Water Soluble Ash Research Articles

Pharmacognostic Profile and Anti-Hyperglycemic Activity of Jatropha Tanjorensis Linn (Euphorbiaceae) Leaf on Alloxan-Induced Hyperglycemic Rats

Background: Jatropha tanjorensis has been used traditionally for the treatment of a variety of diseases, these include; renal problem, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, inflammation and in moderate depression. The pharmacognostic standardization of it’s can be used in the development of it’s monograph. Diabetes mellitus is disease that is responsible for millions of death yearly. Over the years, efforts have been made in the discovery of new bioactive compounds with Antidiabetic activity
 Objective: The objective of the study was to establish the pharmacognostic profile and anti-hyperglycemic activity of methanol leaf extract of Jatropha tanjorensis on alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats.
 Methods: The phytochemical analysis, pharmacognostic profile and acute toxicity study were done using standard methods. The anti-hyperglycemic activity of the methanol leaf extract of J. tanjorensis was investigated by using normal and alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats for acute and sub-acute studies.
 Results: Phytochemical screening revealed alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides, saponins and tannins. The moisture content obtained was 5.67% w/w. The total ash value was 8.39%w/w, acid-insoluble ash value was 0.72% w/w and water-soluble ash value was 3.91% w/w. There was no mortality or any signs of behavioral changes or toxicity observed after oral administration of Jatropha tanjorensis up to the dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight in mice. The sub-acute anti-hyperglycemic study was carried out for 14days, there was a significant (p<0.05) dose-dependent anti-hyperglycemic effect of the methanol leaf extract of J. tanjorensis of 11.76, 55.51 and 77.65% blood glucose level reduction for 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively, when compared with the negative control (- 23.18 %)and 67.29 % for positive control; Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg)which has less activity.
 Conclusion: From this study, it shows that J. tanjorensis leaf have anti-hyperglycemic property, which could justify its use in traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The Pharmacognostic profile can be used for a monograph of the plant for its proper identification and quality control.

Preparation Physicochemical Evaluation and Characterization of Tamra Bhasma

Background: Bhasmas is an ancient nanomedicine prepared with herbs and minerals or metals and can be used for curing various diseases and disorders. Bhasma a herbomineral preparation called as Tamra Bhasma prepared from metallic copper which is recommended for various ailments. The Tamra Bhasma was prepared by various processes by sodhana, marana and bhavana. Aim: The aim of the research work was to prepare Tamra Bhasma by subjecting to various methods of preparation such as Sodhana, purification, Marana, incineration and Bhavana, levigation. Tamra Bhasma was prepared by using Electric Muffle Furnace and traditional method varaputa method. Methods: The Bhasma was prepared by Samayana sodhana by incorporation of Tila taila, Takra, Gomutra, Kanji and Kulatha Kwatha. The prepared Bhasma was subjected to quality control and evaluation studies such as ash values, acid insoluble ash value and water-soluble ash value, extractive values, colour, odour, taste, appearance, floating test, finger print analysis, curd test, etc. Results: The prepared Bhasma was subjected to characterizations which include Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and (SEM) was performed for the Bhasma and Scanning Electron Microscope was used to determine the size and shape of Bhasma. Conclusion: The ancient methods can be used to prepare these precious formulations and these predominant formulations can be preserved in future.

PHYSIOCHEMICAL STANDARDIZATION AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF Urtica dioica L. LEAVES GROWING IN ZAKHO, KURDISTAN REGION, IRAQ

The research aims to assess different pharmacognostic standards on the Urtica dioica L. leaves with the determination of the total phenol and flavonoid contents using different extracts. U. dioica L. is a species grown commonly in Kurdistan region, Iraq used among the population as a folklore medicine treating different diseases. These standards include; percentage value of extracts using different solvents, phytochemical screening of bioactive compounds, fluorescence analysis using different chemicals under UV and visible light, and physiochemical properties were performed for moisture content, total solid, total ash, water soluble ash, acid insoluble ash, sulphated ash, crude fat and crude fibers. The percentage extracts yielded 22% and 20% of water and ethanol respectively while n- hexane had the lowest one (2%) using the Soxhlet extraction method. The screening of phytochemicals identified the presence of phenols, flavonoids, carbohydrates, proteins, tannins, alkaloids, saponins and terpenoids. The Kjeldahl method's protein assay revealed a high concentration of protein and the analysis of elements by atomic absorption spectroscopy shows the abundance of calcium, magnesium and iron among the six measured elements. Our findings revealed that U. dioica L. leaves are a good source of proteins, minerals, and exhibit a potential source of phytochemicals and these findings will be useful in the identification and development of pharmacopeial standards.

Pharmacognostic and phytochemical assay of Berberis Aristata DC roots

The study was performed to identify the imperative pharmacognostic details of berberis aristata DC roots. The root of the plant was standardized by morphologically and microscopically. Further other parameters chemomicroscopical, physical, hytochemical screening and florescence analysis were performed to determine the diagnostic features of berberis aristata DC (B. aristata). Macro and microscopic studies were also reported in the present study. Physicochemical parameters including extractive values, ash values, moisture content have been calculated, which showed 0.79 total ash, 0.05 acid insoluble ash, 20 water soluble ash and 0.90 water insoluble ash. The extractive values of berberis aristata DC were found to be 3.6, 1.2, 0.6 and 2.3 in ethanol, Pet. ether, acetone, and in water respectively. Phytochemical analysis closely revealed the presence of alkaloids in this plant. These outcomes will further help to standardize, identification and in execution research on this plant.

Pharmacognostic study and peptidomic analysis of the leaves of Nigerian Rauvolfia vomitoria Wennberg (Apocynaceae)

This study was aimed at documenting some pharmacognostic and peptidomic standards on the leaf of Nigerian species of Rauvolfia vomitoria Wennberg (RVM). Using standard methods, the fresh and dried pulverized leaves of R. vomitoria were standardized macroscopically and microscopically, in addition to the physiochemical evaluation and MALDI TOF/TOF-guided peptidomic screening of the aqueous extracts of the leaf. The leaf is simple, elliptical shaped, crenated margin which is acute. The leaf presented a hexagonal shaped epidermal cell on both sides with anomocytic stomata only on the abaxial surface making it hypostomatous while stomata number and index are 15 – 16 – 18 and 24 – 25 – 26, respectively. The transverse section of the leaf through the midrib suggests that the vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral and closed. Moisture content, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, sulphated ash, water soluble and alcohol soluble extractives were as follows; 7.7 ± 1,5, 4.9 ± 0.7, 1.2 ± 0.8, 4.1 ± 0.2, 4.8 ± 0.9, 3.9 ± 0.9, 8.1 ± 1.7w/w%, respectively. Peptidomic analysis revealed the abundant expression of nature-derived knottin-like peptides with a mass range of 3.1 kDa – 3.7 kDa. Knottin peptides have been reported to perform defense roles in host plants; since they are not ubiquitously distributed in planta, their detection in RVM could be useful in the proper identification of the plant and in RVM chemosystematics. Findings from this study has unveiled some important macroscopic, microscopic and physicochemical standards as well as a new peptidomic phytochemical standard helpful in the proper identification in addition to ensuring the efficacy and safety of the leaf of R. vomitoria.

Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Lotus Oil

Herbal formulations always have attracted considerable attention because of their good activity and comparatively lesser or nil side effects with synthetic drugs. The objective of present study involves preparation of herbal hair oil using amla, hibiscus, bhringraj, methi and its evaluation for increase in hair growth activity. Each drug was tested for their hair growth activity in a concentration range for 1-10% separately. Based on these results mixture of crude drugs fruits of Embelica officinalis, flowers of Hibiscus rosa sinensis, leaves of Bacopa monnieri and seeds of Trigonella techniques (direct boiling, paste and cloth method) and were tested for hair growth activity. The oil of different concentrations were characterized for proximate analysis including moisture content, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, water insoluble ash, sulphated ash. The formulations were also subjected to chromatographic determination and chemical tests to determine the presence of active constituents in the drugs. But looking towards the formulation viscosity the maximum concentration of combined drug was found to be 30% at their maximum level. The formulation containing 7.5% of each drug used for the study and showed excellent hair growth activity with standard (2% minoxidil ethanolic solution) by an enlargement of follicular size and prolongation of the anagen phase. It holds the promise of potent herbal alternative for minoxidil. Excellent results of hair growth were seen in formulation prepared by boiling method of oils preparation technique.

Analisis Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Mutu pada Teh Herbal Daun Keji Beling (Strobilanthes crispus BI)

This study aims to determine the drying temperature of keji beling leaf herbal tea which is preferred by panelists as well as its nutritional content (potassium, ash content, and moisture content), phytochemical content (polyphenols), and antioxidant activity. The research design used was an experimental study using a completely randomized design (CRD) method with a single factor, namely the drying temperature of vile shard leaves which was carried out with 4 treatments, namely P1 = 35°C, P2 = 45°C, P3 = 55°C, and P4 = 65°C which was dried for 150 minutes each using a dehydrator. The results of the study were analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis test method with the Mann-Whitney follow-up test. Determination of the best herbal tea was chosen based on the highest average value for each parameter. Based on the research results, the chosen treatment was P3 with a drying temperature of 55°C. The nutritional content of keji shard leaf herbal tea treated with a drying temperature of 55°C is potassium (21,8 mg/100 g). Other ingredients are water content (12%), water extract content (2.92%), ash content (14,8%), water soluble ash content (0,37%), acid insoluble ash content (0. 32%), ash alkalinity (63.1 ml NaOH/100 g), crude fiber (34,6%), and polyphenols (7,67%). Antioxidant activity based on the IC50 value is 106,3570 ppm.

PROXIMATE COMPOSITION FROM SELECTED MEMBERS OF ORDER MYRTALES

Herbal drugs are one of the very well-known medicines adapted by millions to people worldwide since ancient time. The plant kingdom is a treasure of potential phytochemicals that can be utilized to treat variety of medical conditions. With the advent of increase in demand and knowledge of herbal medicines quality of these herbal medicines has grab the attention of various pharma industries. Thus, certain standard parameters to determine the quality of raw material are described in the present article. In the current study the quality of raw material 16 members of order Myrtales constituting 5 families i.e Myrtaceae, Lythraceae Lecythidaceae, Melastomataceae and Combretaceae from different regions of Maharashtra were carried out. Allied variety of plants from the region of Mumbai and Lonavala were considered for the study. Physicochemical parameters such as Moisture content, Total Ash Value, Acid soluble Ash, and water-soluble ash were determined. Values of proximate analysis of raw material were found to be within permissible limit as specified

Pharmacognostic Study and Hepatoprotective Activity of the Methanolic Extract and Fractions of Leaves of Picralima nitida Apocyanaceae

Picralima nitida the only species in the genus Picralima belongs to the Apocyanaceae family. It is widely known for its medicinal purposes. The aim of the study was to investigate pharmacognostic parameters of the leaf and evaluate the hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity using Swiss Albino mice. The physicochemical evaluation indicated 11.75% moisture content, 8.50% total ash, 9.50% acid insoluble ash, 4.00% water soluble ash, 13.75% alcohol extractive value and 11.00% water extractive value. Macroscopic analysis on the fresh leaves revealed an odourless green plant with bitter taste. Microscopic examination indicated the presence of calcium oxalate crystals, starch grains, epidermal cells, xylem, parenchyma cells, paracytic stomata and palisade tissue. Chemomicroscopic evaluation indicated the presence of oxalate crystals, starch grains, lignified tissues, tannins, cellulose, protein and oil. The acute toxicity result revealed that P. nitida had no adverse effect in Swiss Albino mice. The ethyl acetate fraction had hepatoprotective ability on liver enzymes (alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase) and can produce the same result as ascorbic acid (standard).

Preliminary phytochemical, physico-chemical & HPTLC analysis of aanai nerunjil kudineer

The Siddha system is an Ancient and Indigineous system of medicine followed predominantly by the people of South India. It comprises of various modes of treatment for a number of diseases. Aanai Nerunjil kudineer is a herbal drug which is indicated for many common Genito-Urinary tract disorders in the textbook, Gunapadam Mooligai vaguppu (Siddha Materia Medica). Aanai Nerunjil (Pedalium murex) plants and Seeds of Kothumalli (Coriandrum sativum) were collected from the locality of Tuticorin, Tamilnadu and were dried under sunshade and ground into coarse powder and then mixed in a 4:1 ratio respectively. Aqueous alcoholic Extracts of the powder was made by Hot soxhlet method. Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Glycosides were found to be present in preliminary phytochemical investigation. The Physico-chemical analysis revealed that the LOD at 1050c was 8.4%, Total Ash value as 10.84%, acid insoluble ash as 0.85%, water soluble ash as 3.25%, sulphated ash as 14.56%, pH of 4% aqueous solution as 8.08, volatile oil content of 0.5%.HPTLC was performed in aqueous alcoholic extract at 254nm, 366nm & 575nm and the chromatograms were recorded. The Rf peak values were found to be significant which can further assist in identification of the individual compounds. Keywords: siddha medicine, pedalium murex, coriandrum sativum, preliminary phytochemical, physico chemical, HPTLC Analysis Introduction The World Health Organization has estimated that about 80% of earth's inhabitants rely on traditional medicine for their primary health care needs that primarily involves the use of plant extracts or their active components.1 Over 248, 000 species of higher plants have been identified and from these 12, 000 plants are known to have medicinal properties.2The importance of plants is known to us well. The plant kingdom is a treasure house of potential drugs and in the recent years there has been an increasing awareness about the importance of medicinal plants[3].

Pharmacognostic and Physicochemical evaluation of Harungana madagascariensis Lam. Ex Poir fruit (Hypericaceae)

Medicinal plant materials are being adulterated and substituted in commerce due to many reasons such as similar morphological features, same name as written in classical text, presence of similar active principles in the substituted plant which may badly affect the therapeutic activity of the finished products. As a result, authentication of medicinal plants is of paramount importance in ensuring quality and safety of crude drugs and herbal products. This research was aimed to evaluate and document the pharmacognostic standards for the fruits of Harungana madagascariensis. The plant sample was identified, collected and authenticated by a Taxonomist. Pharmacognostic and physicochemical evaluation were carried out on the powdered fruits of Harungana madagascariensis using standard methods. The result showed the presence of starch grains, lignified tissues, cellulose, and proteins while calcium oxalate and mucilage were absent. The moisture content (8.8±0.02)%, total ash value (5.2±0.005)%, acid insoluble ash (2.5±0.0)%, water soluble ash (2.2±0.01) % and extractive value were obtained. The n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, ethanol and water soluble extractive values(3±0.00, 3.75±0.25, 4.50, 8.5±0.1, 6.25±0.25 %w/w respectively which were significantly different (at p set at 0.05). The revealed pharmacognostic features, physico-chemical and microscopy/chemomicroscopy properties of H. madagascariensis could be useful in the preparation of the herbal Pharmacopoeia.

In Vitro Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibition Test on Extract Dayak Onion Herb (Eleutherine americana (Aubl.) Merr. ex K. Heyne)

One of the world's silent killer diseases is hypertension. Hypertension occurs when angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II, causing vasoconstriction and decreasing sodium and water excretion. The mechanism of angiotensin I conversion to angiotensin II appears in the presence of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE). Dayak onion is widely used as an antihypertensive in traditional medicine. This study aims to identify secondary metabolites, determine total flavonoid content, determine extract quality parameters, and ACE inhibitory activity of the Dayak onion herb. Dayak onion herb was extracted with 70% ethanol by kinetic maceration, followed by phytochemical screening, extract quality assessment, and ACE inhibitory test. The results show that the Dayak onion extract has a good properties with total ash content of 4.49%, water-soluble ash content of 4.00%, acid-insoluble ash content of 0.41%, drying shrinkage of 9.70%, water content of 5.72%, solvent residue of 0.67%, Pb heavy metal content of 0.2908 mg/kg, Cd heavy metal content of 0.0880 mg/kg, total plate number ≤103 colonies/g, and yeast mold numbers ≤103 colonies/g. Dayak onions herbs extract contains flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, tannin, triterpenoid, quinone, steroid and essential oil compounds. The total flavonoid content was 2.24% and the IC50 in ACE inhibitory test was 98.5 ± 0.77 ppm, making it two times more potent than Veronica biloba and Schoenoplectus triqueter. The result of this study indicates that the Dayak onion herb can be used as an alternative for antihypertensive treatment.

Physicochemical, Mineral Content, Nutritional Composition and Phytochemical Properties of Careya Arborea

Background:: Roots, leaves, and bark of Careya arborea were evaluated for their physicochemical, mineral, nutritional, and phytochemical properties background: whereas the leaves had the highest acid insoluble ash value (1.4 mg/g), water-soluble ash value (2.31 mg/g), and moisture content value (10.42 mg/g) respectively. Mineral content was determined using ICP-AES and AAS methods. In the macro mineral composition, K (14.72 mg/100g), Ca (12.41 mg/100g) and Na (11.93 mg/100g) were found in the highest amounts. Objective:: The objective of this study was to explore Careya arborea roots, leaves, and bark as a nutritional, safe, and effective herbal medicine. objective: Careya arborea roots, leaves, and bark were characterized in terms of their Physico-chemical, mineral content, nutritional composition analysis, and phytochemical properties. Methods:: Stepwise physicochemical examinations, mineral content, nutritional composition, and quantitative phytochemical analysis were performed. Mineral content was determined using ICP-AES and AAS methods. Quantitative phytochemical properties were estimated on the basis of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins, respectively, using standard protocols. method: Mineral content was determined using ICP-AES and AAS methods. In the macro mineral composition, K (14.72 mg/100g), Ca (12.41 mg/100g) and Na (11.93 mg/100g) were found in the highest amounts. In contrast, Fe (22.82 mg/100g), Zn (8.68 mg/100g) and Cu (7.39 mg/100g) were found in the root section of C. arborea in trace mineral composition, Result:: The root had the highest water-soluble extractive value (20.7 mg/g), alcohol-soluble value (10.3 mg/g), foreign organic matter (3.4 mg/g), swelling index (4.8 mg/g), the bark had the highest total ash (12 mg/g), sulphated ash (9.49 mg/g), and leaves had the highest acid-insoluble value(1.4 mg/g), water-soluble value (2.31 mg/g), and moisture content (10.42 mg/g). Roots had higher macro-minerals and heavy metals than bark and leaves. The root contained the most carbohydrates (43.76 mg/100g), protein (14.81 mg/100g), and retinol (2.13 mg/100g), while the leaf had the most ascorbic acid (37.13 mg/100g), lutein (18.28 mg/100g), β-carotene (19.18 mg/100g), fat (7.83 mg/100g), and fibre (27.38 mg/100g). The leaves had the highest folate (61.23 μg/100g), and the root had the most calories (347.32 kcal). Qualitative phytochemical analysis of C. arborea found alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, carbohydrates, protein, and phenol. In quantitative phytochemical analysis, the bark had higher alkaloid (6.32 mg/100g), tannin (7.53 mg/100g), flavonoid (7.83 mg/100g), and saponin (16.41 mg/100g) contents than C. arborea's root. Conclusion:: Hence, Careya arborea's physicochemical, mineral, nutritional, and phytochemical qualities present a potent herbal preparation and a safe, unique herbal remedy. other: None

Pharmacognostic and in vitro antimicrobial evaluation of the sub-fractions of the ethyl acetate fraction of the methanol leaf extract of Anthocleista djalonensis

Anthocleista djalonensis has many ethnomedicinal claims, one of which is the treatment of infections. The study evaluated the phytochemical, physicochemical profile and antimicrobial properties of the vacuum liquid chromatographic (VLC) sub-fractions of A. Djalonensis leaves. The plant was collected from Umuoji, Idemili North, Anambra State. The plant leaves were identified, authenticated and the herbarium specimen was deposited, with herbarium number PCG/474/A/057. The leaves were dried, pulverized and extracted using cold maceration with methanol, and fractionated successively into n-Hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol. To obtain the ethyl acetate fraction, it was subjected to vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC). The phytochemical and physicochemical analyses were carried out, using standard protocols. The VLC sub-fractions were subjected to HPLC-DAD analysis. The antimicrobial assay of the VLC sub-fractions was carried out using the agar well diffusion assay. The antimicrobial activity of the VLC sub-fractions was tested against three standard clinical bacterial isolates (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) and one fungal isolate (Candida albican). Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, proteins, glycosides, saponins, carbohydrates and steroids. The physicochemical evaluation showed that the plant contains a total ash value of 4.55 % w/w, acid insoluble ash value of 6.80 % w/w, water-soluble ash value of 2.65 %w/w, moisture content of 7.90 %w/w and water-soluble extractive value of 1.02 %w/w. The HPLC-DAD analysis of the VLC sub-fractions suggested the presence of isovitexin, septicine, vanillin, 3-methyl-2, 3, 4- pentanetriol, indo-3- carboxylic acid, Cerebroside and bromohexylamide. The VLC sub-fractions had activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa only, and there was no zone of inhibition for the fungi. The VLC sub-fractions have very little antimicrobial activity, showing antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa only, with no antifungal activity against Candida albican.

Pharmagonostical Analysis and Chromotographical Fingerprinting of Vajradanti (Potentilla fulgens (Wall.) ex Hook.)

Poor oral hygiene or tooth disorders are very common and severely agonizing ailment leads to teeth loss or damaging of teeth, so it is the need of the hour to search for a potent drug which can fight this condition. Vajradanti is first described in Ayurvedic text Arka Prakash and Dravyagunakosha. Later in some Ethnomedicinal books Vajradanti is mentioned as potent medicine for Dantvikar, Udarshoola etc. Potentilla fulgens (Wall.) ex Hook. of Rosaceae family is an alpine medicinal plant that is found in temperate Himalaya between 2000-3000m. The root of the plant is of good medicinal value and has been used as folk remedy for treating ailments like diabetes mellitus, gastric problems, peptic ulcers, diarrhoea, cancer, toothache, pyorrhoea, cough, cold and also has anthelmintic property. A detailed pharmacognostical character of its root is not reported still yet. Methods: An attempt has been made to study the macroscopic and microscopic character, physicochemical analysis, phytochemical analysis, and chromatographic studies of its root following standard procedures. Two different extracts of Vajradanti root was used to access the physicochemical and HPTLC analysis. Research work was carried out as per standard operating procedures and specified protocols. Result: Results showed that in physicochemical evaluation aqueous extract 2.4%, hydro-ethanol extract 2.5%, total ash 8.6%, water soluble ash 1.38%, acid and insoluble ash 3.01%. HPTLC results for the quantification of epicatechin in EPF was analyzed for the first time by scanning at wavelength (λmax 366nm) and the quantity of epicatechin present in Vajradanti was estimated to be 0.032% w/w. In phytochemical analysis presence of carbohydrate, protein, glycosides, amino acid, protein in extract of Vajradanti. Conclusion: Vajradanti is a highly potent medicine for oral diseases due to presence of flavanols like epicatechin.

Phytochemical Screening, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Anti-Biofilm and Antioxidant Activity of Azadiracta Indica A. Juss. Flowers.

The present study involves investigation of Azadiracta Indica flowers with respect to its pharmacognostic properties, phytochemical screening, and its application as anti-oxidant, anti-biofilm, and anti-microbial agent. The Pharmacognostic characteristics were evaluated with respect to moisture content, total ash content, acid, and water-soluble ash content, swelling index, foaming index, and metal content. The macro and micronutrient content of the crude drug was estimated by AAS and Flame photometric methods and it gives the quantitative estimation of minerals, where calcium is present in abundance (88.64 mg/L). Soxhlet extraction was carried out in the increasing order of polarity of the solvent viz Petroleum Ether (PE), Acetone (AC), and Hydroalcohol (20 %) (HA) to extract the bioactive compounds. The characterization of the bioactive compounds of all the three extract have been carried out using gcms and lcms. The presence of 13 major compounds have been identified in PE extract and 8 compounds in AC extract using gcms studies. The HA extract is found to contain polyphenols, flavanoids, and glycosides. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated by DPPH, FRAP, and Phosphomolybdenum assay. This reveals that HA extract shows good scavenging activity than PE and AC extracts which is well correlated with the bioactive compounds, especially phenols which are present as a major component in the extract. The anti-microbial activity was investigated via Agar well diffusion method for all the extracts. Among all the extracts HA extract shows good antibacterial activity with MIC of 25 μg/mL and AC extract shows good anti-fungal activity with MIC of 25 μg/mL. The antibiofilm assay confirms that the HA extract shows good biofilm inhibition about 94 % among other extracts when tested on human pathogens. The results confirm that the HA extract of A. Indica flowers will be an excellent source of natural anti-oxidant and also antimicrobial agents. This paves the way for its potential uses in herbal product formulation.

Phytochemical Investigation of Tectona Grandis Lin. by different Solvent Fractions

Abstract: The objective of the present work is to carry out the phytochemical screening of different fractions obtained from methanolic extract of Tectona grandis leaves. Physicochemical analysis was done to determining total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, sulphated ash, extractive value, moisture content, crude fiber content and foaming index. Phytochemical investigations were carried out on different fractionto determine various active constituents present in it by using standard preliminary phytochemical tests. The inorganic element, such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, copper, zinc and manganese were found in the extract of leave Florescence analysis of the fractions were reported which gives the sensitivity of the chemical in different chemical reagents. Preliminary phytochemical screening of different fractions of Alcoholic extract showed the presence of the phytoconstituents like alkaloids, glycoside, proteins and amino acid, carbohydrates, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, saponins and sterols.

ANALYTICAL PROFILE OF BILWADI AGADA

Background: Analytical profile of the drug is essential to assure the drug's safety, quality and efficacy. Objective: The present study was conducted to develop an analytical profile of Bilwadi Agada. Material and Methods: Analytical profile of the Bilwadi Agada tablet was assessed by organoleptic characteristics, physicochemical parameters, pharmaceutical analysis and TLC evaluation. The physicochemical evaluation was done by parameters viz. pH, loss on drying, total ash, water-soluble ash, alcohol-soluble extractive, and water-soluble extractives. Also, pharmaceutical analysis was done by the parameters like hardness, friability, disintegration time, uniformity of weight etc. Results: PH value, Loss on drying, total ash, water-soluble ash, alcohol soluble extractive and water-soluble extractive were 3, 0.068%, 18.5%, 4.5%, 19.2%, and 44%, respectively. The hardness of the tablet and friability was 3.6 kg/cm2 and 0.33%, respectively, whereas the disintegration time of the tablet was less than 15 minutes. Aflatoxins and heavy metals were absent, while no microbial growth was found in 24 hours in the Bilwadi Agada tablet. Discussion and Conclusion: Bilwadi Agada tablets pass all the parametric tests. These values of tests can be used as a reference value for further research on Bilwadi Agada.

Physicochemical and Phytochemicals investigation of Dooshivishari Agada by HPLC

Background: Dooshivishari Agad (DA) is an herbal formulation that has been documented in Indian Traditional Medicine as a remedy for latent poisoning. Objective: this research was conducted to study Physicochemical parameter & Phytochemical analysis of DA by HPLC. Methods: It includes authentication of raw drugs and preparation of DA. Physicochemical parameter was tested by Loss on drying ,Acid insoluble Ash, Water soluble ash, Total ash value, Water & Alcohol soluble Extractive Value. HPLC was used for phytochemical screening. Observation: In analytical study obtained values are Loss on drying 2.54%,Water soluble Ash 1.84%, Acid insoluble Ash 0.5% , Total Ash value 5.20% Water Soluble Extractive Value 16.89%, Acid Soluble Extractive Value 23.94%, pH 5.6.Preliminary data of phytochemical screening revealed that it is rich in phenol compound and terpenoids Conclusion: This study provide the data for standardisation & phytochemical characterisation of DA for its pharmacological action.

Standardization and quality control parameters evaluation on the Siddha mineral preparation: Linga chenduram

Standardization of herbal or herbo-mineral formulations is an important factor to assess the quality, purity, safety and efficacy of drugs. WHO has emphasized the need to ensure quality control of Indian Medicines including Siddha formulations by using modern techniques and by applying suitable parameters for Standardization of Linga Chenduram where Lingam (Cinnabar) is the primary constituent was selected for evaluation of Standardization and quality control parameters. Analysis of the drug showed that LC was dark brown in colour, odourless, tasteless, fine powder in appearance and fine to touch which indicates the completion of calcination process. In physicochemical analysis values of the drug such as loss on drying, total ash, water-soluble ash and acid insoluble ash were found to be 1.19%. 3.73%, 0.19% and 1.49% respectively. The total ash value indicated the absence of impure substances in LC. The XRD Analysis of Linga Chenduram showed that it was a highly crystalline drug. SEM analysis of Linga Chenduram showed that most of the particles present in the sample were Nano size and the results showed that the values of Mercury (51.21) and Carbon (43.63) were present in larger amount compared to Oxygen and Magnesium. The ICP-OES result showed that the toxic heavy metals such as Lead, Cadmium, Cupper, Potassium, Magnesium, Iron, Zinc, Nickel and Sodium were below the detection limit (BDL). Thus it is evident that the safety of siddha medicine had been proved in the modern scientific way. The end of the study concluded that the end product Linga Chenduram yields standard and safety.