Sap Water Research Articles

Green Accounting Practice of Nipah (palm trees) Farmers Along Moncongloe Lappara Riverbanks

This study aims to implement practical management accounting on nipah water by looking for inputs and outputs for other commodities. The main problem in this study is how accounting can raise environmental problems in the form of green accounting practices. The review is seen from management accounting to determine cross production between nipah water production as capital input for other commodities. Environmental accounting practices dealing with the problem of pricing agricultural products become increasingly complex in agricultural locations. The data source is primary data taken directly from 30 nipah farmers located on the banks of the Moncongloe Lappara River, Moncongloe District, Maros Regency, South Sulawesi during 2020. The analytical method used is to measure input-output commodities with the Social Accounting Matrix. The results of this study indicate that the total contribution index of sap water production from Nipah is 456.66 to other commodities, while commodity B is 1236.04 and commodity C is 851.66. With this contribution, farmers can manage their own sources of funds sourced from nipa palm water in a sustainable manner, not only farmers in the Lappara Moncongloe River area, but also the condition of nipa palm farmers in other parts of Indonesia

Manufacturing of Crystal Palm Sugar and Digital Product Marketing in Lubuk Bendahara Timur Village

Palm sugar agro-industry in Rokan Hulu Regency has obstacles in its development, namely technological capabilities, and limited supporting infrastructure for agro-industry, marketing and distribution that are less developed. The purpose of this service is to design a tool to make crystal sugar so that it can convert solid palm sugar which is usually produced by the community so that the price of palm sugar is higher than ordinary solid palm sugar and assist in digital marketing. This community service method is carried out in several stages, namely: observation, problem identification, problem formulation and finding the best solution. Through this service program, this service, the University of Riau implementation team has succeeded in designing and manufacturing palm sugar crystallization tools, socializing the use of the tool, counseling about digital marketing, and counseling efforts to change people's mindsets in the behavior of using sap water as an ingredient for making palm sugar.

Causes and Factors of Cryogenic Extraction Biases on Isotopes of Xylem Water

AbstractCryogenic vacuum extraction (CVE) has been considered as the standard technique for the analysis of plant water stable isotopes in ecohydrological research. Recent studies reported that CVE can introduce significant bias in stable isotope analyses, yet the causes and influencing factors of the CVE‐induced deuterium offsets remain poorly understood. Here, we performed rehydration experiments on plant samples from two species and three organs with two distinct‐isotopic spiking waters. Centrifugation and high‐pressure mechanical squeezing were used to separate sap water and tissue water for stable isotope analyses. Plant waters extracted by CVE differed significantly from reference waters in δ2H, but not in δ18O. The δ2H bias was linearly correlated to the xylem water content, and this relationship is affected significantly by plant organs/species and the isotopic signature of the spiking water. Moreover, the δ2H bias induced by CVE (−8.52 ± 0.90‰) was significantly greater than the δ2H difference between the tissue and sap waters (−3.33 ± 0.76‰) for apple stems possessing similar water contents. Thus, hydrogen‐exchange between plant organics and water, and isotopic heterogeneity within plants both contribute to the negative δ2H bias, but the former is the dominant cause. The multiple factors governing the CVE‐induced δ2H bias, make it difficult to establish a unified bias correction equation. Our results question the usefulness of cryogenic extraction as a standard for plant water extraction.

EFEKTIVITAS PEMBUATAN GULA SEMUT MENGGUNAKAN METODE KONVENSIONAL DAN MODERN

The main raw material in the produce of palm sugar comes from boiling sap water which is taken from flower bunches from the extraction process and collected through the tapping process. In this industry, processing can be done in two ways, namely conventionally and modernly (using machines), the stages that are passed through these two methods are almost the same, the only difference being the tools used. This study aims to determine the palm sugar How to produce using conventional methods and modern, and find out how much effectiveness of making palm sugar with conventional and modern methods . This is a research descriptive quantitative . The results of the research show that the process of making palm sugar consists on four processes that cooking the sap of palm , crystallization , sifting and drying. the different process on the cooking sap and drying palm sugar. Indicators of the effectiveness of making palm sugar in each method are measured from the yield value , water content and production time. Percentage yield the highest generated from production is conventional amounted to 14,51 %. Value levels of water palm sugar that meet the standard ISO generated from production in modern amounted to 2,72 %. Time production by using the methods of modern is more concise than using methods konvensinal with a difference is 130 minutes.

Identification And Production Of Aren Plants Available At Gn. Riting Village, Membalong Subdistrict, Belitung

Sugar palm is a plant that has many benefits in human life. One of the most popular is water sap which is made to produce palm sugar, and even palm plants can also be produced to produce flour. This study aimed to identify the parts contained in the sugar palm plant and the sap produced by the sugar palm plant in GN Riting Village, Membalong Belitung District. This research was conducted to identify the parts contained in one sugar palm plant and the production of sap produced by sugar palm plants. The research method used in this study is a survey method with a sampling technique using purposive sampling. Based on the results of a survey conducted by researchers, the height of the sugar palm stem is 580 cm, the number of leaves is 11 leaves, the number of Mayang is seven female Mayang, 2-3 male Mayang, and fruit length is 39.8 cm, and the resulting sap production is 30 liters.

Model Rantai Pasok Dan Nilai Tambah Gula Semut Kelapa (Studi Kasus: Kelompok Tani)

Ant sugar is coconut sugar in the form of a powder made from sap, which is a solution of sap water that has been cooked so that it becomes sugar. This study aimed to improve the supply chain and added value of ant sugar through supply chain analysis and added value of ant sugar. The mechanism of the ant sugar supply chain was identified by a qualitative method. This research was conducted with a systems approach supported by the Hayami method to calculate added value. The added value and benefits obtained by farmers and SMEs are 84.43% and 64.58%, with profits of 51.1% and 39.59%, respectively. The added value of the owner of the production factor of direct labor income to farmers and IKM is 39.48% and 27.91%, respectively.

OPTIMASI NIRA SAWIT DALAM PEMBUATAN MINUMAN SINBIOTIK DENGAN TAMBAHAN INULIN DAN KULTUR BAKTERI LACTOBACILLUS CASEI

Oil palm trunks can produce quite a lot of sap water, which is approximately 10 per day for 1 month for 1 oil palm tree that is uprooted, currently, there is not much optimal processing of palm oil with an economical selling price, for this reason, it is necessary to develop functional foods. This study aims to determine whether palm sap can be used in the manufacture of symbiotic beverage products with optimum chemical, microbiological and organoleptic qualities. The study was arranged using a non-factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method with 3 treatments of incubation time, namely 12 hours, 24 hours, and 36 hours with each treatment using 6 replications so that 18 experiments were carried out. The best treatment by SNI 2981:2009 was obtained at an incubation time of 24 hours, namely with a pH of 5.2, water content is 82.50%, total dissolved solids is 17.33%, the lactic acid content is 0.81%, a total lactic acid bacteria of 2.8 x 108 and produces a minimum dense texture with sufficient acidity. The organoleptic aspect of taste and aroma at 24 hours of incubation time was favored or acceptable to consumers with a taste score of 3.3b and aroma of 3.3ab (scale 1-5) in the hedonic rating test. Meanwhile, at 36 hours of incubation, consumers did not like it with a taste score of 2.2a and aroma of 2.1a. This is because the longer the fermentation time can increase the acidity of the product which causes the distinctive taste and aroma of palm sap to increase.

How do geomorphic characteristics affect the source of tree water uptake in restored river floodplains?

AbstractAlpine rivers and their floodplains have been highly modified by human activities during the last decades. River restoration projects aim to counteract these negative impacts and to restore ecosystem services provided by riparian habitats. We studied two recently restored river sites in the Ahr/Aurino and Mareit/Mareta Rivers (Italian Alps) to investigate how geomorphic conditions, soil moisture, and groundwater level affect the source of water used by grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench). We compared the isotopic composition (δ2H) of tree sap at different locations (low terraces formed during bed incision and recent floodplains formed after restoration) with that of potential water sources, that is, groundwater, soil water, and rainfall. The monthly variation in the isotopic composition of rainfall was reflected in both shallow and deeper soil water, as well as in the isotopic composition of sap. The redistribution of precipitation and groundwater in the soil differed between the post‐restoration floodplain sites and the post‐incision terraces, leading to a different relation between the sap water, soil water, and groundwater isotopic composition. The results show that transpiration of A. incana trees growing on recent floodplains is mostly supported by stream‐fed soil water, whereas trees growing on terraces mainly use precipitation‐fed soil water. These marked, morphology‐related differences in the source of transpiration water of grey alder highlight how channel degradation still affects the ecohydrological processes in Alpine fluvial corridors. Nonetheless, large restoration interventions—in terms of channel widening—can enable the self‐formation of new floodplain areas characterized by stream water‐fed riparian ecosystems.

The Stem Sap Flow and Water Sources for Tamarix ramosissima in an Artificial Shelterbelt With a Deep Groundwater Table in Northwest China.

The shelterbelt forest between oases and the desert plays a vital role in preventing aeolian disasters and desertification in arid regions of northwest China. Tamarix ramosissima (T. ramosissima), a typical perennial and native xerophyte shrub in Northwest China, grows naturally and is widely used in building artificial shelterbelt forests. The balance between water consumption and the availability of water determines the survival and growth of T. ramosissima. How T. ramosissima copes with extremely low rainfall and a deep groundwater table remains unknown. To answer this, the transpiration and the water sources of T. ramosissima were investigated by the heat balance and oxygen isotopic analysis method, respectively. Our results show that the daily T. ramosissima stem sap flow (SSF) was positively correlated with air temperature (Ta), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and the vapor pressure deficit (VPD). We found no significant relationship between the daily SSF and soil moisture in shallow (0–40 cm) and middle (40–160 cm) soil layers. Oxygen isotope results showed that T. ramosissima mainly sources (>90%) water from deep soil moisture (160–400 cm) and groundwater (910 cm). Diurnally, T. ramosissima SSF showed a hysteresis response to variations in PAR, Ta, and VPD, which suggests that transpiration suffers increasingly from water stress with increasing PAR, Ta, and VPD. Our results indicate that PAR, Ta, and VPD are the dominant factors that control T. ramosissima SSF, not precipitation and shallow soil moisture. Deep soil water and groundwater are the primary sources for T. ramosissima in this extremely water-limited environment. These results provide information that is essential for proper water resource management during vegetation restoration and ecological reafforestation in water-limited regions.

Water Sap flow and Soil Moisture Measurements for an Automatic Irrigation Control System

A sound water management requires accurate field data inquiry that can eventually allow for a proper control of the field’s irrigation. This work pro-poses an automatic irrigation control system that aims at optimizing the quantity of water needed for plants’ growth. The system consists of three key blocks: first, the continuous inquiry of the physical characteristics of the plant; second, the control unit to decide upon the actions to launch by the actuation unit; and third the actuation unit that sets parameters for pumps and valves. Conventional smart irrigation control systems use soil moister sensors which neglect the plant’s physiology as a monitoring factor, so this paper suggests the use of a sap flow sensor that accurately evaluates the plant’s condition; hence, decide upon the proper water distribution, illustrated with preliminary experimental results.

BAGI HASIL PENGAMBILAN AIR NIRA DALAM TINJUAN FIQH MUAMALAH (Studi di Jorong Koto Dalimo Nagari Supayang)

This study examines the implementation of profit sharing in cooperation to extract sap water in Jorong Koto Dalimo Nagari Agarng which is close to the Musaqah (agricultural cooperation) contract in the form of managing sap water into palm sugar. The agreed terms of profit sharing are that within seven days of sap-water extraction, six days of sap-water extraction are for the manager and one day for the sap tree owner. the agreed profit sharing is in the form of palm sugar. The problem is that there is a disproportionate pattern of profit sharing between the owner of the sap tree and the manager of the sap water, the profit sharing is more dominant to the manager. This research uses field research. The data were obtained through interviews and observations, and then the data were narrated descriptively. The result achieved is that the implementation of cooperation in extracting sap water with a profit sharing agreement of 6:1 is punished proportionally and is allowed in Islam because it has fulfilled the principle of justice in sharing the results.

Evidence for distinct isotopic compositions of sap and tissue water in tree stems: consequences for plant water source identification.

The long-standing hypothesis that the isotopic composition of plant stem water reflects that of source water is being challenged by studies reporting bulk water from woody stems with an isotopic composition that cannot be attributed to any potential water source. The mechanism behind such source-stem water isotopic offsets is still poorly understood. Using a novel technique to extract selectively sap water from xylem conduits, we show that, in cut stems and potted plants, the isotopic composition of sap water reflects that of irrigation water, demonstrating unambiguously that no isotopic fractionation occurs during root water uptake or sap water extraction. By contrast, water in nonconductive xylem tissues is always depleted in deuterium compared with sap water, irrespective of wood anatomy. Previous studies have shown that isotopic heterogeneity also exists in soils at the pore scale in which water adsorbed onto soil particles is more depleted in deuterium than unbound water. Data collected at a riparian forest indicated that sap water matches best unbound soil water from depth below -70 cm, while bulk stem and soil water differ markedly. We conclude that source-stem isotopic offsets can be explained by micrometre-scale heterogeneity in the isotope ratios of water within woody stems and soil micro-pores.

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Melalui Pemanfaatan Gula Merah Dari Nira Kelapa

Brown sugar is one of the artificial sweetener products made from coconut sap water and has long been produced by the Indonesian people. Brown sugar is also an alternative food sweetener that is the main source of livelihood for some rural Kalijeruk communities. The purpose of this study was to determine the productivity and contribution of brown sugar to people’s incomes and the utilization of coconut tree resources. Calculation of productivity and income contribution of the Kalijeruk village community because during a pandemic like today, many people have lost their jobs so as to cope with the economy. Some people take advantage of the natural resources of coconut trees in the community by making brown sugar and market snacks. The method used by the author is the direct observation method of making brown sugar from tapping or tapping to making and packaging brown sugar so that sales generate quite a lot of income, from that the packaging is made varied.

Sap Flow and Water Consumption of Captain Cook Tree [Cascabela thevetia (l.) Lippold

A two-year field study documented the diurnal and nocturnal sap flow rates and water consumption of young (YCC), adult (ACC) and mature (MCC) Captain Cook trees [Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold] that were invading a riparian habitat in northern Queensland. For comparison, two native trees [black tea tree (Melaleuca bracteata F. Muell.) and Moreton Bay ash (Corymbia tessellaris (F.Muell.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson)] growing in association with Captain Cook tree were also monitored. Sap flow measurements were grouped into eight timeframes per day (early morning, late morning, early afternoon, late afternoon, early night, late night, early dawn and late dawn). Significant interactions in sap flow rate occurred between plant types, timeframes, and months. The magnitude of sap flow rate was Moreton Bay ash>YCC>ACC>black tea tree>MCC. Maximum sap flow rates tended to occur during early (1-3 pm) to mid-afternoon (4-6 pm) for all age groups of Captain Cook tree and the two native trees. Diurnal sap flow rates were significantly greater than nocturnal, and on a monthly basis sap flow rates were highest over the spring to autumn period (September-May) and lowest during winter (June–August). Significant differences in water consumption also occurred between species and months. Water consumption peak time varied between plant types with most plants peaking in January except for MCC and Moreton Bay ash trees for which peak water consumption occurred in June and July respectively. Water consumption was high across all seasons except winter. The magnitude of water consumption was Moreton Bay ash>black tea tree>YCC>ACC>MCC trees. Moreton Bay ash registered maximal monthly water consumption (4700 L) compared with minimal consumption by MCC trees (55 L). On average, Captain Cook trees used 99% and 72% less water than Moreton Bay ash and black tea trees respectively. The significantly lower water consumption by Captain Cook trees compared with Moreton Bay ash and black tea trees may be offset by high population densities. Results also suggest that knowledge of optimal sap flow timeframes may be advantageous in exploring optimal timing for application of control operations related to management of Captain Cook trees.

The Effect of Freeze-Drying Procedures on Frangipani Sap Chloroform Extract Quality

The water content in the frangipani sap enormously influences the product of the extraction process of natural materials. Before extraction, water content on the herbal material based sap is reduced by using the drying process. This study aimed to analyze the impact of water content reduction through freeze and non-freeze dry in the quality chloroform extract of frangipani sap. This research was designed into two groups to reduce frangipani sap water content through freeze-drying and without freeze-drying. Both groups were extracted by maceration method and chloroform solvents. The result of extraction was seen the physical quality and phytochemical screening through the Thin Layer Chromatography method (flavonoids, anthraquinone, polyphenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, and triterpenoids). Furthermore, the color intensity assay is produced from the Thin Layer Chromatography assay results and then carried out statistical tests. The results of this study are that without the freeze-drying group there is a fungus in the storage period. Both groups do not contain active ingredients flavonoids, anthraquinone, and polyphenols but contain alkaloids, terpenoids, and triterpenoids. The results of the color intensity test on the active ingredients contained showed that the freeze-drying group was higher and there were statistically significant differences in values. The results of this study indicated that chloroform extract of frangipani extract by freeze-drying showed higher quality than non-freeze drying. In the freeze-drying group, it can be found that there were no fungi and had the right color intensity. However, this study requires further study to know the compound properties quantitatively.

Arabidopsis leaf hydraulic conductance is regulated by xylem sap pH, controlled, in turn, by a P-type H+ -ATPase of vascular bundle sheath cells.

The leaf vascular bundle sheath cells (BSCs) that tightly envelop the leaf veins, are a selective and dynamic barrier to xylem sap water and solutes radially entering the mesophyll cells. Under normal conditions, xylem sap pH below 6 is presumably important for driving and regulating the transmembranal solute transport. Having discovered recently a differentially high expression of a BSC proton pump, AHA2, we now test the hypothesis that it regulates the xylem sap pH and leaf radial water fluxes. We monitored the xylem sap pH in the veins of detached leaves of wild-type Arabidopsis, AHA mutants and aha2 mutants complemented with AHA2 gene solely in BSCs. We tested an AHA inhibitor (vanadate) and stimulator (fusicoccin), and different pH buffers. We monitored their impact on the xylem sap pH and the leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf ), and the effect of pH on the water osmotic permeability (Pf ) of isolated BSCs protoplasts. We found that AHA2 is necessary for xylem sap acidification, and in turn, for elevating Kleaf . Conversely, AHA2 knockdown, which alkalinized the xylem sap, or, buffering its pH to 7.5, reduced Kleaf , and elevating external pH to 7.5 decreased the BSCs Pf . All these showed a causative link between AHA2 activity in BSCs and leaf radial hydraulic water conductance.

Shrinking Tonlé Sap and the recent intensification of sand mining in the Cambodian Mekong River.

This paper investigates the impacts of extensive riverbed mining in the Lower Mekong on the water level, extent and volume of the Tonlé Sap Lake, the largest freshwater lake in Southeast Asia. Our results indicate that the lake's volume has decreased from 1980 to 2018 (p-value=0.016), with water levels at Phnom Penh Port and Phnom Penh Bassac showing decreasing trends since 1980 (p-values <0.0001). However, discharge at Phnom Penh Bassac (1960-2002) presented an insignificant trend (p-value=0.147), indicating that riverbed incision due to extensive sand mining in Phnom Penh has affected the Mekong's water levels more than basin-scale climatic factors. Similarly, the modulation of a limited portion of water by upstream dams is unlikely to have caused dramatic inundation variation along the Lower Mekong River around Tonlé Sap. A hysteretic relationship between water levels at Prek Kdam and Tonlé Sap indicates that Tonlé Sap's water level is largely controlled by Tonlé Sap River and the Mekong, and declining water levels at Prek Kdam due to extensive sand mining in Phnom Penh is directly related to the shrinking of the lake. Although there are three main inflows into Tonlé Sap (from the Mekong, local tributaries and direct precipitation), the Mekong's contribution is the largest; tributary discharge and rainfall did not display any significant trend over the investigated period as well. Additionally, the analysis of high-resolution images revealed a recent intensification of riverbed mining, with Phnom Penh being a mining hotspot in the Lower Mekong. Considering its economic and ecological importance, the shrinking of Tonlé Sap would have grave repercussions for the region. Since sand demand is unlikely to weaken in the foreseeable future, these new insights can potentially help inform regulatory frameworks in ensuring sustainable sand extraction rates.

Pengembangan Diversifikasi Olahan Produk Air Nira Bernilai Ekonomis Tinggi di Dusun Kekait Daye

NTB is one of the provinces that experienced significant economic growth. In 2017 the economic growth of NTB Province reached 7.1% from 5.6% of national economic growth. Of course this comes from various fields, one of which is the agricultural sector, namely processed products of water sap (palm sugar). The NTB sugar production center is a national superior product commodity with good production quality (NTB in Figures, 2018). One of the villages which is a commodity of palm sugar is Kekait Daye Hamlet. However, this condition is not supported by the earthquake during August-September 2018 which caused the economic paralysis in NTB. The purchasing power of the people has decreased dramatically, the production process of processed products for the people must be stopped and even out of business. So that it causes the production process to weaken because people have to lose production sites and equipment in the manufacture. Plus the products produced are still in the form of general products such as ant sugar and briquette sugar which if sold have prices that are not too high while on the one hand there needs to be innovation to improve the economy of the community. So the researchers made an innovation in the diversification of processed water sap products that have high economic value. This research aims to create processed products of water diversified sap which have high economic value, good packaging and good quality. The method of this research starts from the preparation of tools and materials, making products and socializing to the public. The results of the study were the creation of a diversified process of palm water products in the form of palm sugar, palm coffee , and sugar palm chocolate. Keywords: diversification, economic, kekait, palm

Pemberdayaan ekonomi masyarakat Dusun Kampung Ulau Desa Tanjung Belit melalui peningkatan kualitas produksi gula Aren menuju kemandirian secara ekonomi, pertanian dan hukum di Kabupaten Rokan Hulu

As we know, the life of the people of Tanjung Pauh Hamlet, Tanjung Belit Village, Rokan Hulu Regency is still fairly traditional. The problem discussed in this research is concerned with the sugar palm farmers in Tanjung Pauh hamlet. The palm sugar produced is very popular with consumers because of its pure taste without a mixture of preservatives or chemicals, and because the manufacturing process prioritizes quality. It's just that due to a shortage of sap water, the production of palm sugar in Tanjung Pauh hamlet can be said to be very little to meet the needs of the community itself. Therefore, we tried to do research by conducting a survey of the location of the palm trees, the location of the palm sugar making, and collecting data on the needs of the palm farmers in Tanjung Pauh hamlet. This study aims to provide guidance to the community of Tanjung Pauh hamlet as a hamlet that has the potential to develop income through improving the quality and marketing of palm sugar. We gave a little idea to the palm farmers in Tanjung Pauh hamlet to produce palm sugar, which is palm sugar which is usually in the form of blocks, which is now being innovated into the form of ant sugar, in order to attract consumers' attention to love palm sugar in Tanjung Pauh hamlet.

Impacts of Fertilization on Biologically Cycled P in Xylem Sap of Fagus sylvatica L. Revealed by Means of the Oxygen Isotope Ratio in Phosphate

Studies on the effect of high atmospheric N deposition report inconsistent results on forest productivity and N cycling which might be related to P availability in soil and subsequently affect tree P nutrition. We wanted to test the effects of (i) site i.e., a P-poor versus a P-rich site and of (ii) fertilization (N, P, N+P) on inorganic P (Pi) and organic P (Po) concentrations as well as on biologically cycled phosphate (inferred from the O isotope signature after adding an 18O-enriched label) in xylem sap. We measured Pi and Po concentrations and the O isotope signature in phosphate (δ18OPi) in xylem sap of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees two and 14 days after addition of 18O-enriched water to the organic layer in a full factorial fertilization experiment (control, +N, +P, +NP) at two sites differing in P availability. Higher P concentrations in xylem sap at the P-rich than at the P-poor site originated from accelerated biological P cycling indicated by incorporation of 18O from the isotope label into phosphate in xylem sap shortly after labeling. At this site, δ18OW values of xylem sap after label application remained close to background δ18OW values of soil solution. We speculate that in contrast to P uptake, trees took up water from deeper (non 18O-labeled) soil layers. At the P-poor site, the 18O label was recovered both in xylem sap water and phosphate in xylem sap, the latter only after 14 days. These results imply that trees relied on the organic layer for P acquisition and water uptake. However, biological processes associated with an incorporation of 18O from the label were slower at the P-poor than at the P-rich site. P addition (P, NP) increased Pi concentrations in xylem sap at the P-rich site. Based on δ18OPi values in xylem sap, the additional P originated both from the fertilizer and from accelerated biological P cycling in soil. We conclude that P-poor sites likely suffer more from climate change in case of an increased frequency of droughts because as opposed to P-rich sites both water and nutrient uptake will be affected.