Water-soluble Polysaccharide Research Articles

Нанопрайминг семян сои с применением марганецсодержащего нанокомпозита в арабиногалактановой матрице

The results of studies on the stimulation of soybean seed germination under the influence of nanopriming with a chemically synthesized nanocomposite (NC) based on manganese-containing nanoparticles and a water-soluble polysaccharide arabinogalactan are presented. The study was carried out on the phytopathosystem: soybean seeds Glycine max (L) – phytopathogenic bacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum. Phytopathogenic bacterium P. carotovorum causes the infectious disease soft rot in various plant species from vegetables to trees and shrubs. After nanopriming (treatment Mn(OH)2/AGs NC), seed germination, biometric characteristics (mass and length of the root and hypocotyl) and biochemical parameters of soybean seedlings (content of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activity of antioxidant enzymes, amount of lipid peroxidation products) were analyzed. It was shown that the infection of seeds with P. carotovorum led to a decrease in their germination, 50 % of the seeds did not germinate. In addition, seedlings obtained from infected seeds had reduced all biometric characteristics compared to the control. Infection of seeds with P. carotovorum showed an increase in the amount of ROS in root tissues and caused a significant increase in peroxidase activity in the roots of soybean seedlings. A significant increase in diene conjugates (DC) was noted in the tissues of the roots of the hypocotel in this variant. The nanocomposite of manganese hydroxide and sulfated arabinogalactan (Mn(OH)2/AGs NC, 4,8 % Mn) removed the negative effect of the phytopathogen P. carotovorum. Morphometric characteristics of seed sprouts after nanopriming were characterized by an increase in biomass compared to the control. Thus, after nanopriming with Mn(OH)2/AGs NC, the length and weight of the root in uninfected seeds increased. The most pronounced stimulating effect of nanopriming was expressed in sprouts obtained from infected seeds. The length weight of the hypocotyl and the length of the root in infected seeds significantly increased after nanopriming of infected seeds. The precursor NC – MnSO4×5H2O did not affect the germination and sprouting of seeds both infected with P. carotovorum and free from infection. Nanopriming of infected seeds reduced the formation of ROS in seedling tissues. It was found that after nanopriming, peroxidase activity increased significantly in soybean roots compared to the control. This effect can be explained by the antioxidant effect of Mn NPs. Nanopriming of infected seeds reduced the amount of DC in root tissues to the control level. Thus, the mechanisms of interaction of NC with the studied phytopathosystem are represented by an increase in seed germination under the influence of NC, stimulation of morphometric parameters of seedlings, as well as an effect on the components of the antioxidant system. The obtained results and our previous studies on the antibacterial effect of Mn(OH)2/AGs against phytopathogens Clavibacter sepedonicus demonstrate the great potential of using Mn(OH)2/AGs in practical agriculture, in particular for application in the field of stimulating plant growth and increasing their resistance to phytopathogens.

Фитохимическое исследование и антирадикальная активность молодых побегов малины обыкновенной

Introduction. Young shoots of raspberry vulgaris contain a variety of biologically active substances with pronounced antiradical activity. The aim: Determination of the content of the main groups of biologically active substances and the antiradical activity of leaves and leafless parts of raspberry shoots. Materials and methods of research. Raw material for the study was harvested on the territory of the Ilyinsky district of the Perm Territory in June 2023. Raw material was collected only from well-developed specimens not damaged by pests. Harvested shoots were air-shade dried. Determination of the content of water-soluble polysaccharides was carried out spectrophotometrically using the modified Draywood antron-sulfur method. The determination of the amount of flavonoids in raspberry shoots was carried out by spectrophotometry, by complexation reaction with 2% solution of aluminum chloride. To determine the antiradical activity, a reaction with the stable free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl was used. Results of research and their discussion. The content of extractive substances extracted by water was found to be higher in raspberry leaves. It was found that the content of water-soluble polysaccharides, tannins and flavonoids is higher in the leaves of ordinary raspberries, compared with the leafless part. Infusion of raspberry ordinary shoots has a pronounced antiradical activity. The antiradical activity of the infusion of raspberry shoots turned out to be higher, compared with the decoction of rosehip fruits which acted as a comparison drug. Conclusion. In the study of biologically active substances, it was found that ordinary raspberry leaves accumulate higher BAS major groups. However, the level of antiradical activity of raspberry infusions of ordinary leaves and leafless parts does not differ significantly.

Нанопрайминг семян сои с применением марганецсодержащего нанокомпозита в арабиногалактановой матрице

The results of studies on the stimulation of soybean seed germination under the influence of nanopriming with a chemically synthesized nanocomposite (NC) based on manganese-containing nanoparticles and a water-soluble polysaccharide arabinogalactan are presented. The study was carried out on the phytopathosystem: soybean seeds Glycine max (L) – phytopathogenic bacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum. Phytopathogenic bacterium P. carotovorum causes the infectious disease soft rot in various plant species from vegetables to trees and shrubs. After nanopriming (treatment Mn(OH)2/AGs NC), seed germination, biometric characteristics (mass and length of the root and hypocotyl) and biochemical parameters of soybean seedlings (content of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activity of antioxidant enzymes, amount of lipid peroxidation products) were analyzed. It was shown that the infection of seeds with P. carotovorum led to a decrease in their germination, 50 % of the seeds did not germinate. In addition, seedlings obtained from infected seeds had reduced all biometric characteristics compared to the control. Infection of seeds with P. carotovorum showed an increase in the amount of ROS in root tissues and caused a significant increase in peroxidase activity in the roots of soybean seedlings. A significant increase in diene conjugates (DC) was noted in the tissues of the roots of the hypocotel in this variant. The nanocomposite of manganese hydroxide and sulfated arabinogalactan (Mn(OH)2/AGs NC, 4,8 % Mn) removed the negative effect of the phytopathogen P. carotovorum. Morphometric characteristics of seed sprouts after nanopriming were characterized by an increase in biomass compared to the control. Thus, after nanopriming with Mn(OH)2/AGs NC, the length and weight of the root in uninfected seeds increased. The most pronounced stimulating effect of nanopriming was expressed in sprouts obtained from infected seeds. The length weight of the hypocotyl and the length of the root in infected seeds significantly increased after nanopriming of infected seeds. The precursor NC – MnSO4×5H2O did not affect the germination and sprouting of seeds both infected with P. carotovorum and free from infection. Nanopriming of infected seeds reduced the formation of ROS in seedling tissues. It was found that after nanopriming, peroxidase activity increased significantly in soybean roots compared to the control. This effect can be explained by the antioxidant effect of Mn NPs. Nanopriming of infected seeds reduced the amount of DC in root tissues to the control level. Thus, the mechanisms of interaction of NC with the studied phytopathosystem are represented by an increase in seed germination under the influence of NC, stimulation of morphometric parameters of seedlings, as well as an effect on the components of the antioxidant system. The obtained results and our previous studies on the antibacterial effect of Mn(OH)2/AGs against phytopathogens Clavibacter sepedonicus demonstrate the great potential of using Mn(OH)2/AGs in practical agriculture, in particular for application in the field of stimulating plant growth and increasing their resistance to phytopathogens.

A Mixture of Water-Soluble Polysaccharides Reduces Caspase-1 and IL-1β Inflammatory Responses by Cutibacterium acnes in vitro in Reconstructed Human Epidermis (RHE).

It is well established that Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) is a common skin commensal microorganism that has been linked to acne. In acne flare-ups, C. acnes can be found in abundant levels within the inflammatory lesions (called comedones) associated with the skin disease. Recently, it was reported that 3D reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) treated with viable cultures of C. acnes can elicit β-defensin antimicrobial peptide responses in the skin and can weaken the skin barrier of the RHE after three days of exposure to C. acnes. Employing a modification of this in vitro assay, RHE was pretreated with C. acnes for 48 hours, then further treated with a mixture of water-soluble polysaccharides (STRATAPHIX™ POLY, "Polysaccharide Blend") previously shown to reduce inflammasome-mediated inflammatory responses in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). Two inflammasome-mediated inflammation markers were tested, including caspase-1, a potent protease enzyme activated by NOD-like receptor protein (NLRP)-induced inflammasome activation, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a cytokine which is activated from inactive pro-IL-1β by caspase-1. The treatment of the RHE tissues with C. acnes for 48 hours elicited an inflammatory response measured with both markers compared against untreated tissues. Treatment of the tissues with 1% and 2% salicylic acid for 24hours after C. acnes treatment increased the inflammatory response measured with both markers. Application of the water-soluble polysaccharides in combination with 1% and 2% of salicylic acid significantly reduces expression of both active caspase-1 and IL-1β compared against the tissues treated with C. acnes and salicylic acid alone. The results lend further support to previously reported work which was done on NHEKs treated with ultraviolet B (UVB) light and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and demonstrate that the same mixture of polysaccharides can have a modulating effect against bacterial and chemical induced inflammation in RHE.

Composition and properties of ethanol-precipitated chickpea aquafaba

Increasing concerns among consumers regarding environmental sustainability, religion, health, and food safety have led to increasing prominence of plant-based food products. Aquafaba, a viscous liquid by-product obtained from canned or pressured-cooked chickpea, has gained popularity as a cost-effective egg replacement in gluten-free, vegan, and baked foods. In this study, we applied ethanol precipitation to aqueous chickpea aquafaba, yielding a white powder product (AQE-P). Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) analysis was employed to determine the molecular weight, carbohydrate profile and composition of foam produced from AQE-P. Results revealed significant variations in the chemical composition of aquafaba produced from different chickpea cultivars. Ethanol precipitation effectively reduced simple sugar (sucrose, galactose, and arabinose) as well as oligosaccharides (stachyose, raffinose, and trehalose) from aqueous aquafaba. AQE-P primarily consisted of water-soluble polysaccharides (24.8%, including soluble fiber and gelatinized soluble starch), protein (35.7%), oligosaccharides (18.4%) and insoluble fiber (21.2%). Notably, AQE-P extracted from both fresh and refrigerated aquafaba (4 °C, 24 h) exhibited improved foaming properties due to its higher protein and polysaccharide content. In conclusion, ethanol precipitation can be a simple, rapid, and feasible technology for chickpea aquafaba processing, yielding a functional powder ingredient, AQE-P. This product has potential as a plant-based emulsifier and foaming agent in various food applications, offering enhanced storage stability, nutritional value, and functionality when compared to aqueous or dried aquafaba.

Structural elucidation of a non-starch polysaccharides from Lilii Bulbus and its protective effects against corticosterone-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells.

Lilii Bulbus is a folk medicine for both culinary and medicinal purpose. In traditional medicine theory, Lilii Bulbus is usually used as an complementary therapy for nourishing the heart and lung, clearing heat in the treatment of mental instability and depression. In this study, NLPS-1a (Mw = 2610 Da, DP = 16), a water-soluble non-starch Lilii Bulbus polysaccharides, was isolated and purified. Structural analysis showed that NLPS-1a mainly contained Man and Glc with a molar ratio of 11.137 and 9.427. The glycosidic linkages of NLPS-1a were 1,3-Manp (59.93%), 1,2-Glcp (37.93%), T-Glcp (1.21%) and T-Manp (0.93%), indicating the highly-linear structures. In addition, NLPS-1a could significantly repair the injury of PC12 cells induced by corticosterone (CORT), reduce Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and decrease the cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Above all, the results indicated that NLPS-1a had protective effects against CORT-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells, and might be a natural antidepressant, which enriched the study of the metabolic mechanism between herbal polysaccharides and antidepressant.

Experimental Investigation of Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid Based on Pseudo Gemini Surfactant with Polysaccharide Addition.

In the last decade, hydrogels for hydraulic fracturing based on viscoelastic surfactants have been actively studied. Interest in these systems is justified by their unique qualities: good viscoelasticity and the ability to form stable suspensions of proppant or sand, destruction without the formation of bridging agents, hydrophobization of the rock surface and metal of technological equipment, as well as oil-cleaning properties. These qualities are most often provided by a minimum set of components-a surfactant and an electrolyte. However, the absence of a polymer limits the use of these gels in formations where fluid leakoff is possible. In this article, a liquid was studied, based on a pseudo gemini surfactant (PGVES) with the addition of a water-soluble polysaccharide. The objects of study were selected based on the assumption of interactions between PGVES and the polymer; interactions which favorably influence the technological characteristics of the fracturing fluid. To confirm the hypothesis, rheological studies were carried out. These included rotational viscometry and oscillatory studies at various temperatures. The settling velocity of particles of various proppant fractions was studied and tests were carried out to assess fluid leakoff. The performed experiments show an improvement in the characteristics of the PGVES-based gel under the influence of the polysaccharide. In particular, the rheological properties increase significantly, the stability of proppant suspensions improves, and the fluid leakoff of systems decreases, all of which expands the possibility of using these fracturing fluids and makes this area of experimentation promising.

Structure characterisation of polysaccharides purified from Boletus aereus Bull. and its improvement on AD-like behaviours via reliving neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 mice

The water-soluble neutral polysaccharide BEP2, with a molecular weight of 26.65 kDa, was isolated from the aqueous extract obtained from the fruiting bodies of Boletus aereus Bull. BEP2 primarily comprises Gal, with specific site substitutions speculated at partial positions, such as the substitution of -OCH3 at position H-3 or the branch at position C-2 including α-L-Fucp-(1→, α-D-Manp-(1 → and α-D-Manp-(1 → 3)-α-L-Fucp-(1 → 6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→. Treatment with BEP2 significantly enhanced learning, memory, and cognitive function, while concurrently reducing the accumulation of β-amyloid and suppressing neuroinflammation within the brains of APP/PS1 mice. Based on the results of biochemical detection, gut microbiota analysis, and metabolomic profiling, we found that BEP2 significantly upregulated the abundance of two bacterial families while downregulation that of seven bacterial families within the intestinal ecosystem. Notably, the abundance of the S24–7 family was significantly increased. Treatment with BEP2 upregulated five metabolites, while downregulating three metabolites, including norepinephrine. Additionally, BEP2 decreased the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, regulated the activities of microglial cells and astrocytes and increased the levels of the chemokine fractalkine (CX3CL1) and its receptor on microglia (CX3CR1), as well as that of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. These findings confirmed the suppressive effects of BEP2 on neuroinflammation.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PHYSIC-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYSACCHARIDES SELECTED FROM PRUNELLA SPP.

Natural high molecular weight compounds are used in medicine separately and in complex drugs as concomitant substance and as transport substances for the main compounds. Polysaccharides are plant polymers and its physic-chemical properties are useful in the development of pharmaceutical substances of plant origin. The aim of this study is investigation of physic-chemical properties of polysaccharides selected from Prunella spp. herb. For this aim, we solved the following tasks: estimate medium molecular weight of water-soluble polysaccharides (WSPS) and pectinic substances (PS) by viscosimeter, isoelectric point, distribution coefficient, superficial activity. Results. WSPS and PS from P. laciniata herb has the largest molecular weight (30493 g/mol and 25607 g/mol respectively). Macromolecules of WSPS and PS are electroneutral in the solution with pH<7. The molecules do not affect the surface tension at the boundary of the two phases, but at the same time they have a penetrating ability. Conclusions. Polysaccharides from Prunella spp. Have a high molecular weight more 10 k g/mol and this property may cause the elasticity of the dosage form. Macromolecules are electroneutral in the acidic environment and insoluble in water solution and have small ability to swell. Polymers have high penetrating ability through the cell membrane. These properties determine transport and bioavailability of polysaccharides and main compounds.

Thermal studies on Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide-water interaction

Characteristic features of polysaccharide derived from fungi (Tremella fuciformis), which are believed to have medical attributes for longevity, were investigated from the viewpoint of water interaction properties. Phase transition behaviour of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide (TFP) in the presence of water in a range from 0 to 2.5 (mass of water / mass of dry sample, g g−1) was measured by differential scanning calorimetry in a temperature range from 123 to 281K. Four transitions, i.e., glass transition, cold crystallization, melting and endotherm at a temperature higher than melting were detected. Furthermore, bound water content of the TFP was evaluated from the enthalpy of melting. From these results were obtained that non-freezing water content of TFP is similar to that of hyaluronan and larger than those of ordinal water-soluble polysaccharides. It is suggested that the chemical structure of TFP with dense placement of the hydroxyl groups is attributed to the above characteristic water binding.

Structural Analysis and Novel Mechanism of Enteromorpha prolifera Sulfated Polysaccharide in Preventing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

A water-soluble polysaccharide (EP) was purified from edible algae Enteromorpha prolifera. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), ion chromatography (IC), and fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) were performed to characterize its structure. EP was defined as a low molecular weight (6625Da) composed of rhamnose, glucose, glucuronic acid, xylose, galactose, arabinose, and mannose. Moreover, it was a sulfated polysaccharide with a degree of substitution (DS) of 1.48. Then, the high-fat diet/streptozotocin (HFD/STZ) induced diabetic mouse model was established to support evidence for a novel hypoglycemic mechanism. Results showed that blood glucose (47.32%), liver index (7.65%), epididymal fat index (16.86%), serum total cholesterol (26.78%) and triglyceride (37.61%) in the high-dose EP (HEP) group were significantly lower than those in the HFD group. Noticeably, the content of liver glycogen in the HEP group was significantly higher (62.62%) than that in the HFD group, indicating the promotion of glycogen synthesis. These beneficial effects were attributed to significantly increased protein kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation and its downstream signaling response. Further studies showed that diabetic mice exhibited excessive O-GlcNAcylation level and high expression of O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), which were decreased by 62.21 and 30.43% in the HEP group. This result suggested that EP had a similar effect to OGT inhibitors, which restored AKT phosphorylation and prevented pathoglycemia. This work reveals a novel hypoglycemic mechanism of EP, providing a theoretical basis for further studies on its pharmacological properties in improvement of T2DM.

Anti-inflammatory Activities of Sulfated Polysaccharides From Ethanol Crude Extract of Spyrida Species Red Seaweed.

The extracts derived from red seaweed have shown characteristics that may reduce inflammation. The abovementioned effects can potentially provide positive outcomes in managing inflammatory illnesses, including arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and other skin problems. The polysaccharides were isolated from theSpyridaspecies. The water-soluble polysaccharides were extracted and fractionated from several Indian seaweeds (Red) using a simple, cost-effective approach. Anti-inflammatory effects were further evaluated and validated by FTIR and FESEM analyses. FT-IR and FESEM were used to assess the structural features of polysaccharides and the surface morphology. In addition, the red seaweed species of the genusSpyrida, which includes polysaccharides, was shown to significantly inhibit the denaturation of bovine serum albumin (BSA), further proving that the substance has anti-inflammatory qualities. In this work, an assay to suppress protein activity was utilized to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory effects of polysaccharides derived from Spyrida.As predicted, increasing concentrations of the extract, ranging from 25 to 100 µg/ml, led to a rise in the percentage of inhibited protein denaturation. A statistically significant difference was found between these findings and those obtained with aspirin, a commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicine (NSAID). The red algae that grow in the shallow waters of the southern Indian Ocean may be used in medicine.

Polysaccharide content and composition analysis in the herb <i>Astragalus albicaulis</i> DC

Aim – to isolate and analyze the polysaccharides content in the herb Astragalus albicaulis.
 Material and methods. The object of the study was the herb Astragalus albicaulis harvested in the Kursk region in 2022 during the period of mass flowering. To isolate the polysaccharide complex, polyphenolic compounds were previously removed from the raw material. After drying, a water-soluble polysaccharide complex, pectin substances, hemicellulose A and hemicellulose B were sequentially isolated from the extraction cake. As extractants, purified water was used to isolate the water-soluble polysaccharide complex, a mixture of 0.5% solutions of oxalic acid and ammonium oxalate (1:1) was used for pectin substances extraction, to obtain hemicelluloses – a 10% aqueous solution of alkali followed by neutralization with acetic acid. The composition of the obtained substances was analyzed after acid hydrolysis using paper chromatography.
 Results. It was found that the yield of water-soluble polysaccharides from the herb Astragalus albicaulis was 9.41% ± 0.46%, pectin substances – 17.49% ± 0.62%, hemicellulose A – 0.86% ± 0.04%, hemicellulose B – 5.36% ± 0.25%. After acid hydrolysis, 5 monosaccharides were found in the complex of water-soluble polysaccharides: rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, galactose, and glucuronic acid, of which arabinose and galactose were predominant. The monosaccharide composition of pectin substances was represented by xylose, arabinose, glucose, galactose and galacturonic acid, galacturonic acid predominated. As a result of the identification of hydrolysis products of hemicellulose A and B, rhamnose, xylose and glucose were found, the predominant monosaccharide was xylose.
 Conclusion. For the first time, complexes of polysaccharides – water-soluble polysaccharides, pectin substances, hemicellulose A and B – were isolated and studied by fractions from the herb Astragalus albicaulis, their qualitative composition was registered. The data obtained indicates that the herb Astragalus albicaulis can be used as a source of natural polysaccharides.

Structural characteristics of steamed Polygonatum cyrtonema polysaccharide and its bioactivity on colitis via improving the intestinal barrier and modifying the gut microbiota

Steamed Polygonatum cyrtonema has been commonly used clinically for its gaining effect, whose main active ingredient is a polysaccharide. A water-soluble polysaccharide named PSP-W-1 was isolated from steamed Polygonatum cyrtonema. PSP-W-1 was characterized as a galactan having a backbone consisting predominately of 1,4-β-linked Galp branched at the C-6 position by T-β-linked Galp with a molecular weight of 14.4 kDa. PSP-W-1 could inhibit the overproduction of inflammatory factors and inflammatory mediators (iNOS, IL-6, COX-2) in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis mice. Oral administration of PSP-W-1 dramatically alleviated colonic pathological damage, repaired the intestinal barrier (occludin and ZO-1) and regulated the intestinal microbiota by increasing the abundance of norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Lactobacillus and norank_f_norank_o_Clostridia UCG-014, while decreasing the abundance of Bacteroides and Escherichia-Shigella to alleviate colitis symptoms. Overall, our findings suggest that PSP-W-1 might be a therapeutic option for both the prevention and treatment of colitis.

Emerging insights into the structure-activity relationship of water-soluble polysaccharides in antiviral therapy

This review provides an overview of recent advancements in understanding the antiviral activities and mechanism of action of water-soluble polysaccharides (WSPs). Water-soluble polysaccharides are complex carbohydrate molecules derived from various natural sources, including plants, microorganisms, and fungi. Their unique structural characteristics make them intriguing candidates for antiviral therapeutics. However, in this review, we highlight the emerging insights into the multifaceted antiviral properties of water-soluble polysaccharides. These substances have exhibited the ability to hinder the activity of various viruses, encompassing both enveloped and non-enveloped types. Their mechanisms of action encompass interference with viral attachment and entry, inhibition of viral replication, modulation of the host immune response, and even direct virucidal effects. Furthermore, we delve into the structural features of water-soluble polysaccharides that underpin their antiviral potential. Factors such as molecular weight, branching patterns, sulfation, and acetylation play pivotal roles in their antiviral activity. Additionally, we explore the importance of water-soluble polysaccharide conformation, size, shape, solubility, charge density, and stereochemistry in influencing their interactions with viral particles and host cell receptors. Moreover, this review provides the growing significance of water-soluble polysaccharides as promising antiviral agents and emphasizes the need for further research to harness their full therapeutic potential in the fight against viral diseases.

Carboxymethyl Tamarind seed polysaccharide nanoparticles as a potent mucomimetic and biocompatible oral nanocarrier

A novel mucomimetic and biocompatible nanocarrier, carboxymethyl tamarind seed polysaccharide (CMTSP) nanoparticles, were synthesized using ionic gelation. The nanoparticles were spherical, with a narrow size distribution (175 ± 10.3 nm), as demonstrated by electron microscopy. Furthermore, the nanoparticles were physicochemically characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis, which illustrated the free state of the encapsulated drug (Amphotericin B) and amorphous nature of the nanoformulation. The well-optimized nanoparticles showed an encapsulation efficiency of 83.98 ± 0.92% and a drug loading of 15.63 ± 3.61%. In-vitro drug release experiments showed the biphasic pattern of drug release from CMTSP nanoparticles, with an initial burst release of 10% and a sustained release up to the next 48 hours. The CMTSP modification conferred the orally administered nanoparticles with hydrophilicity (50% reduction in contact angle) and exceptional antioxidant ability (57.4% free radical scavenging activity). The nanoparticles exhibited pH-dependent swelling behavior and were stable in simulated gastrointestinal fluids. Moreover, the nanoparticles exhibited superior cell viability and excellent cellular uptake capability. With these unique properties of the natural water-soluble polysaccharide of tamarind, CMTSP provides nanoparticles with hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, mucus-mimicking behavior, and stability.

Fractionation and antioxidation activities of polysaccharides from Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim

Zanthoxylum bungeanum has a lengthy history of widespread use as a food ingredient in China. However, the composition of Zanthoxylum bungeanum polysaccharide remains ambiguous, and the antioxidant effect has received limited attention. This study aimed to extract water-soluble polysaccharide from the dried pericarp of Zanthoxylum bungeanum, referred to as WZBP, which was fractionated into a neutral component (WZBP-N) and three pectic components (WZBP-A-I, WZBP-A-II, WZBP-A-III). The findings indicated that WZBP-A-III is a pectic polysaccharide “smooth region” without many side chains. All components of WZBP exhibited a notable capacity for scavenging free radicals, with WZBP-A-III demonstrating the most potent antioxidation activity, and WZBP-A-III also observed to effectively extend the lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster and enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes. These results provide valuable insight and direction for future research on Zanthoxylum bungeanum polysaccharide as an antioxidant agent.

Effects of synergistic Fenton-microwave treatment on the antioxidant stress of soluble polysaccharides and the physicochemical properties of insoluble polysaccharides from Gelidium amansii

In this study, we individually obtained crude Gelidium amansii water-soluble polysaccharides and water-insoluble polysaccharides (GAIPs) using an improved Fenton–microwave synergistic treatment. The former were purified by alcohol precipitation and deproteinization to obtain Gelidium amansii water-soluble polysaccharides (GASPs), and their effects on the oxidative stress resistance of Caenorhabditis elegans were investigated. GAIPs were studied for their physicochemical properties, including hydration characteristics, adsorption, and cation-exchange capacity. The results showed that compared with the negative control, 1.0 mg/mL GASPs significantly upregulated (>1.70-fold) the expression of antioxidant-related genes, such as daf-16, sir-2.1, and skn-1 (p < 0.05), which prolonged the mean survival time and increased the mean number of head bobbing (p < 0.05). The hydration characteristics and oil-holding capacity of GAIPs were lower than those of G. amansii powder (GAP) and G. amansii filtrate residue (GADP). However, the adsorption capacity of GAIPs for cholesterol (pH 7.0) and sodium cholate and the cation-exchange capacity were significantly better than those of GAP (5.17, 13.16 & 1.63 times, p < 0.05) and GADP (8.42, 6.39, & 2.05 times, p < 0.05). To conclude, the synergistic Fenton–microwave treatment contributed to the increase in the oxidative stress resistance of GASPs and improved the adsorption capacity and cation-exchange capacity of GAIPs.

Structural characterization of a water-soluble acidic polysaccharide CSP-IV with potential anticoagulant activity from fruit pulp of Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels Guifei

Four main water-soluble wampee fruit pulp polysaccharides, named CSP-I, CSP-II, CSP-III and CSP-IV, were isolated from Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels Guifei, therein CSP-IV content was higher than the others. All components possess certain anticoagulant activity demonstrated by prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, especially CSP-IV, which suggests that CSP-IV plays anticoagulant effect through disturbing intrinsic coagulation pathway. The wampee polysaccharide CSP-IV with Mw of 510.1 kDa was mainly composed of Gal, Ara and GalA. Backbone of CSP-IV contains Gal, Ara and GalA, two kinds of side chains contain one monosaccharide Gal or Ara, both branch on Gal residue of backbone. CSP-IV has no the conformation of triple helix demonstrated by Congo red test. These results showed that CSP-IV is an acidic polysaccharide with potential anticoagulant activity via targeting intrinsic coagulation pathway.

Ficus carica polysaccharide extraction via ultrasound-assisted technique: Structure characterization, antioxidant, hypoglycemic and immunomodulatory activities

In this research, the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions of the water-soluble polysaccharide (FCPS) from Ficus carica fruits were optimized using the response surface methodology. The optimal FCPS yield was 7.97 % achieved by conducting ultrasound-assisted extraction four times at a solid–liquid ratio of 1:20 (g/mL) and an ultrasound temperature of 70 °C. Then, the structure, antioxidant properties, hypoglycemic effects, and immunomodulatory activities of FCPS were evaluated. FCPS was characterized as irregular, rough-surfaced, flaky materials consisting of pyran-type polysaccharides with α- and β-glycosidic linkages, and composed of multiple monosaccharides and only one homogeneous concentrated polysaccharide component (FCPS1) with a molecular weight of 4.224 × 104 Da. The results suggested FCPS exhibited remarkable antioxidant activity in vitro, as evidenced by improved cell viability and reduced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Meanwhile, FCPS effectively improved liver-related insulin resistance by promoting glucose consumption in hepatocytes and activated the immune response through activation of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and upregulation of interleukin 6 (IL6) and interleukin 12 (IL-12) expression. The findings demonstrate the efficacy of the UAE technique in isolating FCPS with biological functionality and FCPS could potentially serve as a beneficial organic antioxidant source and functional food, carrying important implications for future studies.