Water Rock Research Articles

Assessment and characterisation of groundwater quality in Akure metropolis, southwestern Nigeria

The geology of an area plays a significant role in the chemistry of groundwater. The quality of groundwater can also be adversely affected by anthropogenic activities if not properly monitored. The composition of groundwater in Akure was assessed and characterised in order to determine the chemical behavior of the groundwater system within the city. A total of thirty-six representative groundwater samples were randomly collected within Akure metropolis. The chemical composition of the water samples was analysed and determined using AAS, flame photometry and titration methods. The analysis of the results showed that the chemical concentrations of EC ranged from 35.5 to 1670.0µS/cm; TDS (in mg/l) ranged from 5.0 to 1700.0; Na+(1.0–122.0); K+(1.2–156.7); Ca2+(1.2–17.3); Mg2+(3.9–6.4); Fe3+(0.03–1.03); HCO3− (0.0–622.5); NO3−(0.01–0.25); Cl−(1.99–216.4); SO42−(22.6–`873.9); Mn2+(0.05–0.30); Zn2+(0.06–0.78); Cu2+(0.02–0.32); Pb2+(0.01–0.18); Ni2+(0.0–0.02); Cr3+(0.02–0.32); and Se2+(0.06–0.37). Statistical evaluation of the data showed that the water samples collected within the centre of the ancient city as well as the samples obtained from downstream of the major river draining the city have elevated EC and TDS higher than the WHO and NIS recommended limits. Further evaluation of the results by piper diagram, Gibb’s plot and Chadha classifications showed that the chemistry of the groundwater system in Akure metropolis is largely dominated by rock water interactions. The primary character of the water falls within the alkali metals exceeding alkaline earth metals and strong acidic anions exceeding weak anions. The indicates that the groundwater system in the study area has salinity challenges for both domestic uses and irrigation purposes.

Zoisite in cratonic eclogite xenoliths - Implications for water in the upper mantle

A significant portion of the Earth's water is found at trace levels in nominally anhydrous rock forming minerals in the crust and mantle. Its distribution has far-reaching implications in melt-generating processes, mantle rheology and the stability of the lithosphere. We report petrographic, major and trace element, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry data on four eclogite xenoliths from the Obnazhennaya kimberlite, Siberia that contain hydrous minerals at upper mantle conditions. Al-rich (>9.9 wt% Al2O3) omphacitic clinopyroxene, a major mineral of eclogites, contains crystallographically controlled exsolutions of CaO-rich (up to 23.6 wt%) garnet (coronae, lenses), garnet-zoisite (lamellae) or amphiboles (needle/blade-like exsolutions). The omphacite hosting the exsolved lamellae shows enrichment or depletion in major (Al, Si, Mg) and trace (e.g., HREE) elements compatible with garnet and zoisite, proportional to the abundance of exsolutions.We argue that zoisite likely formed concomitantly with garnet exsolution from a water- and Al-rich precursory omphacite, without any fluid addition. The compositional gradients are consistent with diffusion-controlled partitioning in a closed system, and their preservation indicates the exsolution likely took place shortly prior to eclogite entrapment by the kimberlite. Large, non-exsolved, omphacite grains contain minimum ~870–1500 ppm wt. H2O (determined as OH). We infer that intertwined lamellae of hydrous garnet (600–960 ppm wt. H2O) and minor (<1%) zoisite (2 wt% H2O) formed at mantle conditions due to progressive exsolution, without external fluids. Recalculated whole rock water contents range from ~320 to 970 ppm wt. H2O. These estimates exceed by far those for the surrounding peridotitic mantle and suggest that, although a minor component, eclogites may locally be an important water reservoir in the cratonic mantle.

Use of reaction path modelling to investigate the evolution of water chemistry in shallow to deep crystalline aquifers with a special focus on fluoride

Crystalline aquifers are layered systems in which the hydrogeological path of waters extends from highly weathered, shallow and porous rocks to poorly weathered, deep and fissured rocks. This varying hydrogeological setting influences the water chemistry in different ways. The paper aims to reconstruct the water-rock interaction process in these various environments starting from a solid reactant represented by an average granite rock and several waters from the shallow aquifer. Afterwards, the water-rock interaction processes occurring in the deep environment are reconstructed, varying the geochemical conditions (primary reactants, secondary mineral phases allowed to precipitate, fO2 and fCO2), with a special focus on fluoride (F-). The evolution from the F-poor, Ca-HCO3 facies to the F-rich, Na-HCO3 water type of high pH was simulated using reaction path modelling. The obtained results show that the theoretical evolution trends well reproduce both shallow and deep water samples providing detailed information on the behavior of fluoride and other relevant constituents (i.e., Na, K, Ca, Mg, SiO2). The performed model represents a flexible and powerful tool for environmental research, applicable in other areas hosting F-rich groundwater.

An integrated approach to explore the suitability of nitrate-contaminated groundwater for drinking purposes in a semiarid region of India

The main objective of the present study is to perform risk assessment of groundwater contaminated by nitrate (NO3−) and evaluate the suitability of groundwater for domestic purposes in the Palani region of South India. Thirty groundwater samples were collected in the study area. Various groundwater quality analysis parameters such as the pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+), and major anions (Cl−, SO42−, F−, CO32−, and HCO3−) were adopted in this study to evaluate the drinking water suitability according to 2011 World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Piper and Gibbs’s diagrams for the tested groundwater indicated that, due to the influence of rock–water interactions, evaporation, and reverse ion exchange, the chemical composition of groundwater varied. According to water quality index (WQI) mapping results, 46.67% of the sample locations was identified as contaminated zones via GIS spatial analysis. Multivariate statistical analysis methods, such as principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and the Pearson correlation matrix, were applied to better understand the relationship between water quality parameters. The results demonstrated that 40% of the samples could be identified as highly affected zones in the study region due to a high nitrate concentration. The noncarcinogenic health risks among men, women, and children reached 40, 50, and 53%, respectively. The results illustrated that children and women occurred at a higher risk than did men in the study region. The major sources of contamination included discharge from households, uncovered septic tanks, leachate from waste dump sites, and excess utilization of fertilizers in the agricultural sector. Furthermore, using the nitrate health hazard integrated method with the conventional indexing approach ensures that groundwater reliability can be guaranteed, contamination can be explored, and appropriate remedial measures can be implemented.

Geochemistry of Formation Water and Its Implications for Petroleum Source Rocks in the Fengcheng Formation, Mahu Depression, Xinjiang, China

Geochemical properties of formation water reflect the sedimentary environments and the sealing conditions of the formation, which are of great significance for oil and gas exploration. In this research, the formation waters in the deep Permian Fengcheng Formation in the Mahu Depression were studied by analysis of chemical composition, stable isotopes, and the homogenization temperatures and salinities of fluid inclusions. The results show that the formation water is NaHCO3-type with high salinity, high HCO3-, low concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ and high pH. The overall sealing of the formation is well maintained. Na2SO4-type water was found in some places with poor preservation of oil and gas. The fluid geochemistry and alkaline mineral distribution in the strata, which are dominated by deep fine-grain mixed deposits, indicate that the main body of the Fengcheng Formation was deposited in an alkaline lake sedimentary environment. The isotopic signatures are characterized by high δ13C, negative δ18O, and light strontium and heavy boron isotopes in the strata near the deep fault zone, which indicate that the Fengcheng formation may have been affected by deep hydrothermal fluids. From the first member to the third member of the formation, the salinity first increases and then decreases. This low-high-low trend corresponds to the initial stage of alkaline lake development followed by strong alkali formation and a final stage of water retreat. The coincidence between the spatial distribution of alkaline minerals, high-salinity formation water and source rocks indicates that the alkaline lake environment can form high-quality source rocks with good petroleum generation capacity.

Thermal Environment Simulation and Safety Prewarning of Hot Mines Based on Big Data

In deep mines, thermal disasters pose a serious threat to the health and production efficiency of underground workers. It is of certain safety and economic significance to numerically simulate the thermal environment of hot mines. The existing studies are limited in that they only consider a single air flow velocity field or thermal field, or a single heat source. To overcome the limitation, this paper collects the big data on the temperature and humidity of smart coalmines, and numerically simulates the thermal environment in hot mines. Firstly, the authors analyzed the heat sources, including relative heat sources like the hot surrounding rock and hot water, and absolute heat sources like electromechanical equipment, chemical reactions, and the self-compression of the airflow. Next, the thermal environment of the hot mine was simulated by the Lattice Boltzmann method, and the flow state of the hot fluid in the roadways was analyzed in details. The proposed numerical simulation approach was proved effective through experiments, providing a reference for the safety prewarning of hot mines.

Water saturation effects on mechanical performances and failure characteristics of rock-concrete disc with different interface dip angles

The mechanical performance of rock-concrete interface is greatly affected by water and dip angles in many rock or concrete engineering projects. To investigate the coupled effects of water saturation and dip angle on the mechanical performances and failure characteristics of rock-concrete interface, series of Brazilian splitting tests were carried out on rock-concrete bi-material disc specimens containing a rough interface. During the test, the interface dip angle θ is set to 0°, 15°, 45° and 90°, respectively. A high-speed camera was used to capture the whole failure process, and the displacement field on the specimen surface was also analyzed. The test results show that regardless of dip angle, the peak load of sample decreases after water saturation. The loss percentages of peak load are very close around 20% when the interface dip angles are 0°, 45° and 90°. However, the reduction of peak load is the most dramatic at the 15° dip angle. When the specimen becomes saturated, its stiffness unexpectedly increases at the dip angle of 0° which is followed by a significant drop at 15°, and finally tends to no obvious change. The stress state at the interface of rock-concrete disc under radial compressive load is discussed. The strength weakening degree of rock-concrete disc specimen by water has a very strong correlation with the ratio of shear stress to tensile stress at the interface. The weakening of water on the bearing capacity of rock-concrete structure is the most obvious at θ≈18.43°.

Evaluation of groundwater contamination for fluoride and nitrate in Nellore Urban Province, Southern India: a special emphasis on human health risk assessment (HHRA)

Groundwater pollution with fluoride and nitrate is one of the most serious issues in coastal regions. Thirty-nine groundwater samples were collected in the current research region and tested for PH, TDS, and EC. Thirty-nine groundwater samples were collected in the current research region and tested for PH, TDS, EC and cations, anions, and hardness. The elevated parameters are EC, PH, TDS, and nitrates. The fluoride fell in the permissible limit in Nellore urban area, nitrate and fluoride exposure heath risk calculated by using the US EPA method. From that, the total hazard index (THI) was calculated. The fluoride total hazard index value ranges from 0.15 to 0.95 and that of average 0.45, which fell below < 1, hence no significance on children, women, and men. The nitrate is falling in excess in groundwater. The ranges are 35 mg/l to 72 mg/l, and adverse value is 47.8 mg/l. The total hazard index (THI) of nitrates fell at > 1, which indicates a harmful for the human health. The computed THI affected percentage is the children (100%), women (95%), and men (30%). The nitrate was released in water due to the industrial discharge, septic tanks, manure pools, sewer system, and rock–water interaction. The abundance of the cations and anions is Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ and HCO3− > Cl− > SO42 > NO3 > F. The Gibbs diagram explains the source of the chemistry; hence, all samples fell in the rock–water interaction area.

Developing a saturation-height function for reservoir rock types and comparing the results with the well log-derived water saturation, a case study from the Fahliyan formation, Dorood oilfield, Southwest of Iran

Determining the potential of reservoirs and production zones is very important to reach maximum product performance and decrease hydrocarbon recovery costs. The calculation of the Water Saturation (SW) significantly affects oil-in-place estimations. The Saturation-Height Function (SHF) is operated to predict the saturation in the reservoir for a given height above the free water level. Typical approaches for predicting water saturation as a function of rock properties and height above contact include two types, those based on capillary pressure curve averaging and log-based techniques. The goal of this study is to define an appropriate SHF and SW using the usual functions to delineate production zones using rock typing with an example from the Dorood oilfield in the Persian Gulf. In this study first, the reservoir has been divided into different rock types and water saturation is estimated by different methods in each rock type. The Reservoir Quality Index (RQI) along with Water Saturation profile for representative rock types were used for determining reservoir zones. Accordingly, a formulation was developed to model the behavior of Capillary Pressure (PC) as a characteristic of SW and to determine the Free Water Level (FWL) based on laboratory data. To achieve this goal, the appropriate saturation-height functions and their coefficients were chosen for representative reservoir rock types. The Pc curves are classified based on Discrete Rock Types (DRT) and a proper saturation-height function was assigned for individual rock types. Finally, some of the most common equations for calculating SHF were fitted to the representative Pc curve of each rock type and coefficients of the equation for any rock type were determined by using the MATLAB software in the studied carbonate reservoir. After investigating the results of fitting different SHF, water saturation was calculated using a modified lambda function and compared with the log-derived water saturation. The SHF applied, could be used to estimate saturations of unreachable zones of the field.

Cyclic triaxial test investigation on tuffs with different water content at Badantoru Hydropower Station in Indonesia

The weakening effect of water in rocks has been extensively investigated over the past few decades. The degradation of the strength and stiffness of rocks can vary greatly with rock type. To investigate the water-weakening effect on the mechanical properties and failure modes of a Hydropower station's bedrock, static and cyclic triaxial compressive tests were carried out on dry, natural, and saturated tuffs (from the Badantoru Hydropower Station in Indonesia) under different confining pressures. Analysis of the failure modes, stress-strain curves, and brittleness index revealed that all of the samples exhibited typical brittle fracture behavior, i.e., a stress drop, volumetric dilation, and no compaction bands. The decreases in the peak stress, residual stress, and elastic modulus with increasing water content verify the water-weakening effect. The correlations between the water content and the confining pressure and other characteristic parameters calculated using the Pearson correlation coefficient indicate that the peak stress and elastic modulus are negatively correlated with the water content, and the peak stress, peak strain, and elastic modulus are positively correlated with the confining pressure. Compared with the Mohr-Coulomb criterion, the Hoek-Brown criterion can better describe the failure behavior of tuffs. Two damage variables, DE and Dε, were defined based on the hysteretic energy and residual strain. Both can characterize the damage evolution and failure mechanism, and DE can describe the stages of the damage evolution in more detail.

Assessment of groundwater study using geophysical and geochemistry mapping in Thamirabarani sub-basin, Karunkulam area, Southern India

Groundwater exploration study has been carried out in Karunkulam area, Srivaikundam taluk, Thoothukudi district, Tamil Nadu, with the help of geophysical and geochemical characteristics. The study area was covered in the meta-sedimentary rock of quartzite, and the source rock of sandstone was delineated from the channel of the Thamirabarani River. Resistivity sounding square array, 2D electrical resistivity imaging technique and magneto-telluric method were used to identify the aquifer thickness and bedrock in quartzite terrain of the study area. An attempt has been made to use GIS spatial distribution map for irrigation suitability and livestock drinking purposes. The hydro-geochemical facies were used to analyze the cations and anions exchange process. It was also observed that the Ca2+- HCO3− was dominant in the low alkalinity in nature and the quality of groundwater represents the geochemical nature in aquifer media. The type of rock–water interaction with Mg2+-Na+-Ca2+-Cl−-HCO−3, Na+-Ca2+-Mg2+-Cl− and Na+-Mg2+-Ca2+-Cl− indicates the rock water interaction between the quartzite, gneissic and some granitic intrusion in the part of the area. Based on geophysical 2D imaging and magneto-telluric resistivity, inferred fracture quartzite zones were water-bearing formation in the study area. This primarily supports the hypothesis assumed at the beginning of the research in the study area.

Insight into the water–rock interaction process and purification mechanism of mine water in underground reservoir of Daliuta coal mine in China

The water quality of mine water is obviously improved after being stored in underground reservoir, but the process of water-rock interaction and the purification mechanism of mine water quality are not clear. In this study, the water samples and rock samples collected in the underground reservoir of Daliuta coal mine were taken as the research object. Based on the analysis of the hydrochemical characteristics of the reservoir water samples and the characterization of the rock samples, combined with PHREEQC analysis, the mechanism of water quality purification of mine water was discussed. The results showed that the rocks in the underground reservoir had layered silicate structure and flaky kaolinite structure, with some irregular edges and microcracks, and higher specific surface area and total pore volume. These characteristics made the rocks have a certain adsorption and removal capacity for heavy metal ions and other pollutants in the mine water. The water-rock interaction, such as the dissolution of albite and halite, the precipitation of gypsum and kaolinite, and the cation exchange, resulted in the increase of the concentration of Na+ and the decrease of the concentration of Ca2+, Mg2+, and TDS in the outlet water, and the hydrochemical type changed from SO42--Cl-/Ca2+ type to SO42--Cl-/Na+ type. Moreover, this study shows that PHREEQC analysis can be used to analyze the water-rock interaction of coal mine underground reservoir and can obtain more detailed information; therefore, it may have the potential ability to help assess the migration and transformation of pollutants during the storage process of mine water in underground reservoirs.

Резание горных пород электроимпульсным способом

The work is devoted to the development of an electric pulse method for processing rocks and other solid dielectric and semiconducting materials. For the first time, experimental studies of the electric pulse method of cutting rocks in water were carried out using a high-voltage pulse generator with a pulse repetition rate of up to 25 impulses per second and a voltage of up to 160 kV. The results showed the possibility of using high-voltage generators with a low pulse energy and a high repetition rate in the electric pulse technology when using water as a flushing liquid. At the same time, the used mechanical system for moving the electrodes and washing needs to be improved to increase the productivity of electric pulse processing.

Spleen-sparing excision of giant splenic hydatid cyst

Splenic echinococcosis is a rare disease even in endemic regions such as the Mediterranean. The organs most involved are the liver and the lungs. However, other organs can be affected, such as the spleen. To our knowledge, primary involvement of the spleen is very rare, and a few cases of splenic hydatidosis (SHD) isolated in children have been reported. Splenectomy used to be the reference treatment, but it is now being questioned, first by the current trend towards conservative surgery, especially for a benign pathology and by the knowledge of postoperative complications. We report a case of a giant hydatid cyst of the spleen that underwent conservative surgery in the department of pediatric surgery at HabibThameur Hospital in Tunis. A 9-year-old girl, without any notable pathological history, coming from a rural environment with notion of contact with animals, who consulted for isolated recurrent abdominal pain evolving since six months. The examination showed a soft, painless abdomen with amarked splenomegaly. In view of a pauci-symptomatic clinical picture, a negative hydatic serology, a chest X-ray without abnormalities and the results of the ultrasound and abdominal computed tomography, the diagnostic of epidermoid cyst of the spleen was the most likely, especially with the primary location. Intraoperative findings did not match epidermal cyst and hydatic cyst was suspected. The puncture of the cyst brought back a clear liquid “rock water”. The “PAIR” technique with pericystectomy and epiploplasty was performed. Anatomopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis. The postoperative course was uneventful. The diagnosis of splenic hydatidosis must be evoked ahead of any cyst of the spleen especially in endemic countries. The choice of surgical technique is controversial. In children, conservative surgery is always preferable and is currently recommended by most authors.

Estimating rock permeability and porosity using machine learning

Investigating the permeability and porosity of rocks is essential for petroleum production, CO2 geological storage and etc. The permeability is one of the most basic physical properties that evaluate the ease of flow of fluid in a porous object for understanding the behavior of fluids such as water, oil, and CO2 in rocks. Laboratory experiments using excavated rock for permeability estimation is very time and cost-consuming. In recent years, estimation of physical properties of rock using the deep learning technology has received a lot of attention. In this study, we have developed a method for efficiently predicting the physical properties of permeability using the convolutional neural networks (CNN). Four types of convolutional neural networks have been tested: basic CNN, VGG, GoogLeNet, and Resnet. These networks are trained using the dataset of directly calculated permeability values based on flow simulation and the corresponding raw CT images. By comparing the prediction accuracy of each network, we found that the Resnet model showed the best performance.

Мониторинг земель, занятых техногенными минеральными образованиями

In the mining areas of the Tula region there are more than 130 technogenic mineral formations formed as a result of the extraction, processing and using of minerals. Monitoring of lands around technogenic mineral formations is an important task and it should be solved with the application of advanced tech-nologies. We propose the scheme for averaged zoning of the negative impact on the surrounding lands of technogenic mineral formations on account of water and wind erosion of TMT rocks, TMT defor-mations, water filtration through the TMT body into aquifers. The possibilities of the online service "Public Cadastral Map" for monitoring lands around technogenic mineral formations are considered. Waste heaps of mines No. 27 Lesnaya (Mostovaya) and Zapadno-Shchekinskaya 17-bis were taken as an example for monitoring all registered land plots was carried out, located in each zone of influence. The monitoring showed that when identifying the negative impact of technogenic mineral formations on the surrounding lands, it is important to pay attention to the shape and size of TMT, areas of land plots, land categories, the percentage of accounted lands around TMT.

Hydrogeochemical assessment of groundwater quality and suitability for irrigation in the coastal part of Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, India

A study was undertaken to identify in the irrigational suitability of groundwater in the cuddalore district (coastal part), Tamil Nadu, India. An entire study, 132 shallow and deep groundwater samples was gathered during Pre monsoon period (PRM) year of 2017 and post monsoon (POM) period samples collected year of 2018. Rock water interaction, silicate weathering and domestic waste are dominant sources for the water quality in the study area. The groundwater classification and irrigational suitability of groundwater were performed for both seasons. From the results of Chloro-Alkaline Indices (CAI I), and Chloro-Alkaline Indices (CAI II), during both seasons and classes, the direct ions exchange processes are predominant when compare with reverse ions exchange processes. The r1 and r2 results represents that most of the samples found as saline sources as Na+ - SO42− facies and performing with Deep Meteoric Percolation (DMP) than shallow meteoric percolation During PRM season, r1 represents 65 (98%) samples for Na+ - SO42− facies and 1 (2%) sample represents Na+ - HCO3− facies and during POM season, r1 represents 63 (95%) samples for Na+ - SO42− facies and 3 (5%) samples represent Na+ - HCO3− facies respectively. Irrigation water quality parameters like and satisfied the analysed water's irrigation suitability. However, according to MAR parameters, 5% of water samples were unsuitable for irrigation in PRM based on KR parameters, 41% of samples collected in the PRM season only were unsuitable for irrigation. The Wilcox diagram showed that 35% of water samples are suitable for irrigation. Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), Permeability Index (PI), Potential Salinity (PS), and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) are indicating the irrigational appropriateness of the groundwater samples, which is more suitable in post monsoon season compare to pre monsoon due to enrichment of Na+ by seawater intrusion and other processes. During POM season, the most number of groundwater samples are representing excellent to good categories might be due to an effective rainfall recharge by the monsoonal rain in the study area. The parameters indicated the introduction of geogenic and anthropogenic pollutions. The coastal community's knowledge is crucial to the long conservation of coastal water resources.

Investigation of Bioremediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Mine Waste Rock Water in a Challenging Low Temperature and Ph Anaerobic Environment

Investigation of Bioremediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Mine Waste Rock Water in a Challenging Low Temperature and Ph Anaerobic Environment

Investigation of the hydrodynamics of man-made water by remote methods (on the example of southern Kryvbas)

The purpose of this study was to identify the degree and nature of man-made changes in the condition of the hydrogeological structure of the upper part of the earth's crust in the south of the Kryvyi Rih iron ore basin (Kryvbas). Another goal was the search and localization of sources of highly mineralized waters of the studied territory. To understand the nature of the watering (dewatering) of the section, the results of mapping the deformation of the terrain on the Sentinel-1 IW SLC space radar images were used. The resulting changes in the relief of the area were compared with the results of repeated geoelectrical observations, which showed zones of the day surface to the south of the "Livoberezhny" dumps, which are subject to subsidence and have areas of local flooding and waterlogging. They are mainly associated to the complex structure of zones of tectonic disturbances, zones of intersection of Precambrian faults of sub-meridional extension and west-northwest, which affect the distribution and localization of mineralized waters. Analysis of the data of hydrogeological, hydrological, engineering-geological and geophysical studies of the territory at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries showed the degree of change in the hydrogeological environment over several decades. A comprehensive interpretation of space radar and geophysical survey data made it possible to assess the physical processes that take place from the surface to depths of tens of meters below it. The carried out geoelectrical research made it possible to establish the width of the rock water table in the upper part of the section, which ranges from 50 to 150 m, and the presence of a local depression on the roof of the foundation, under pond "Lebiazhyi". The latter is due to the specificity of the connection (knot) of differently oriented faults, where highly mineralized waters preserved in the Kryvyi Rih fault system are still stored and accumulated in the form of lenses. The conclusion is the integration of remote methods that study various properties of the geological environment increase the possibility of operational and scientifically based identification of problems of flooding of the territory and allow to control safe activities in the zone of influence of man-made objects.

A Comprehensive Review of Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment in Delta State, Southern Part of Nigeria

This research presents a review on water resources in Delta state, southern part of Nigeria, with emphasis on hydrogeochemical and microbial assessment. It evaluates factors responsible for water contamination, and their resulting health challenges within the study area. To achieve the objective of this study, related articles were downloaded from Google, published article on influence of hydrogeochemical and microbial activities on water resources. These articles were thoroughly studied. Findings from this study, suggested that groundwater was more studied than surface water. We also observed that groundwater within the riverine communities is much more prone to pollution when compared to groundwater in an upland area. Results from various authors suggested that, larger percentage of groundwater showed presence of coliform. Further findings suggested that geochemical processes such as rock water interaction, seawater intrusion and precipitation influences groundwater quality within the study area especially within Sombreiro-Warri Deltaic Plain Deposit.