Water-soluble Polysaccharide Research Articles

PHYTOCHEMICAL SUBSTANTIATION OF INTEGRATED PROCESSING OF PERICARP OF JUGLANS NIGRA L.

Relevance. Both highly active pharmaceutical substances and excipients can be target products for the complex processing of medicinal plant raw materials. For example, naphthoquinones are used as antimicrobal, antifunginal and polysaccharides are used as fillers, thickeners, and sorbents. Fruits, roots, and waste from the wood processing industry serve as raw material sources of polysaccharides. The development of low-waste technologies for processing medicinal plant raw materials is a current area of research. The purpose of the work is to substantiate the possibility of complex processing of black walnut pericarp with the production of biologically active and auxiliary substances using low-waste technology based on phytochemical research. Material and methods. The object of study is the pericarp of Juglans nigra L. (Juglandaceae). The raw materials were collected in October 2021 in a park in Pyatigorsk. It was dried and crushed into powder. Naphthoquinones (juglone and its derivatives) were detected by thin layer chromatography. The content of naphthoquinones was determined by spectrophotometry, extractives released by chloroform, polysaccharides by gravimetry, the average molecular weight of water-soluble polysaccharides by viscometry, the surface activity of water-soluble polysaccharides by stalagmometry, and the distribution coefficient of polysaccharides in the diethyl ether-water system by conductometry. Results. The possibility of obtaining two products in one technological process is justified by the results of experiments: 1) active pharmaceutical substance (yield 1.5%) for obtaining external forms (ointments, creams) with antifungal, antiviral activity, containing naphthoquinones (naphthoquinones in terms of juglone 12.41±0.3%); 2) excipients polysaccharides (yield 8.8%), whose molecules have a thread-like structure, which explains their good solubility in water, surface activity and polyelectrolyte properties. Conclusions. As a result of a phytochemical study of the pericarp of Juglans nigra L., it was established that both a substance containing polyphenolic compounds and polysaccharides suitable as auxiliary substances can be obtained in the process of complex processing.

Antioxidant Activities and Prebiotic Activities of Water-Soluble, Alkali-Soluble Polysaccharides Extracted from the Fruiting Bodies of the Fungus Hericium erinaceus.

In this study, the digestion and fermentation properties of the bioactive water-soluble polysaccharide (HEP-W), and alkali-soluble polysaccharide (HEP-A) from Hericium erinaceus and the impact on the human colonic microbiota were determined using simulated saliva-gastrointestinal digestion and human fecal fermentation models in vitro. The basic physicochemical properties of HEP-W and HEP-A were determined at the same time. The results showed that the in vitro simulated digestion had almost no effect on the physicochemical properties of HEP-W and HEP-A, indicating that HEP-W and HEP-A were partially degraded. During fermentation, HEP-W and HEP-A increased the relative abundance of the dominant butyric acid-producing genera, the microbial community structure was significantly regulated, the gas production and short-chain fatty acid production in the fermentation broth were significantly increased, and the pH of the fermentation broth was reduced. There were structural and other differences in HEP-W and HEP-A due to different extraction methods, which resulted in different results. These results suggest that HEP-W and HEP-A may be potential gut microbial manipulators to promote gut health by promoting the production of beneficial metabolites by intestinal microorganisms using different butyric acid production pathways.

Structure and emulsifying properties of unprecedent glucomannan oligo- and polysaccharides from Amazonia Acrocomia aculeata palm fruit

Acrocomia aculeata fruit pulp contains oil (4.1–82.8 % fresh matter) and carbohydrates (6.6–98.0 % fresh matter). To date, only the oil fraction is valorized because very little is known about the nature of carbohydrates. This study explores new ways of adding value to this pulp by developing simple and efficient extraction processes for its carbohydrate components and characterizing their structure and physicochemical properties over two harvest periods. A water-soluble monosaccharide fraction F1 (solubility limit (SL): 98.5–99.3 g/L) (yield: 21 % dry pulp (DP)), a water-soluble polysaccharide fraction F2 (SL: 93.3–95.3 g/L) (yield: 26 % DP) and two additional water-insoluble polysaccharide fractions F3 and F4 (SL: <8 g/L) (yields: 10 and 19 % DP, respectively) were isolated. NMR structural characterizations of fraction F2 revealed it to be a linear glucomannan with β-(1 → 4) osidic linkages between d-Manp and d-Glcp residues. F2 is unique for its d-Manp/d-Glcp ratio of 3:1 and the position of its acetyl group (13–14 %, C-2 d-Manp). Finally, the polysaccharide showed a molecular weight (Mw) variation ranging from 8.2 × 104 to 1.1 × 103 Da over the two harvest periods, with remarkable emulsifying properties associated with a low Mw of F2 (stability >6 months, 1 % w/v in a water-in-oil emulsion).

Arctium lappa L. root polysaccharides ameliorate CCl4-induced acute liver injury by suppressing oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis

In this study, water-soluble polysaccharides purified from burdock root were used to intervene in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury (ALI) of BRL3A hepatocytes and rats. Our results indicated that CCl4 significantly inhibited hepatocyte viability and upregulated the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), and the pro-apoptotic protein Bax. However, Arctium lappa L. root polysaccharides (ALP) could effectively ameliorate liver function and histopathology, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers. In addition, ALP reduced the expression of apoptotic markers and promoted the proliferation of damaged hepatocytes. In conclusion, ALP possesses a hepatoprotective effect mediated by attenuating oxidative damage, inflammation and apoptosis in ALI.

BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF TAGETES PATULA FLOWERS GROWN IN YAKUTIA AND IVANOVO REGION

The biochemical composition of primary and secondary metabolites of Tagetes patula flowers grown on the territory of Yakutia and Ivanovo region was studied. It has been shown that the content of essential nutrients such as proteins, lipids and water-soluble polysaccharides in T. patula flowers varied insignificantly. The qualitative composition of monosaccharides of water-soluble polysaccharides, the amino acid composition of proteins and the fatty acid composition of lipids did not differ in all the studied samples. The monosaccharide composition of water-soluble polysaccharides, the fatty acid composition of lipids, the amino acid composition of the proteins of T. patula flowers grown in Yakutia and the Ivanovo region have been established. In all studied samples of T. patula flowers, the following phenolic compounds were identified: tocopherol, isorhamnetin, laricitrin, quinine, gallic, chlorogenic and ellagic acids, as well as the following terpenoids: stigmasterol, sitosterol, α- and β-amirin. According to the research results, it was shown that the place of collection of T. patula flowers for the subsequent production of biologically active additives from them does not have a significant effect on their biochemical composition.

Isolation and Physicochemical Characteristics of Water-Soluble Polysaccharide from Locally Growing and Cultivated Basidium Raw Materials of Ganoderma lucidum

Isolation and Physicochemical Characteristics of Water-Soluble Polysaccharide from Locally Growing and Cultivated Basidium Raw Materials of Ganoderma lucidum

Modification of hydrophobic properties of konjac glucomannan using octenyl succinic anhydride

Konjac glucomannan (KGM) is a water-soluble polysaccharide that has the potential to be used as a natural emulsifier because of its high viscosity. This study aimed to modify the KGM structure in order to obtain a KGM which has amphiphilic properties. Modifications were carried out in the microwave using 1-3% sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and 2-4% octenyl succinate anhydride (OSA). Parameters observed included emulsion capacity, emulsion stability, degree of substitution with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), viscosity, hydrophobicity, and Fourier transform infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results showed that the interaction between the concentration of Na2CO3 and OSA had a significant effect on the capacity and stability of the octenyl succinic anhydride-modified konjac glucomannan (KGOS) emulsion. The highest emulsion capacity and stability were obtained using 2% Na2CO3 and 4% OSA. OSA esterification of KGM was shown by increasing the degree of substitution, viscosity, hydrophobicity, and FT-IR analysis. Thus, KGOS can be used as a natural emulsifier with good amphiphilic properties.

Immunomodulatory Activity of Polysaccharides Isolated from Saussurea salicifolia L. and Saussurea frolovii Ledeb.

The genus Saussurea has been used in the preparation of therapies for a number of medical problems, yet not much is known about the therapeutic high-molecular-weight compounds present in extracts from these plants. Since polysaccharides are important in immune modulation, we investigated the chemical composition and immunomodulatory activity of Saussurea salicifolia L. and Saussurea frolovii Ledeb polysaccharides. Water-soluble polysaccharides from the aerial parts of these plants were extracted using water at pHs of 2 and 6 and subsequently precipitated in ethanol to obtain fractions SSP2 and SSP6 from S. salicifolia and fractions SSF2 and SSF6 from S. frolovii. The molecular weights of fractions SSP2, SSP6, SFP2, and SFP6 were estimated to be 143.7, 113.2, 75.3, and 64.3 kDa, respectively. The polysaccharides from S. frolovii contained xylose (67.1-71.7%) and glucose (28.3-32.9%), whereas the polysaccharides from S. frolovii contained xylose (63.1-76.7%), glucose (11.8-19.2%), galactose (4.7-8.3%), and rhamnose (6.8-9.4%). Fractions SSP2, SSP6, and SFP2 stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production by murine macrophages, and NO production induced by SSP2, SSP6, and SFP2 was not inhibited by polymyxin B treatment of the fractions, whereaspolymyxin B treatment diminished the effects of SFP6, suggesting that SFP6 could contain lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The LPS-free fractions SSP2, SSP6, and SFP2 had potent immunomodulatory activity, induced NO production, and activated transcription factors NF-κB/AP-1 in human monocytic THP-1 cells and cytokine production by human MonoMac-6 monocytic cells, including interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon-γ, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). These data suggest that at least part of the beneficial therapeutic effects reported for water extracts of the Saussurea species are due to the modulation of leukocyte functions by polysaccharides.

Optimisation preparation, physicochemical properties, and glucose transport regulation by polysaccharides from Liubao brick tea

AbstractIn this study, a water-soluble novel polysaccharide called TPS was successfully prepared and isolated from Liubao tea. The optimal extraction conditions resulted in a yield of 10.70% for the crude TPS. The purified TPS exhibited unique physicochemical properties and structural characteristics. It was identified as an acidic polysaccharide with trace binding proteins, with a →4)-α-D-Galp-(1→) residue. The purified TPS had a dense and uneven appearance, potential crystallisation characteristics, and structural stability. Importantly, it demonstrated the ability to inhibit glucose transport in Caco-2 cells by down-regulating the expression of sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), leading to a hypoglycemic effect. These findings highlight the potential of TPS from Liubao tea as a functional food or additive with hypoglycaemic properties.

Primary structural features, physicochemical and biological properties of two water-soluble polysaccharides extracted from the brown Tunisian seaweed Halopteris scoparia

Marine algae are the most abundant resource in the marine environment and are still a promising source of bioactive compounds including hydrocolloids. This study contributes to the evaluation of the biological and biotechnological potentials of two water soluble polysaccharides, namely alginates (AHS) and fucoidan (FHS), extracted and purified from Halopteris scoparia, an abundant Tunisian brown macroalgae collected in Tunisia (Tabarka region). The total sugars, neutral monosaccharides, uronic acids, proteins, polyphenols, and sulfate groups contents were quantified for both fractions, as well as their functional groups and primary structural features by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ionic and/or gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. AHS and FHS showed significant anti-inflammatory (IC50 ≈ 1 mg/mL), anticoagulant (e.g., 27–61.7 for the activated partial thromboplastin time), antihyperglycemic (0.1–40 μg/mL) and anti-trypsin (IC50 ≈ 0.3–0.4 mg/mL) effects. FHS and a hydrolyzed fraction showed a very promising potential against herpes viruses (HSV-1) (IC50 < 28 μg/mL). Besides, AHS and two hydrolyzed fractions were able to stimulate the natural defenses of tomato seedlings, assessing their elicitor capacity, by increasing the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (66–422 %) but also significantly changing the polyphenol content in the leaves (121–243 %) and roots (30–104 %) of tomato plants.

Chemical characteristics and anti-Escherichia coli mechanism of water-soluble extracts from yeast cell walls

BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance is a threat to global public health and requires the development of new antibiotic alternatives to treat bacterial infection. Infection with Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most common cause of diarrhea in pigs, especially in weaning piglets. The objective of this study was to characterize chemical properties of water-soluble extract (WSE) obtained from yeast cell wall, and study its antibacterial activity and antimicrobial mechanisms against E. coli.ResultsWSE was extracted from yeast cell wall by hot water, followed by anhydrous ethanol precipitation and deproteinization by Sevag method to obtain water-soluble polysaccharides (WSP, accounting for 76.53 ± 5.91% by weight of WSE). WSP was purified by DEAE-52 cellulose column and Sephadex G-100 column to obtain three fractions of polysaccharides, WSNP, WSAP-1 and WSAP-2. Physicochemical properties of them were then characterized. The average molecular weights of WSNP, WSAP-1 and WSAP-2 were 105,130, 94,581 and 91,247 Da, respectively. WSNP was composed of glucosamine (GlcN), glucose (Glc), mannose (Man) and glucuronic acid (GlcA) in a molar ratio of 8.6:55.2:34.4:1.8, WSAP-1 was consisted of GlcN, Glc and Man in a molar ratio of 10.9:42.2:46.9, and WSAP-2 was consisted of GlcN, galactose (Gal), Glc and Man in a molar ratio of 9.0:1.0:55.1:34.9. Spectral analysis indicated that all three polysaccharides had pyran polysaccharides, triple-helix structure, α- and β-glycosidic bond. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of WSE and WSP on E.coli were 25 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL, respectively. WSE can not only disrupt the integrity of the cell wall and membrane of E.coli, but also increase the permeability of the outer membrane.ConclusionsOur research elucidated chemical composition and structure of WSNP, WSAP-1 and WSAP-2. WSE exerted its bactericidal activity by damaging the bacterial cell wall and membrane and increasing outer membrane permeability. Yeast cell wall products have been recommended as a potential alternative to antibiotics. This work provides more information, regarding chemical properties and anti-E. coli mechanism of WSE, and facilitates the application of yeast cell wall products as a promising antibiotic alternative in animal feed.

Isolation and Physicochemical Characteristics of Water-Soluble Polysaccharide from Locally Growing and Cultivated Basidium Raw Materials of Ganoderma lucidum

Branched polysaccharides have been isolated from basidiomycete raw materials of locally growing and cultivated Ganoderma lucidum. It has been found that the isolated fractions contain branched polysaccharides in the form of complexes with melanin. After purification of polysaccharides by ion exchange chromatography from locally growing and cultivated basidial raw materials, two fractions have been obtained: neutral polysaccharides of locally growing Ganoderma lucidum (GW-1), cultivated Ganoderma lucidum (GWL-1) with a yield of 25.71 and 29.85%, respectively, and anionic polysaccharides of locally growing Ganoderma lucidum (GW-2), cultivated Ganoderma lucidum (GWL-2), with a yield of 5.26 and 4.19%. The physicochemical properties of the obtained samples have been studied by IR and UV spectroscopies. The purity degree of fractions of branched polysaccharides has been determined. Using gas chromatography, one-dimensional (13C NMR, 1H NMR), and two-dimensional (COSY, TOCSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY) NMR spectroscopies, the compositions and molecular structures of the obtained polysaccharide samples have been determined. The results showed that the isolated and purified polysaccharides are β-glucan-type branched polysaccharides that have branch point (1,4,6)- and (1,3,6)-linked glucopyranose residues.

The Influence of the Intergranular Superdisintegrant Performance on New Drotaverine Orodispersible Tablet Formulations.

The main objective of this study consists in establishing the influence of the intergranular superdisintegrant on the specific properties of drotaverine hydrochloride fast-dissolving granules (DROT-FDGs) and orodispersible tablets (DROT-ODTs). The orodispersible tablets were obtained by the compression of the FDGs and excipient mixture with an eccentric tableting machine. To develop DROT-ODTs, two types of superdisintegrant excipients in different concentrations (water-soluble soy polysaccharides (SSP) (1%, 5%) and water-insoluble soy polysaccharides-Emcosoy® STS IP (EMCS) (1%, 3%, 5%)) were used, resulting in five formulations (D1-D5). The DROT-FDGs and the DROT-ODTs were subjected to pharmacotechnical and analytical evaluation. All the orodispersible tablets obtained respect the quality requirements in terms of friability (less than 1%), crushing strength (ranging between 52 N for D2 and 125.5 N for D3), and disintegration time (<180 s). The in vitro release of drotaverine from ODTs showed that all formulations presented amounts of active substance released greater than 85% at 10 min. The main objective, developing 30 mg DROT-ODTs for children aged between 6 and 12 years by incorporating the API in FDGs, was successfully achieved.

Structural properties and immune-enhancing activities of galactan isolated from red seaweed Grateloupia filicina.

A water-soluble polysaccharide (GFP) was isolated from Grateloupia filicina and fractionated using a DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow column to evaluate immunostimulatory activity. Carbohydrates (62.0%-68.4%) and sulfates (29.3%-34.3%) were the major components of GFP and its fractions (GFP-1 and GFP-2), with relatively lower levels of proteins (4.5%-15.4%) and uronic acid (1.4%-3.9%). The average molecular weight (Mw ) for GFP and its fractions was calculated between 98.2%-243.7 kDa. The polysaccharides were composed of galactose (62.1%-87.2%), glucose (4.5%-33.2%), xylose (3.1%-5.3%), mannose (1.4%-2.2%), rhamnose (1.2%-2.0%), and arabinose (0.9%-1.7%) units connected through →3)-Galp-(1→, →4)-Galp-(1→, →2)-Galp-(1→, →6)-Galp-(1→, →3,4)-Galp -(1→, →3,6)-Galp-(1→, →4,6)-Galp-(1→, →3,4,6)-Galp-(1→, →2,3)-Galp-(1→, →2,4)-Galp-(1→, →4)-Glcp-(1→, →6)-Glcp-(1→ and →4,6)-Glcp-(1→residues. The isolated polysaccharides effectively induced RAW264.7 murine macrophages by releasing nitric oxide (NO) and various cytokines via nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Further, the expression of toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2) and TLR-4 in RAW264.7 cells indicated their activation through TLR-2 and TLR-4 binding receptors. Among the polysaccharides, GFP-1 highly stimulated the activation of RAW264.7 cells, which was mainly constituted of (→1) terminal-D-galactopyranosyl, (1→3)-linked-ᴅ-galactopyranosyl, (1→4)-linked-ᴅ-galactopyranosyl and (1→3,4) -linked-ᴅ-galactopyranosyl residues. These findings demonstrate that GFP-1 from G. filicina are effective at stimulating the immune system and this warrants further investigation to determine potential biomedical applications.

Newly formed phenolics selectively bound to the graded polysaccharides of lychee pulp during heat pump drying using UPLC-ESI-QqQ-TOF-MS/MS

Our study investigated heat pump drying (HPD) effects on phenolic-polysaccharide adducts of three lychee pulp grades, their composition and bound phenolic contents. During HPD, the hexose content in water soluble polysaccharide (WSP) increased continuously, and the pentose and glucuronic acid contents in WSP and dilute alkali soluble pectin (ASP) together with the hexose content in ASP increased initially and then decreased due to polysaccharide hydrolases pectinase, polygalacturonase and cellulase. After HPD, the bound phenolic content in WSP, ASP and water unextractable polysaccharide (WUP) significantly increased. Protocatechualdehyde and 3,4-dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid were newly generated phenolics and the former combined with all the three polysaccharide grades, while the latter selectively combined with only WSP. During HPD, WSP and ASP surface structures were gradually broken and became loose, but WUP surface structure was a complete and rough sheet structure. Alkaline hydrolysis caused sparser, more porous surfaces of the three polysaccharide grades. The polyphenol selectivity could be related to substrate selectivity of endogenous oxidases and the type of phenolic compounds.

Thermal and molecular characteristics of novel water-soluble polysaccharide from the Pteridium aquilinum and Dryopteris filix-mas

Novel water-soluble complex polysaccharides (CPS) were obtained from Pteridium aquilinum and Dryopteris filix-mas. The yield of CPS was determined to be 4.161%-5.677%. As a result of the physicochemical composition, the CPS contained 12.10–13.65% moisture, 1.983–2.686% protein, 0.123–0.916% lipids and 12.06–21.52% ash. In HPLC analysis, sugar components of the samples (glucose+fructose+saccharose+maltose+lactose) ranged between 35.85–40.98%. Peaks of the fingerprint region specific for polysaccharides were identified during FT-IR analysis. DSC analysis showed that the glassy transition temperature of the DFR sample was higher than in the other three samples. A double cold crystallization peak was detected in all samples. During TGA analysis, the CPS samples exhibited a small amount of mass loss (1.2–1.85%) between 0 and 100 °C, and the DTGmax.p1 region continued up to 215–230 °C. These findings indicate that the four types of polysaccharides have excellent thermal stability (up to 230 °C) and are applicable to high-temperature food processing.

Fabrication of polyethyleneimine functionalized magnetite nanoparticles for recyclable recovery of fucoidan from aqueous solution

Fucoidan is a kind of natural water-soluble fucose-rich sulfated polysaccharide with promising applications in the food and pharmaceutical industry. However, the traditional methods for fucoidan recovery from aqueous solution are expensive, time-consuming, and environmentally unfriendly. In this work, polyethyleneimine functionalized magnetite nanoparticles (PEI-MNPs) with well-defined core-shell structures were prepared by a Layer-by-Layer (LbL) approach using sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) as a cross-linker. The as-prepared PEI-MNPs showed improved adsorption capability towards fucoidan at pH 4–8 due to the high density of cationic groups on the surfaces and the absence of internal pores. It was found that the adsorption process of fucoidan onto PEI-MNPs can reach to equilibrium in 50 min at room temperature. The maximum qe derived from the Langmuir isotherm at room temperature was 169.1 mg per g at a pH of 7. A selective fucoidan capture over a model protein BSA can be realized by adjusting pH (6–8) and salt concentration (0.5–2.5 M). The PEI-MNPs loading with fucoidan can be isolated from the final products by a neodymium magnet and regenerated by 4 M NaCl solution as stripping reagent. Therefore, this novel kind of PEI-MNP could be a promising candidate for highly efficient and recyclable recovery of fucoidan from an aqueous solution.

A novel heteropolysaccharide isolated from custard apple pulp and its immunomodulatory activity in mouse macrophages and dendritic cells

In this study, a novel heteropolysaccharide (ASPA80-1) with an average molecular weight of 5.48 × 104 Da was isolated and structurally elucidated from custard apple pulp (Annona squamosa) through DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex G-100 and Sephacryl S-300 HR chromatography and spectral analysis. ASPA80-1 is a water-soluble polysaccharide and it is a polymer consisting of predominant amounts of (1 → 3)-linked-L-arabinose (Ara) residues, small amounts of (1 → 6)-linked-D-galactose (Gal), (1 → 3,5)-linked-L-arabinose (Ara) residues and terminal linked-L-arabinose (Ara) residues, trace amount of (1 → 4)-linked-D-glucose (Glc) residues and (1 → 2)-linked-L-rhamnose (Rham) residues. ASPA80-1 showed significant effect on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) activation. On the one hand, ASPA80-1 activated RAW264.7 macrophage cells by inducing morphology change, enhancing phagocytic ability, increasing nitric oxide (NO) secretion and promoting expression of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) and cluster of differentiation 86 (CD 86). On the other hand, ASPA80-1 promoted the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) by inducing longer dendrites, decreasing phagocytic ability and increasing MHC II and CD86 expression. Furthermore, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways were activated after the intervention of ASPA80-1 on RAW264.7 cells or DCs. Thus, the novel heteropolysaccharide ASPA80-1 has the potential to be used as an immunoenhancing component in functional foods.

Preparation of Porous Scaffold Based on Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) and FucoPol.

This work focused on the development of porous scaffolds based on biocomposites comprising two biodegradable and biocompatible biopolymers: a terpolyester, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHVHHx), and the bacterial polysaccharide FucoPol. The PHBHVHHx terpolymer was composed of 3-hydroxybutyrate (55 wt%), 3-hydroxyvalerate (21 wt%), and 3-hydroxyhexanoate (24 wt%). This hydrophobic polyester has low crystallinity and can form elastic and flexible films. Fucopol is a fucose-containing water-soluble polysaccharide that forms viscous solutions with shear thinning behavior and has demonstrated emulsion-forming and stabilizing capacity and wound healing ability. Emulsion-templating was used to fabricate PHA-based porous structures in which FucoPol acted as a bioemulsifier. Compared with the scaffolds obtained from emulsions with only water, the use of FucoPol aqueous solutions resulted in structures with improved mechanical properties, namely higher tensile strength (4.4 MPa) and a higher Young's Modulus (85 MPa), together with an elongation at break of 52%. These features, together with the scaffolds' high porosity and pore interconnectivity, suggest their potential to sustain cell adhesion and proliferation, which is further supported by FucoPol's demonstrated wound healing ability. Therefore, the developed PHBHVHHx:FucoPol scaffolds arise as innovative porous bioactive structures with great potential for use in tissue engineering applications.

A Review of Colon Cancer Treatment using Photoactive Nanoparticles

This reviewed work on the development of photosensitive nanoparticles (NPs) based on a photodegradable poly(o-nitrobenzyl acrylate) core (PNBA, a hydrophobic and biocompatible polymer) and a dextran-derived shell (dextran is a biodegradable and water-soluble bacterial polysaccharide). First, methods for synthesizing PNBA-N3 were demonstrated by 1) single electron transfer radical polymerization (SET-LRP) of o-nitrobenzyl acrylates and then 2) introducing a single azide end functionalization. At the same time, the processes for the production of DexAlkyne-15 bearing several alkyne groups by the hydrophilicity of dextran were also addressed. Such as DexAlkyne-15 and PNBA-N3 can be reacted by CuAAC (Cu(I)-azide-alkyne cycloaddition catalyst) chemically resulting in Dex-g-PNBA glycopolymers with different molecular parameters. Second, strategies for producing NPs were demonstrated by comparing two processes that were characterized in terms of size, amount of dextran, coat thickness, and colloidal stability in NaCl or cell culture medium, or in the presence of a single potent surfactant. On the one hand, NPs made by nanodeposition of Dex-g-PNBA exhibit high PNBA weight fractions (&gt;40%). On the other hand, the NPs were produced by evaporating the emulsion to the organic solvent using DexAlkyne-15 as a water-soluble surfactant and PNBA-N3 as a hydrophobic material. In this case, CuAAC occurred in situ (or not) at the fluid/liquid interface during the formulation of the NPs, resulting in “clicking” and “non-clicking”. Finally, a systematic study of the disorder of NPs by ultraviolet irradiation according to photolysis of PNBA chains is shown. To use NPs as smart drug delivery systems, studies have been shown of loading Doxorubicin (DOX - an anti-cancer agent) into NPs during placement. Methods for optimizing experimental conditions to enhance DOX encapsulation are discussed.