Water Resources Problems Research Articles

Using Complex Probability Amplitudes to Simulate Solute Transport in Composite Porous Media

AbstractProbability amplitudes are fundamental to quantum mechanics and offer robust descriptions of complicated systems, which have allowed physicists to explain behaviors inaccessible to classical physics. This article ponders how some of the same conceptual underpinnings of the mathematics used for modeling quantum systems might be applied to subsurface water resources problems and speculates how these tools could facilitate applications on quantum computers. A probability amplitude‐based model for describing advective‐dispersive transport in porous media using linear operators is investigated. The proposed complex valued model decomposes spreading into two “sub‐continuum partial dispersion” coefficients, and this recovers classical spreading when the sum of these coefficients is the Fickian dispersion coefficient. However, the probability amplitudes have a many‐to‐one relationship to a probability distribution, so it embeds a level of heterogeneity into seemingly equivalent functions. Two propagators with different sub‐continuum coefficients may have the same macroscopic behavior when either is considered in isolation, but when they act on the other the system’s behavior changes. Differences in the amplitudes cause a reduction in spreading as velocity correlations are disrupted, despite both propagators having identical dispersion coefficients, and this cannot be achieved using classical methods without changing the dispersion coefficient. The main point is that these amplitude‐based models offer a way to embed information about the system into the propagators, instead of just “averaging it out” when making an upscaled model.

Analyses Of Domestic Water Supply And Demand Using Geography Information System (GIS) In Boji-Boji Agbor, Delta State Nigeria

The research study was conducted in Boji-Boji Agbor, Ika South LGA of Delta State, Nigeria to determine the nature and problems of water resources in the area, sources of water supply, domestic uses of water as well as water supply and demand requirements. The study identified the various sources of water supply and demand, problems associated with water supply, the average quantity of water demand in liters by households and use Geographic Information System (GIS) tool in analyzing supply and demand to suggest ways of solving problems involved in water supply and demand in the area. The study applied the use of questionnaire, interview, observation and GIS data as primary sources of data to the research The names of the bore-hole owners, their address and other sources of water supply were collected to serve as an attribute data which were tied to each location collected with the GPS. . Furthermore, the secondary data sources include archival data, existing and published academic works that include journals, internet and online data, etc. The data obtained from 250 questionnaires administered is based on simple random sampling techniques, were validated and tested using two hypotheses vz. i. There is no significant difference in the use of water got from the various water supply sources – River, government bore-hole, private bore-holes, wells and satchet/package water. ii. Supply of water in Boji - Boji Agbor, is not depended on the following factors – water pollution misuse of available facilities, distance, high cost of water, increased demand, inadequate facilities, lack of government water scheme, leakages of pipes, diseases. The result of the study showed that private pump is the major source of water in Boji-Boji-Agbor with most significant usage for domestic use (cooking, bathing, washing, etc). The result of the first hypothesis tested showed that the standardized B Coefficient value for government borehole (0.715), river (0.683), private borehole (0.659), wells (0.639) and sachet /packaged water (0.502) indicates that the model is significant at 0.05 level of significance and that there is a positive correlation between the use of water from the various water sources and water supply in Boji-Boji Agbor. The result of the second hypothesis showed that, water supply to Boji-Boji Agbor is significantly dependent on water pollution, misuse of available facilities, distance, high cost of water, increased demand, inadequate facilities, lack of government water scheme, leakages of pipes and diseases since the R model value of 0.892 is significant at 0.05 level of significance indicating that there is a strong positive relationship between the dependent and independent variables. The study concluded that the level of influence of water demand factors in the area is very high as the variables (water pollution, misuse of available facilities, distance, high cost of water, increased demand, inadequate facilities, lack of government water scheme, leakages of pipes, and diseases) indicates a positive correlation existing between water supply and factors in the area. GIS map for demand and supply of water was also presented. The study recommends that citizens need to be educated on the use of water such that issues of wastage or misuse of government water facilities would be avoided.

Regulatory Initiatives of Central Asian Countries in Addressing Transboundary Water Issues

After the collapse of the USSR the Central Asian countries found themselves facing serious regional challenges that hinder constructive interstate cooperation. Among such challenges the problem of transboundary water resources should be highlighted. The lack of a coordinated policy for regulating water flows continues to put the Central Asian countries in a vulnerable position, negatively affecting their national security, socio-economic development and the environmental situation in the region. Throughout their sovereign development the countries of the region tried to solve transboundary water problems by combining external and internal mechanisms. However, a solution to the problem that would meet the national interests of all interested countries was not found.Recently the ruling elites of the Central Asian countries have intensified the process of solving the water problem showing political will. They put forward a number of initiatives. A big role in reviving this issue belongs to Uzbekistan which has opened a new milestone in the settlement of water and energy conflicts in the region. Uzbekistan demonstrates a desire to solve the water problem constructively at the regional level. In this regard the proposals of the President of Uzbekistan Sh.Mirziyoyev acquired great importance in solving the transboundary water problems of Central Asia. In 2018 Sh. Mirziyoyev put forward the initiative to adopt a Regional program for the rational use of water resources in Central Asia. Shortly before that he expressed a desire to participate in the implementation of joint hydropower projects with Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Analyzing the current shifts in the water and energy issue we can talk about increasing trust between the countries of Central Asia and the beginning of the formation of a new regional interstate model of relations on the distribution of transboundary water resources.

Preface

Full Conference Title: VIII All-Russian scientific-practical conference with international participation “Modern problems of reservoirs and their catchments” Date of the Event: 27th-30th May, 2021Location: Perm, Russia.The VIII international conference “Modern problems of reservoirs and their catchments” was dedicated to the memory of Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Geographical Sciences, Professor Yuriy M. Matarzin.The conference has been organized by the Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Protection once every two years at the Perm State University since 2005.The conference was held in the following sections:1. Hydro- and geodynamic processes.2. Water resources management.3. Water quality. Geoecology.4. Hydrobiology and ichthyology.The conference was held 27th-30th May, 2021 and was attended by 213 participants from Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 107 participants made a report. The actual number of foreign participants is 14. The aim of the conference is to discuss the methodological and conceptual aspects of the reservoirs study and their catchment areas, problems of water resources and their rational use. During the work of sections, plenary sessions and informal communication, participants established new scientific contacts for further, including interdisciplinary research and international relation.List of Program Committee, Organising Committee, Scientific Committee are available in this pdf

Visual platform for water quality prediction and pre-warning of drinking water source area in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Water, an essential resource in the ecosystem, is the basis for the survival of life on earth and determines the destiny of mankind. To deal with water resources problems, water quality prediction models and pre-warning platforms have become important means of water resources safety monitoring and essential guarantee for sustainable development in the world today. Since the Three Gorges Reservoir Area has many drinking water source areas, the water quality prediction and early warning platform should be developed, through this way the drinking water safety of the reservoir area can be guaranteed. In this study, a new two-dimensional water quality prediction sub-model was developed by processing and integrating two-dimensional water quality and quantity control equation and digital elevation model (DEM) through Geographic Information System (GIS) platform and FORTRAN language. Meanwhile, the Three Gorges Reservoir Area water quality warning sub-model was constructed, on the basis of the current situation of hydrology and water quality in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA), then it combined with the water quality prediction sub-model (after processing by TecPlot 360), a visual platform was developed for the prediction and warning of drinking water quality in the reservoir area. To verify the accuracy and applicability of the platform, the predicted values of various pollutants were compared with the measured values and it was applied to predict and warn hexavalent chromium pollution accident. Under the assumed accident conditions, the pollutants were mainly concentrated on the side of the pollution source for diffusion, and that the migration rate of pollutants was positively correlated with the water level and quantity. The duration of pollution accidents in the four water periods was 31 min in drought period, 28 min in decline period, 25 min in storage period and 24 min in flood period. The results showed that the platform was feasible in operation, and the prediction and pre-warning of pollution accidents were scientific. This research provided a new tool for drinking water management, guaranteed water quality safety and people's health in the reservoir region and achieved sustainable development.

An agent-based model for water allocation optimization and comparison with the game theory approach

Abstract Despite the advancement of technical tools for the analysis of complex systems, the most important issue in solving water resource problems focuses on the interaction of human and natural systems. Agent-Based Model (ABM) has been used as an effective tool for the development of integrated human and environmental models. One of the main challenges of this method is identifying and describing the main agents. In this study, three main approaches including Genetic Algorithm (GA), cooperative game theory and ABM have been used to optimize water allocation in Tajan catchment. The proposed ABM is a new equation for calculating stakeholder utility and simulating their interactions that can create a hydrological-environmental-human relationship for demand management and optimal water allocation. The results showed that the total benefit of cooperative game theory and ABM relative to GA has been increased 24% and 21% respectively. Although the total benefit in game theory is greater than the ABM, but the ABM considering the agents feedback propose a more comprehensive approach to optimal water allocation.

Modeling of Flow and Transport in Saturated and Unsaturated Porous Media

Modeling fluid flow and transport processes in porous media is a relevant topic for a wide range of applications. In water resources problems, this topic presents specific challenges related to the multiphysical processes, large time and space scales, heterogeneity and anisotropy of natural porous media, and complex mathematical models characterized by coupled nonlinear equations. This Special Issue aims at collecting papers presenting new developments in the field of flow and transport in porous media. The 25 published papers deal with different aspects of physical processes and applications such as unsaturated and saturated flow, flow in fractured porous media, landslide, reactive transport, seawater intrusion, and transport within hyporheic zones. Based on their objectives, we classified these papers into four categories: (i) improved numerical methods for flow and mass transport simulation, (ii) looking for reliable models and parameters, (iii) laboratory scale experiments and simulations, and (iv) modeling and simulations for improved process understanding. Current trends on modeling fluid flow and transport processes in porous media are discussed in the conclusion.

Hydrotechnical construction, water engineering and water technologies: some modern issues and training of professionals

The article considers modern problems and problems that currently exist in hydraulic engineering and hydropower, problems of land and water resources. And also problems of training of experts. able to solve these problems
 Recently, the problems caused by existing large hydraulic structures are increasingly mentioned. The main problem is that the nodes of hydraulic structures often form artificial reservoirs of a large plane. It often happens that the depths of reservoirs are insignificant. This situation is very unsatisfactory because the land is used irrationally. which is a valuable resource and has a high cost and can be used effectively for agriculture. Creation of hydraulic structures, complexes of hydraulic structures significantly change the hydrological, biological. salt and thermal regimes of the river on which they are built, the regime of groundwater movement, cause climate change in the surrounding areas. Cascades of hydraulic structures have a special influence. As an example, we can cite the Dnieper cascade of hydroelectric power plants and compare the area of its reservoirs and the amount of electricity generated by its power plants with the world's largest hydroelectric power plants.
 In addition, shallow water bodies cause a significant deterioration in water quality. And since reservoirs are often a source of water supply for settlements and industrial enterprises, this situation is controversial. Intensive construction of hydraulic structures and their complexes took place during the twentieth century, many of them exhausted their resources and needed either reconstruction or decommissioning. The reasons for this state of affairs are the development of technology, the emergence and development of other alternative energy sources for thermal and nuclear power plants, other than hydraulic. Also, since the construction of many buildings, approaches to determining their profitability and efficiency have changed.
 Aspects of training specialists in hydraulic engineering and water engineering, able to solve these problems of the industry today, and those that will face them in the near future are considered. The ability of a competent professional to anticipate the consequences of any action must be an integral part of it. Attention is drawn to the need to apply conceptually new approaches to solving problems of construction of new hydraulic and hydropower facilities, operation and reconstruction of existing facilities.

Smart pH-Responsive Polyaniline-Coated Hollow Polymethylmethacrylate Microspheres: A Potential pH Neutralizer for Water Purification Systems.

Smart materials with potential pH controllability are gaining widespread concern due to their versatile applicability in water purification systems. A study presented here demonstrates a successful synthesis of smart pH-responsive polyaniline (PANI)-coated hollow polymethylmethacrylate microspheres (PHPMs) using a combination of solvent evaporation and in situ coating techniques. The material was characterized by using conventional techniques. Images recorded by an optical microscope displayed clear evidence in support of the coating, which was further supported by the SEM images. Surface roughness due to the coating was distinct in the SEM images. The PANI coating has enabled the microsphere to effectively neutralize the pH of water in water purification systems, which is very important in tackling the excessive acidic or basic problem of water resources. This study introduces a simple, facile, and cost-effective synthetic route to develop polyaniline-coated hollow polymethylmethacrylate microspheres with high performance as a pH-responsive material for water purification. The low density of the material and relatively large surface area compared to conventionally used chemicals further enhance the application prospect of the material.

Profiling the implementation of rainwater harvesting in Bekasi, Indonesia

This research was raised based on water resource problems, which are currently becoming a global obstacle to overcome. Population growth impacted the demand for water resources, changed the hydrological cycle pattern in an area, and worsened with climate change, impacting season disaster. This research was conducted to see the profile of Bekasi City on rainwater harvesting so that the results of this study are expected to provide a big picture in the context of applying rainwater harvesting. Rainfall analysis uses dependable rainfall to cut down rainfall uncertainty and grant opportunities for a higher harvestable rainfall volume. Besides, a community approach was carried out to observe society’s water use patterns and their behavior towards rainwater harvesting. This study found that the volume of water demand in Bekasi varied in each District, which is 3.57-7.08 m3/person/month, and harvested rainwater can cover up 2.27%-12.73% of their needs during the wet season (December-April). The community has collected their rainwater at their homes by 49%. A comprehensive approach should have taken to attract people to harvest rainwater.

Economic Importance, Impacts and Possible Mitigation Measures of Aquatic Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Martius) in Ethiopia

Water hyacinth is one of invasive weed species which belongs to family Pontederiaceae which was characterized by a free floating perennial aquatic weed and one of the major challenging problems in water bodies of the tropics and sub-tropics. Therefore, the aim of this article is to identify the distribution,impacts and beneficial effects as well as the possible management practices of water hyacinth.Water hyacinth was introduced in the water bodies of the Rift Valley in 68 years ago and currently, the weed is distributed Lake Tana, Lake Abaya, Lake Koka, Koka Dam in Ethiopia.The weed affected water resources, fisheries, transportation and social structure.The wide distribution and abundance of water hyacinth has led to decreased water availability and sustainable water biodiversity in Ethiopian lakes. However, the spread of water hyacinth is threatening not only water bodies but also socioeconomic development and human health. Water hyacinth in water bodies and nearby areas of local stakeholder has negative impact on environment and also impact on aquatics biodiversity.In contrast to these,Water hyacinth is rich sources of different nutrients that provides feed for animals such as ruminants, Rabbits, Ducks, Geese, Pigs and Fish.Water hyacinth can be controlled by mechanically by machine or manual which was environmentally safe as compared to other methods. Physical control includes automatic mowers and dredgers.Biological method by using bioagents weevils which involves long term strategy and chemical involves by using herbicides 2,4 - D, Diquat and Glyphosate that can be implemented by accomplished operator.Therefore, sustainable long term management strategies should include prevention in newly infested areas. in low infested areas, integrated use of herbicides has to be developed. To contain the further spread and buildup of this weed for future infestation, these weeds should be utilized for composting and feed purposes. Besides,extensive mass awareness and community campaign especially to uproot should be implemented. Therefore, it can be summarized that human intervention is considered as the current problem of water resource in the country and further study is needed to sustain the water resource to keep water hyacinth at economic thresh hold level. Keywords : caused, dense mats,problems,reported,water hyacinth DOI: 10.7176/JEES/11-3-01 Publication date: March 31 st 2021

A review of 20-year applications of multi-attribute decision-making in environmental and water resources planning and management

Multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) is an umbrella term to describe a series of mathematical frameworks that, in essence, enable the decision-makers to evaluate the desirability of any feasible solution by considering a set of, often, conflicting evaluation criteria. Given their vast capabilities, the MADM methods are especially helpful for water resources planning and management. This review attempts to shed light on the roles of the MADM methods in the field of water resources decision-making during the last two decades. More than 320 scholarly published articles from 57 different countries were analyzed based on the geographic factors, the number of decision-makers involved, the type of MADM methods, the number of alternatives and criteria, the weight assignment methods, the viewpoints on uncertainty, and the subject of these studies. The results clearly revealed the ever-rising applications of the MADM methods for water resources management. It was also found that some regions, such as the Middle East, more frequently resort to these methods to address their water crisis problems. This review indicated that the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was the most popular MADM method. Based on the reviewed studies and their results, three major recommendations can be made herein: (1) It is wise to address the uncertainty associated with the applications of the MADM methods in the field of water resources by conducting sensitivity analysis and/or resorting to probabilistic/fuzzy frameworks; (2) given the identified tendency toward subjective MADM, it is crucial to employ checking frameworks, such as the Delphi methods, to assess the consistency of the subjective evaluations; and (3) it is necessary to consider not only the technical criteria but the economic, environmental, legislative, and political evaluation criteria as well to account for the multidimensional nature of water resources problems.

Parameter regionalization of the FLEX-Global hydrological model

Global hydrological models (GHMs) are important tools for addressing worldwide change-related water resource problems from a global perspective. However, the development of these models has long been hindered by their low accuracy. In order to improve the streamflow simulation accuracy of GHMs, we developed a GHM—the FLEX-Global—based on the regionalization of hydrological model parameters. The FLEX-Global model is primarily based on the framework of the FLEX hydrological model coupled with the HAND-based Storage Capacity curve (HSC) runoff generation module to calculate net rainfall, and uses the global river-routing CaMa-Flood model to calculate river network routing. This new model allows for streamflow simulation at a spatial resolution of 0.5°×0.5° and a temporal resolution of 1 day in global catchments. To validate FLEX-Global accuracy, the FLEX-Global-simulated streamflow of 26 major rivers distributed in five different climate zones was compared with the observed data from the Global Runoff Data Center (GRDC). Next, the model performance of FLEX-Global was further verified by comparing it with that of seven existing GHMs with varying accuracy in the five climate zones. Multi-metric evaluation indicated that the streamflow simulation accuracy was improved by the FLEX-Global model with regionalized parameters, especially in the tropical and dry climate zones. This newly-developed GHM with regionalized parameters can provide scientific support for the assessment of climate change impact, optimization of global water resource mangement, simulation of Earth’s multi-sphere coupling, and implementation of the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP).

Drivers of Water Resources Carrying Capacity and Changes due to Climate Change in China

With basic knowledge of global sustainable development, water resources carrying capacity (WRCC) relates closely to society, economy and environment. It has important affection on the knowledge and construction of water resources security system. Based on most updated international and national research outcomes on drivers of WRCC and future changes due to climate change, this paper collects and summarizes the theory and drivers of WRCC, as well as water resources and sustainable development, water sources-society-environment coupling system and trends of water cycle in a changing climate representing by the drivers of WRCC. With an overall understanding of water sources carrying capacity, this paper analyzes the evaluation methods of WRCC study, including the system dynamics theory, the decision model with multiple factors and so on. Finally, this paper concludes the current problems of water resources representing by WRCC.

A New Multicriteria Decision-Making Method for the Selection of Sponge City Schemes with Shapley–Choquet Aggregation Operators

The construction of sponge cities is of great strategic significance to solving the urban water resource problem in the future. According to the policy guidance of sponge city construction, the evaluation index system of sponge city construction projects is constructed. In order to overcome the interference caused by the interaction between indexes, a nonadditive measure and Shapley function are combined to determine the weights of attribute indexes, and the generalized Shapley interval-valued intuitionistic uncertain linguistic Choquet averaging (GS-IVIULCA) operator is used to calculate the comprehensive evaluation value of the schemes. On this basis, a new evaluation method of sponge city construction project selection under an uncertain information environment is presented and empirically evaluated. The results show that the index weight of rainwater collection and utilization is the largest, indicating that decision makers pay more attention to the ecological and environmental benefits of this item in the sponge city construction process.

Sponge City Planning and Construction of Small Towns in Subtropical Mountainous Areas of Yunnan Province

Taking Ning’er County, a small town in a subtropical mountain area, as an example, explore a scientific and reasonable sponge city construction plan suitable for small towns. In analyzing the problems of water safety, water resources, water environment, and water ecology in the construction of Ning’er County sponge city, the sponge city construction goals were put forward according to local conditions, and the construction process of the entire process of “source reduction, regional control, and system governance”, Proposed a systematic planning and construction plan for Ning’er County sponge city construction.

Ecological problems of water resources in Kazakhstan

This paper proposes a solution to the environmental problems in the Republic of Kazakhstan associated with the provision of the population with quality water. The authors propose to use only clear scientific forecasts, practical ecological scenarios, as well as the methodology of the National Action Plan for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development. This will allow to solve the issues of desertification, salinization, water scarcity, decline in irrigation, agriculture, and the fishing industry in the future. The purpose of the article is to reveal the reasons for the insufficiency and unevenness in the provision of water resources in the republic. In the study the principle of historicism and systems analysis is used. The results of the research confirm and indicate that the growth of the economic potential in industry and the transition to market mechanisms for the development of the economy gave rise to a reduction in reserves of clean water, shallowing of mountain and transboundary rivers, the decrease in fish populations, and the emergence of a real threat of a water ecological crisis in the republic. The obtained theoretical results of the study can be applied when discussing and significantly improving the environmental issues of water resources in the country.

Sustainable management and efficient use of water resources in the conditions of economic modernization

This article presents the problems in water resources management and offers and recommendations for overcoming them, and the acuteness of the problem of water resources in Central Asia is aimed at preventing the crisis associated with the growing shortage of water in the countries of the region. Ensuring sustainable management and efficient use of water resources in the context of modernization of the economy is becoming one of the key issues in the sustainable economic development of all regions and countries in the world.

Application of Excel optimisation tool in solving and teaching water resource problems

Application of Excel optimisation tool in solving and teaching water resource problems

Determination of soil infiltration rate equation based on soil properties using multiple linear regression

Infiltration process plays important role in water balance concept particularly in runoff analysis, groundwater re-charged, and water conservation. Hence, increasing knowledge concerning infiltration process becomes essential for water manager to gain an effective solution to water resources problems. This study employed multiple linear regression for esti-mating infiltration rate where the soil properties used as the predictor variable and measured infiltration rate as the response variable. Field measurement was conducted at sixteen points to obtain infiltration rate using double ring infiltrometer and soil properties namely soil porosity, silt, clay, sand content, degree of saturation, and water content. The result showed that measured infiltration rate had an average initial infiltration rate (f0) of 6.92 mm∙min–1 and final infiltration rate (fc) of 1.49 mm∙min–1. Soil porosity and sand content showed a positive correlation with infiltration rate by 0.842, 0.639, respectively, while silt, clay, water content, and degree of saturation exhibited a negative correlation by –0.631, –0.743, –0.66 and –0.49, respectively. Three types of regression equations were established based on type of soil properties used as predictor varia-bles. The model performance analysis was conducted for each equation and the result shows that the equation with five predictor variables fMLR_3 = – 62.014 + 1.142 soil porosity – 0.205 clay, – 0.063 sand – 0.301, silt + 0.07 soil water content with R2 (0.87) and Nash–Sutcliffe (0.998) gave the best result for estimating infiltration rate. The study found that soil po-rosity contributes mostly to the regression equation that indicates great influence in controlling soil infiltration behavior.