkler irrigation systems for maize should be designed to minimize daytime irrigation or to allow a high daytime irrigation uniformity (>84%).

Effect of shade and water sprinkling on physiological responses and milk yields of Holstein cows in a semi-arid region

The effects of shading and water sprinkling on physiological responses and milk production were studied in Holstein cows managed in an equatorial semi-arid region. Five cows were observed for 36 days during May and June 2009. We studied the effects of sun, shade, shade plus single sprinkling, shade plus sprinkling every 2h and shade plus sprinkling every hour on physiological responses, i.e., rectal temperature, coat surface temperature and respiratory rate, and on milk production. Environmental variables, i.e., air temperature, black globe temperature, mean radiant temperature, relative humidity and wind speed, were recorded every 30min throughout the observation period. The statistical analysis utilized a 5×5 replicated latin square, and the results showed reduced values in physiological variables in cows that were protected from short wave radiation and that received water sprinkling; milk yield increased by approximately 3.5kg in such animals relative to those not receiving such treatment. However, the milk yield for the morning milking presented similar mean values regardless of whether the animals received shading and sprinkling benefits, which indicates that frequency of sprinkling and amount of time (permanence) in the shade were critical for the effect on milk yield.

Geographical Differences in First Acquisition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Cystic Fibrosis

Risk of infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis (CF) may be associated with environmental factors. To determine whether residential location is associated with risk of first acquisition of P. aeruginosa. We performed bronchoalveolar lavage and upper airway cultures in children newly diagnosed with CF to identify infection with P. aeruginosa during infancy and early childhood. Children were assessed according to their residence in a regional or metropolitan area. Multilocus sequence typing was used to determine P. aeruginosa genotype. An environmental questionnaire was also administered. A total of 105 of 120 (87.5%) infants diagnosed with CF were included in this study. Diagnosis in 65 infants (61.9%) followed newborn screening at mean age of 4.6 weeks. Sixty subjects (57.1%) were homozygous ΔF508, and 47 (44.8%) were female. Fifty-five (52.3%) infants were regional, of whom 26 (47.3%), compared with 9 of 50 (18.0%) metropolitan children, acquired infection with P. aeruginosa (odds ratio, 4.084; 95% confidence interval, 1.55-11.30). Age at acquisition was similar (regional: median, 2.31 yr; range, 0.27-5.96 yr; metropolitan: median, 3.10 yr, range, 0.89-3.70 yr). Strain typing identified P. aeruginosa genotypes often encountered in different ecological settings and little evidence of cross-infection. Ninety questionnaires (85.7%) were completed. Those who acquired P. aeruginosa were more likely to be living in a household that used water sprinkler systems (P = 0.032), but no differences were identified to explain increased risk of acquisition of P. aeruginosa in regional children. Geographical difference in residence of children with CF was associated with increased risk of first acquisition of P. aeruginosa, usually with strains associated with the environment rather than with cross-infection.

Wet storage for discolouration protection during roundwood storage of three Swedish hardwoods

Discolouration progressing from the end surfaces is a wood quality problem that arises when storing hardwood logs during summer. Wet storage (water sprinkling) is used for protecting stored softwood logs, but experience of wet storing hardwoods is limited. To test the benefit of wet storing hardwoods, logs of Betula pendula/pubescens, Alnus incana/glutinosa, and Populus tremula were wet and dry-stored during 12 summer weeks in southern Sweden to compare the development of discolouration. The discolouration was measured visually during storage in split logs. Wet storage was found to significantly reduce discolouration in the stored logs of all species, with the reduction being most pronounced for birch.

Determining sprinkler technical parameters with consideration for microclimate modification effects

Application intensity and time are two important parameters for the design and operation of sprinkler irrigation systems.The effects of microclimate modification from sprinkler water evaporation have not still been adequately considered in conventional methods of determining sprinkler technical parameters.This study proposed an approach to determine application intensity and time with consideration for microclimate modification effects of sprinkler irrigation using the extended CUPID model.In the model,application intensity and time parameters were determined using maximized sprinkler efficiency.Sprinkler efficiency was simulated under varying application intensities and times inunder summer corn seasons in Xinxiang City during 2001—2007 and in Daxing during 2005—2011.The optimal parameters for the two regions were then determined.The results indicated that sprinkler efficiency decreased with time during summer corn growth.The influence of sprinkler intensity on inter-annual variations of sprinkler efficiency differed with irrigation region.Furthermore,daytime sprinkler irrigation produced higher inter-annual variations than that nighttime sprinkler irrigation.While the optimal application intensity in Xinxiang was 10 mm?h?1 for silt-loam soils,it was 15 mm?h?1 in Daxing for sand-loam soils.For both Xinxiang and Daxing region,maximum sprinkler efficiency was obtained at 8:00 am.

The Effect of New Pouring Precooling Concrete on Lower Layer Concrete in Different Seasons

Based on massive concrete block in practical engineering, the effect of new pouring precooling concrete on lower layer concrete in different seasons was simulated by using three-dimensional finite element simulation program of non-steady temperature field, and the temperature changes near the surface of lower layer concrete have been analyzed detailedly. It is indicated that, there is obvious “cold strike” effect of new pouring precooling concrete on lower layer concrete in summer, the effect in autumn followed by, and there is also the effect in spring but not obvious. In winter, as ambient air temperature is very low, there is not “cold strike” effect and the lower layer concrete temperature gradually recovery after pouring new concrete. Because actual concrete pouring deck surface maintenance is often not in place, the surface temperature of the pouring deck, which is greatly influenced by ambient air temperature and solar radiation, is very high in high temperature seasons. At the moment, the “cold strike” effect of new pouring precooling concrete on lower layer concrete is very obvious and likely to lead to the crack of the concrete. Hence, it is suggested that, after finish pouring of concrete and final set of concrete, sprinkling water or flowing water maintenance should be carried out in high temperature seasons, such as summer and autumn; before pouring the concrete, it is better to take measures, like spray and sprinkling water, to reduce the surface temperature of lower layer concrete, and try to avoid starting pouring concrete at midday.

A Dynamic-simulation System for Sprinkler Water 3D-distribution Using Multiple Tools Integration

As one of the main water-saving irrigation technologies, sprinkler irrigation is used worldwide due to such advantages as its wide adaptability and easily mechanized operation. Sprinkler uniformity is an important indicator in the evaluation of irrigation quality and sprinkler performance and is an important parameter in the design of sprinkler irrigation systems. Through the MATCOM4.5 interface software, the computer software, Sprinkler Water Distribution Dynamic Simulation and Spacing Optimization System, was developed in this study using both MATLAB and Visual C++. With its powerful functions, this software was able to operate easily without the installation of MATLAB. In addition, this software can quickly compute most types of uniformity coefficients, draw water-distribution maps and determine the best sprinkler combination and spacing according to catch-cans data, sprinkler combination, the interpolation method and interpolation spacing. The software offers great convenience for the evaluation of irrigation quality and sprinkler performance and the design of sprinkler irrigation systems.

Sveti Juraj u tradicijskoj baštini Hrvata

Odreći se prošlosti u ime budućnosti, koja proživljavanjem i sama postaje prošlost, za mene je oduvijek značilo nemati ni prošlosti ni budućnosti, živjeti u trenutku i za trenutak kao životinja… To čovjek od sebe ne bi smio učiniti. Radi sebe, mnogo bi izgubio, a dobio ne bi ništa, najmanje budućnost… Ivan Aralica Život nastanjen sjenama. U radu se piše o životu, mučeništvu i kultu svetoga Jure. Potom slijedi sedamnaest poglavlja u kojima se navodi i multidisciplinarno interpretira preko stotinu pedeset primjera legendi, obreda, običaja, ophoda, proricanja, vjerovanja, usmenih lirskih pjesama, molitvi. U radu je preko stotinu primjera zapisanih u prethodnih desetak godina u sedamdesetak mjesta u Republici Hrvatskoj i Bosni i Hercegovini. Sve to zorno svjedoči da je sveti Jure jedan od najštovanijih svetaca u Hrvata. Štovanje blagdana Svetoga Jure ogleda se u svjetovnim i vjerskim običajima i obredima. U folklornom smislu Jurjevo je uz Badnji dan najbogatiji dan u godini. Neki od jurjevskih običaja, obreda, vjerovanja i proricanja pretkršćanskoga su podrijetla, a u nekima se prepleću pretkršćansko s kršćanskim. Najviše svjetovnih obreda, ophoda i običaja imaju apotropejski i panspermijski karakter. Premda blagdan Svetoga Jure nije zapovjedni, Hrvati katolici slave ga škropljenjem, svetim misama, procesijama, hodočašćima, zavjetima i molitvama.

Combined Effect of Infiltration, Capillary Barrier and Sloping Layered Soil on Flow and Solute Transfer in a Heterogeneous Lysimeter

This aim of this paper is to describe a study of the combined effect of infiltration, capillary barrier and sloping layered soil on both flow and solute transport processes in a large, physical model (1 × 1 × 1.6 m3) called LUGH (Lysimeter for Urban Groundwater Hydrology) and a 3D numerical flow model. Sand and a soil composed of a bimodal sand-gravel mixture were placed in the lysimeter to simulate one of the basic structural and textural elements of the heterogeneity observed in the vadose zone under an infiltration basin of Lyon (France). Water and an inert tracer (KBr) were injected from the top of the lysimeter using a specific water sprinkler system and collected at 15 different outlets at the bottom. The outlet flows and the 15 breakthrough curves obtained presented high heterogeneity, emphasising the establishment of preferential flows resulting from both capillary barrier and soil layer dip effects. Numerical modelling led to better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for these heterogeneous transfers and it was also used to perform a sensitivity analysis of the effects of water velocity (water and solute flux fed by the sprinkler) and the slope interface. The results show that decreasing velocity and increasing the slope of the interface can lead to the development of preferential flows. In addition, the offset of the centre of gravity of the flow distribution at the output increases linearly as a function of the slope angle of the layered soil. This paper provides relevant information on the coupling between hydrodynamic processes and pollutant transfer in unsaturated heterogeneous soil and emphasizes the role of the geometry of the interfaces between materials and boundary conditions as key factors for preferential flow.

Beykoz Glassware and Elements that Shaped It in the Nineteenth Century

Introduction Beykoz glassware owes its name to a region in Istanbul, Turkey where glass articles were produced in glass workshops and factories during most of the nineteenth century. Although the production of Beykoz-style items continues today, the number of original nineteenth-century Beykoz glass products is relatively small. Found only in museums and in private collections, they have become precious collectors’ items that represent a cultural heritage. This article provides a short history of this particular product family and an examination of the intangible elements that shaped it. We explore the links between the cultural elements, cultural transformation, daily life, industrial developments, and design of Beykoz glassware in a historical context. Although a rich variety of Beykoz ware was created, characteristic products included laledan or tulip vases, rose water sprinklers, bird-shaped perfume containers, ewers, sherbet cups, and Venetian-style products known as cesmibulbul (cheshmibulbul). The production of glassware was supported by the Ottoman court as part of a large-scale industrialization effort. Luxurious glass and porcelain items flooded the Ottoman capital as a new market emerged—on that resulted from the modernization efforts of the Sultans. Glass items produced at Beykoz could only partially satisfy the appetite of the elite Ottoman families and the nonMuslims leading the cultural transformation. The remaining demand was satisfied mostly by glass products imported from France and Bohemia.1

Fire sprinklers: Protecting lives, property and assisting water conservation efforts

All model safety and building codes require fire sprinklers in newly constructed single‐family homes, duplexes, and townhomes. Requirements contained in model codes are then adopted by state and local jurisdictions. Mandates to include fire sprinklers in homes often spark debate, including among water purveyors. When faced with the possibility of communitywide adoption of a requirement to include fire sprinklers in all new home construction, water purveyors face many issues and decisions. By understanding the fine points of home fire sprinkler water use and hydraulic requirements, water purveyors will gain a more complete understanding of issues such as metering and infrastructure requirements. This article provides information specific to home fire sprinkler standards and presents the methods, procedures, and findings of several national studies that describe evidence of the benefits that home fire sprinklers offer in protecting life and property.

식생섬에 의한 중수처리 효과 검증과 적용에 관한 연구

This this study was conducted with the aim of doing experiment on the effect of water purification by using an artificially built plant island, which is one of the eco-techniques, and aquatic plants as a plan for the reuse of water for obtaining water resources, thereby analyzing the removed quantity, and applying the experimental results to the reuse of water. As a result of doing experiments, this study obtained a good measured value of BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) 4.7mg/L, and COD (chemical oxygen demand) 7.2mg/L below the heavy water standard of BOD 10mg/L and COD 20mg/L, respectively. The chromaticity showed 89.2% removal efficiency, but final treated wastewater was found to show chromaticity 58 degrees exceeding chromaticity 20 degrees which are the water quality standard of the reuse of water. The results revealed that T-N produced 27% removal efficiency on an average while T-P produced 38% removal efficiency on an average, showing that the removal effect of N & P wasn't big. According to the currently enforced "Water Quality Standard of Heavy Water by Use", the use of water for sprinkling and landscaping was found to be available. Accordingly, this study suggested a nature-friendly, economically-efficient, and eco-technological water treatment technique which will make it possible to overcome the limit of the existing physio-chemical water treatment technology, reduce the costs for maintenance and facilities, and also reduce the limit of space restraint for installation of facilities.

Coliform retention and release in biofilms formed on new and weathered irrigation pipes

Irrigation waters have come under increasing scrutiny as a potential source of pathogenic microorganisms contaminating fresh produce. It is generally assumed that the microbial concentrations entering and leaving irrigation pipe networks are identical. However, this may not be true if biofilms form on the inner surfaces of irrigation pipes. The retention and release of pathogens in biofilms are well documented in drinking water distribution systems, but very little data are available for irrigation systems. We examined the attachment and/or incorporation of total coliform, fecal coliform, and Escherichia coli bacteria into biofilms in new and used aluminum irrigation pipe. Water from a local creek in Maryland was used to conduct weekly irrigation events. Prior to each event, removable sections of pipe (coupons) were scraped to determine the extent of bacterial attachment; in addition, bacterial concentrations in residual water were determined. Substantial populations of coliform bacteria were found on the pipe surfaces. Old pipes had fewer attached or biofilm-incorporated coliforms and lower coliform concentrations in the residual water. High probabilities were found for average fecal coliform and total coliform concentrations being different between creek water and sprinkler water. These results have implications for monitoring and control of microbial quality of irrigation waters.

Smoke and heat control for fires in large car parks: Lessons learnt from research?

This paper focuses on car park fire safety, more particularly on fire and smoke (and heat) dynamics. The first part deals with the choice of design fire, based on recent full-scale car fire experiments with modern cars and different set-ups. Different aspects of smoke and heat control (SHC) systems are then discussed from the perspective of smoke (and heat) dynamics. The focus is mainly on the effect of horizontal mechanical ventilation, a popular technique, on the smoke and heat generated by the fire source. Some fundamental differences from (longitudinal) mechanical ventilation in tunnels are described. Possible effects of water (sprinklers, water mist or from a fire brigade intervention), as well as some possible routes for further research, are briefly commented.

Large scale rainfall simulation to investigate infiltration processes in a small landslide under dry initial conditions: the Draix hillslope experiment

AbstractFew studies exist on infiltration processes in badlands, although infiltration and subsurface lateral flows are known to contribute to soil erosion and to control slope instability. Our investigation was carried out in a 100‐m² plot located in a 0.5‐ha landslide in black marls (south‐east France). An artificial sprinkling was performed with an intensity of 10 mm h−1 during 66.4 h interrupted with 8.4 h breaks. KBr and KCl were used as tracers.A pseudo‐steady state was reached after 25–35 h and 250–350 mm of rainfall. The runoff coefficient was 40% (ratio total runoff volume/total sprinkling water amount). Pre‐event water (PE) contributed to the groundwater recharge at the very beginning of the experiment, but PE contribution dropped steadily while the soil was saturating. After around 200 mm of cumulative rainfall, PE contribution started to rise steeply before reaching a nearly constant value. This original mechanism implies an efficient transfer process of PE. It was assumed from the description of the material structure and from hydrological evidences that PE was mainly drained from a structure porosity made of marl's flaked nature. Total PE contributions ranged from 25% to 79% (PE contribution was over 50% in 2/3 of the observation wells). Over the recession phase, release of PE occurred from the drainage of texture porosity. The study showed that at the plot scale, infiltration processes proved to be well organized despite the high heterogeneity and anisotropy of the material. It was possible to propose a general conceptual model explaining the hydrological processes over time and area. The peculiar structure of regolith originating from black marl is preserved over a large part of the weathering time so that the material structure (type, orientation of grains, small/large pores) remains a first‐order control of water flow generation in black marl soils. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Solar-Based Fuzzy Intelligent Water Sprinkle System

A solar-based intelligent water sprinkler system project that has been developed to ensure the effectiveness in watering the plant is improved by making the system automated. The control system consists of an electrical capacitance soil moisture sensor installed into the ground which is interfaced to a controller unit of Motorola 68HC11 Handy board microcontroller. The microcontroller was programmed based on the decision rules made using fuzzy logic approach on when to water the lawn. The whole system is powered up by the solar energy which is then interfaced to a particular type of irrigation timer for plant fertilizing schedule and rain detector through a simple design of rain dual-collector tipping bucket. The controller unit automatically disrupted voltage signals sent to the control valves whenever irrigation was not needed. Using this system we combined the logic implementation in the area of irrigation and weather sensing equipment, and more efficient water delivery can be made possible.

At the Supper of the Lamb: A Pastoral and Theological Commentary on the Mass by Paul Turner

238 Antiphon 16.3 (2012) library of those who are seeking deeper spiritual reflections on fully entering into the sacramental and liturgical actions of the Mass. Shawn Colberg Saint John’s University Collegeville, Minnesota Paul Turner At the Supper of the Lamb: A Pastoral and Theological Commentary on the Mass Chicago: Liturgy Training Publications, 2011 x + 163 pp. Paperback $16.95. The appearance of the third edition of the Roman Missal, according to the United States Catholic Conference of Bishops, blesses the whole Church with the opportunity to “deepen its understanding of the Sacred Liturgy, and to appreciate its meaning and importance in our lives.” Parish communities are encouraged not to simply implement the changes, but to use this event as a moment for liturgical catechesis so that the faithful may deepen their engagement with the liturgy. Paul Turner’s volume provides an excellent tool for doing exactly that. This book seeks to help individuals and communities “understand the parts of the Mass so that you may enter them more intentionally and prepare for them with wisdom” (ix). Further, it strives to provide a pastoral, historical and theological background to the various parts of the Mass, not merely as a commentary but as “an invitation to worship, a call to a new intention, a deeper awareness of the privilege we share to be invited to the supper of the Lamb” (ix). Fr. Turner is one of the most prolific and respected authors of pastoral resources on sacramental and liturgical practices. He holds a doctorate in sacred theology from Sant’Anselmo in Rome, is a former president of the North American Academy of Liturgy, and serves as a facilitator for the International Committee for English in the Liturgy. He is also a priest of the Diocese of Kansas City-St Joseph and pastor of St. Anthony parish in Kansas City, Missouri. Turner’s scholarly expertise and his rich experiences as a pastor come together to make this book a truly distinctive and effective resource for worship leaders, liturgy committees, pastors, and music ministers. At the Supper of the Lamb follows the Order of the Mass in the Roman Missal, including the texts for each of the four Eucharistic Prayers. Turner treats each rite by beginning with the appropriate text and rubrics from the Roman Missal, along with pertinent citations from the General Instruction of the Roman Missal. He then considers many of the theological, 239 Book Reviews historical, and practical aspects underlying the given text and rubrics. Every section concludes with a series of discussion questions that probe deeper into the meaning of the rites described and their application within particular worshipping communities. These discussion questions are a particularly strong point within this excellent text. The questions reflect Turner’s deep insight into the lives of parish communities and the theological and pastoral concerns that arise in them. For example, after describing the development and theological foundation of the Penitential Act, Turner asks: “On what occasions does your worshipping community use the blessing and sprinkling of water? Why have you made those choices?” and “How much silence is observed after the priest invites the community to recall its sins? Is it enough?” (13). Space is given for readers to write responses to the questions, and thus the entire volume has the appearance of a workbook. In this way, the very format of the book helps engender the result it seeks to achieve: personal reflection and engagement with the Mass. One of the greatest strengths of this volume is the way it uses the pastoral experience of particular communities as a resource for their own ongoing liturgical catechesis. Turner’s book laudably traces the historical origins of various rites to give readers a sense of the ancient patrimony surrounding certain prayers and practices. Few readers will know that the earliest extant version of the Roman Canon comes from a fourth century work on the sacraments by Ambrose of Milan (69) or that the word Alleluia appears only once in the New Testament, in the Book of Revelation, where it serves as a refrain for a hymn sung to the risen Christ and that this is, perhaps, why the Alleluia became attached to...