Water Resources Security Research Articles

Can bioenergy carbon capture and storage aggravate global water crisis?

Bioenergy carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is an effective option for mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Nevertheless, there is barely serious debate about whether its implementation can possibly jeopardize the global water resources security. Here, we provided an assessment of biomass-based Substitute Natural Gas (BioSNG) production combined with CCS, a promising BECCS technology, in terms of global water resources security, with a focus on the growth of two typical second-generation bioenergy crops: switchgrass and miscanthus. A bottom-up analysis approach was applied in this paper to calculating water consumption for BECCS and estimating water quality deterioration caused by increasing fertilizer and pesticide application. The results indicated that water usage of BECCS was equal to adding 12.86%–16.64% (switchgrass) and 17.59%–26.06% (miscanthus) additional water stress on global available water resources at 2100. Additional N fertilizer application in 2100 would be equal to over 84%, 55% and 42% for both switchgrass and miscanthus under three CCS capture efficiency scenarios, respectively, comparing to such global scale in 2012. Additional phosphate fertilizer adding to global annual available water at 2100 were 0.004–0.008 mg L−1 (switchgrass) and 0.003–0.006 mg L−1 (miscanthus), respectively. The secondary environmental hazards, such as N2O emission, would offset GHG emission mitigation by BECCS. Meanwhile, the enrichment and leaching of pesticide residues increased the risk of groundwater contamination. This study revealed water consumption and contamination issues caused by BECCS cannot be neglected. Thus, additional studies of accurate land-use models in global scale and advanced technology for biofuel extraction are needed in the future.

Evaluation of regional water security in China and recommendations for counter measures

Given its rapid social and economic development, China has been facing increasingly severe water security issues, including resource scarcity, uneven temporal/spatial resource distribution, and serious issues related to pollution. With reference to the Human Development Index (HDI), a series of macro-indexed systems are proposed to address regional water security by establishing a comprehensive water security evaluation model involving flood management security, resource security, and ecological security. The model evaluates regional water security through the efficacy of flood management measures, the security of regional water resources, and the sustainability of ecological environments. Water security conditions were evaluated annually from 2000 to 2015 for 31 provincial-level administrative regions in China. The evaluation includes the identification of water security levels in the various regions and the analysis of difficult issues regarding water security, which would help local government authorities establish corresponding policy. Compared with other existing evaluation methods, this model has advantages of easily obtainable data and quick calculation methods, which is convenient for evaluating water security across different times and regions.

The Impact of Virtual Water on Sustainable Development in Gansu Province

The concept of virtual water, as a new approach for addressing water shortage and safety issues, can be applied to support sustainable development in water-scarce regions. Using the input-output method, the direct and the complete water use coefficients of industries categorized as primary, secondary, or tertiary, and the spatial flow patterns of the inter-provincial trade in the Gansu province region of China, were explored. The results show that in 2007, 2010, and 2012 the direct and complete water use coefficients of the primary industries were the greatest among the three industry categories, with direct water use coefficients of 1545.58, 882.28, and 762.16, respectively, and complete water use coefficients of 1692.22, 1005.38, and 873.44, respectively; whereas, the direct and complete water use coefficient values of the tertiary industry category were the lowest, with direct water use coefficients of 16.65, 7.74, and 66.89 for 2007, 2010, and 2012, respectively, and complete water use coefficients of 65.46, 66.89, and 72.81 for 2007, 2010, and 2012, respectively. In addition, study results suggest that the volume of virtual water supplied to Gasnu province’s local industries has decreased annually, while virtual water exports from the province have increased annually, with the primary industry accounting for 95% of virtual water output. Overall, the virtual water of Gansu province in 2010 showed a net output trend, with a total output of 0.506 billion m3, while in 2007 and 2012 it showed a net input trend with a total input of 0.104 and 1.235 billion m3, respectively. Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Ningxia and other water-scarce areas were the main input, or import source for Gansu’s virtual water; during the years studied, these provinces imported more than 50 million m3 individually. Based on these results, it is clear that under the current structure, virtual water is mainly exported to the well-developed coastal areas and their adjacent provinces or other water-abundant regions. Therefore, Gansu province should (1) adjust the industrial structure and develop water-saving and high-tech industries; (2) adjust the current trade pattern to reduce virtual water output while increasing its input to achieve balanced economic development and water resource security.

Dynamic Analysis of the Coupling Coordination Relationship between Urbanization and Water Resource Security and Its Obstacle Factor.

Water resource security is an important condition for socio-economic development. Recently, the process of urbanization brings increasing pressures on water resources. Thus, a good understanding of harmonious development of urbanization and water resource security (WRS) systems is necessary. This paper examined the coordination state between urbanization and WRS and its obstacle factors in Beijing city, utilizing the improved coupling coordination degree (ICCD) model, obstacle degree model, and indicator data from 2008 to 2017. Results indicated that: (1) The coupling coordination degree between WRS and urbanization displayed an overall upward tendency during the 2008–2017 period; the coupling coordination state has changed from an imbalanced state into a good coordination state, experiencing from a high-speed development stage (2008–2010), through a steady growth stage (2010–2014), towards a low-speed growth (2014–2017). (2) In urbanization system, both the social and spatial urbanizations have the greatest obstruction to the development of urbanization-WRS system. The subsystems of pressure and state are the domain obstacle subsystems in WRS system. These results can provide important support for urban planning and water resource protection in the future, and hold great significance for urban sustainable development.

Mapping the Distribution of Water Resource Security in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region at the County Level under a Changing Context

The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jingjinji) region is the most densely populated region in China and suffers from severe water resource shortage, with considerable water-related issues emerging under a changing context such as construction of water diversion projects (WDP), regional synergistic development, and climate change. To this end, this paper develops a framework to examine the water resource security for 200 counties in the Jingjinji region under these changes. Thus, county-level water resource security is assessed in terms of the long-term annual mean and selected typical years (i.e., dry, normal, and wet years), with and without the WDP, and under the current and projected future (i.e., regional synergistic development and climate change). The outcomes of such scenarios are assessed based on two water-crowding indicators, two use-to-availability indicators, and one composite indicator. Results indicate first that the water resources are distributed unevenly, relatively more abundant in the northeastern counties and extremely limited in the other counties. The water resources are very limited at the regional level, with the water availability per capita and per unit gross domestic product (GDP) being only 279/290 m3 and 46/18 m3 in the current and projected future scenarios, respectively, even when considering the WDP. Second, the population carrying capacity is currently the dominant influence, while economic development will be the controlling factor in the future for most middle and southern counties. This suggests that significant improvement in water-saving technologies, vigorous replacement of industries from high to low water consumption, as well as water from other supplies for large-scale applications are greatly needed. Third, the research identifies those counties most at risk to water scarcity and shows that most of them can be greatly relieved after supplementation by the planned WDP. Finally, more attention should be paid to the southern counties because their water resources are not only limited but also much more sensitive and vulnerable to climate change. This work should benefit water resource management and allocation decisions in the Jingjinji region, and the proposed assessment framework can be applied to other similar problems.

An assessment of energy storage options for large-scale PV-RO desalination in the extended Mediterranean region

Seawater desalination is already a largely adopted option to cope with the scarcity of natural water resources, but the increasing concerns about water availability in the future make it even more attractive. Because desalination is a highly energy-demanding process, its coupling with renewable energy sources is an essential step for the sustainable production of desalinated water at large scales. In this work we analyze the potential to deploy large-scale seawater desalination using reverse osmosis (RO) under the hypothesis that all the required energy is provided by photovoltaic (PV) production. A simulation over the extended Mediterranean area shows that securing desalinated water for up to about 200 million people in the region is technically possible using PV only, and the benefits of energy storage in batteries and/or water reservoirs are usually higher than its costs. This suggests that water management policies could consider desalination more broadly and encourage PV-based RO, as a possible win-win and cost-effective strategy to improve water and energy resources security.

Highly efficient treatment of oily wastewater using magnetic carbon nanotubes/layered double hydroxides composites

Water contaminated by emulsified oily wastewater seriously threatens the security of water resources globally. Herein, a three-dimensional composite, containing carboxylated carbon nanotubes (CNTs), magnetic particles (Fe3O4), and layered double hydroxides (LDHs), was prepared and utilized to separate emulsified oil from crude oil, paraffin oil, and hexadecane oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. The morphology and physicochemical properties of the synthesized MCNTs/LDHs composites were studied by TEM, SEM, FT-IR, XRD, XPS, VSM, and ζ-potential analyzer. The effect of mass ratio of LDHs:MCNTs, temperature, and ionic strength on the removal of emulsified oil was also investigated. Due to the synergy of each component, the MCNTs/LDHs composites exhibited superior oil/water separation performance. It was found that the oil/water separation efficiencies of higher than 99% could be achieved at an optimal condition. Moreover, maximum oil/water separation efficiency for crude oil O/W emulsions was attained at a composite with a mass ratio of LDHs:MCNTs = 1:1, and maximum oil/water separation efficiency for paraffin oil and hexadecane O/W emulsions were attained at a composite with a mass ratio of LDHs:MCNTs = 1:5. The adsorption of emulsified oil onto MCNTs/LDHs composites constituted an endothermic reaction. The emulsified oil adsorption capacities were found to increase as ionic strength increased. According to the results of dynamic interfacial tension and characterization of optical microscope, the oil/water separation process involved interfacial adsorption, demulsification of stable emulsions, and magnetic separation. In addition, the MCNTs/LDHs composites still possessed prominent oil/water separation performance after five times of reuse, suggesting their wide application prospects in the treatment of oily wastewater.

Model of Forensic Hydrography

Forensic science plays a vital role in the work of judicial bodies. The contents, knowledge, and specialized expertise permit the identification of facts essential to law enforcement and judicial disputes. Hydrography is an applied science that concerns the physical description, measurement, mapping, and predictions of marine and terrestrial water features (ocean, seas, rivers, lakes, and coastal areas). A variety of economic and other activities take place in water resources. In order to reduce incidents and losses, it is extremely important to operate with accurate hydrographic data. In addition to its standard analytical role, forensics may serve in the prevention of adverse events and /or conditions. This paper aims at contributing towards the development of the new multidisciplinary field of forensic hydrography. The specific objectives are to provide a framework for the establishment of a model of forensic hydrography. A model of forensic hydrography is developed based on eleven modules (elements) relevant to fields in the marine, terrestrial, and coastal water domains. Forensic hydrography should serve the analysis and prevention of unwanted and other events and conditions to increase safety of navigation and security of water resources and in support of all other marine activities, including economic development, defence, safety and security, scientific research, social cohesion, as well as environmental management and conservation.

Influencing Indicators and Quantitative Assessment of Water Resources Security in Karst Region Based on PSER Model—The Case of Guizhou

An important basis to achieve a sustainable balance between water availability and demand is effectively identifying the factors affecting water resource security and evaluating the effectiveness of existing water resource management measures. To reasonably evaluate water resource security in Guizhou Province, this study combined the water resource security features, selected the indicator system based on the Press–Status–Effect–Response (PSER) framework, and used Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and grey correlation analysis for the province from 2001 to 2015. This allowed us to identify the main driving factors affecting water resource security. The results showed that: (1) Water resource security in Guizhou Province showed an overall trend of improvement from 2001 to 2015 and reached a maximum index of 0.57 in 2015. This amelioration in water security was mainly due to the continuous improvement of the response and effect subgroup as a result of improvements in its existing subgroup factors (policies), such as water consumption per unit of gross domestic product (GDP), the proportion of water conservancy investment, and the proportion of the tertiary industry. Increased water stress due to rapid economic development, such as water supply for the reservoir, and the instability of the status subgroup, were the main factors negatively affecting water resource security. (2) Reduction of water consumption per USD of industrial value added, the control force of water and soil erosion being strengthened, and investment in water resources being increased, are the key factors for achieving water resource security in Guizhou during this period of rapid social and economic development. This indicates that the existing water resource management measures have been improving water resource security. The management measures need to be further improved in the future to protect water resource.

How to allocate interbasin water resources? A method based on water flow in water-deficient areas

Water resources are one of the most important natural resources in ecosystems, and they have characteristics of natural and artificial flows. Natural flow causes water resources to flow from upstream to downstream between different regions in accordance with the terrain, whereas artificial flow leads to changes in seasonal and regional allocations of water resources. The water safety status of different regions differs under natural water flow, while water-deficient areas can restore the regional water safety situation by artificially allocating water resources. This study (1) uses Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) software to simulate water provisions and calculates water consumption through industrial, agricultural and domestic water use; (2) combines the digital elevation model (DEM) of Shandong and Henan Provinces and uses computer programming to introduce natural flow into water resource assessment; (3) according to the flow relationship between cities, assesses water resource security in real conditions; and (4) based on the water security index (WSI), simulates the water resources of interbasin water transfer. The results show that the water safety situation of cities in Shandong and Henan Provinces is very poor. Only 1 city is safe with regard to water resources out of 34 cities in the 2 provinces, while the other 33 cities are unsafe. The eastern coastal area of Shandong Province has the largest demand for water resources, of which Yantai City, with the worst water security situation and the water resources allocation, has a demand of 8.53 × 108 m3. The results for Xinyang, which has the best water security situation, indicate that water resources should not be allocated artificially. The characteristics of water resource flow determine the necessity of considering the flow in regional water resource security assessment. A flow-based interbasin water transfer allocation scheme can provide a reference for relevant research.

Evaluating Water Resource Accessibility in Southwest China

The accessibility, quantity, and quality of water resources are the basic requirements for guaranteeing water resource security. Research into regional water resource accessibility will contribute to improving regional water resource security and effective water resource management. In this study, we used a water resource accessibility index model considering five spatial factors to evaluate the grid-scale water resource accessibility and constructed the spatial pattern of water resource accessibility in Southwest China. Then, we analyzed the coupling coordination degree between county-level water resource accessibility and eco-socio-economic water demand elements. The water resource accessibility showed obvious regional differences, and the overall trend gradually decreased from Southeast to Northwest. The coupling coordination degree between county-level water resource accessibility and eco-socio-economic water demand elements was between 0.26 and 0.84, and was relatively low overall, whereas the counties (districts) with high coordination, moderate coordination, low coordination, reluctant coordination, and incoordination accounted for 0.92%, 5.31%, 21.06%, 59.71%, and 13.00% of total counties (districts), respectively. Therefore, the Southwest region needs to further strengthen the construction of its agricultural irrigation facilities, protect the water resources, and coordinate the relationship between water resource management and water demand elements to comprehensively guarantee regional sustainable development.

Coseismic Groundwater Drawdown Along Crustal Ruptures During the 2016 Mw 7.0 Kumamoto Earthquake

AbstractGroundwater‐level changes after earthquakes provide insight into changes in hydrogeological properties such as permeability and pore pressure. Quantifying such changes, both their location and magnitude, is usually hindered by limited data. Using extensive high‐resolution water‐level monitoring records, we provide direct evidence of significant groundwater drawdown (4.74‐m maximum) over a 160‐km2 area along crustal ruptures after the Mw 7.0, 2016, Kumamoto earthquake. Approximately 106 m3 of water disappeared within 35 min after the main shock. The loss of water was not caused by static‐strain driven pore‐pressure decrease nor by releasing of water through structural pathways, but most likely by water transfer downwards through open cracks. Such changes may impact the security of water resources, the safety of underground waste repositories, and contaminant transport in seismically active areas.

Evaluation of the comprehensive carrying capacity of interprovincial water resources in China and the spatial effect

There has been a series of water resource problems, such as imbalances of the water supply and demand and serious water pollution, in China. It is important for the Chinese government to formulate a sustainable development strategy for water resources and to effectively guarantee the national water resource security. This paper divides the comprehensive carrying capacity of water resources into the following three aspects: the water resource balance capacity, the water resource pressure and driving force, and the water resource development and utilization capacity. Taking 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions of China as research objects, the catastrophe progression method is adopted to evaluate the comprehensive carrying capacity of interprovincial water resources in China from 2010 to 2016. The direct effects and spatial spillover effects of different factors on water resources are discussed by constructing a spatial Durbin model (SDM). The results show that there are obvious spatial differences in the water resource balance ability, pressure and driving force, and development and utilization ability. The spatial distribution follows a decreasing trend from east to west and from south to north. The water supply, water demand, investment in environmental management, economic development and balance of the ecosystem have obvious direct effects on the carrying capacity of water resources. The spatial spillover effect of the water supply and demand, energy consumption, the proportion of protected areas and the newly increased areas of soil erosion control are significant and will have a strong impact on the water resource carrying capacity of surrounding areas. The conclusion of this paper can provide a reference for the government in making water resource management policies.

Integrating agricultural land, water yield and soil conservation trade-offs into spatial land use planning

• Sharp decline in agricultural land area, water yield and sediment load were observed from 2000 to 2015. • We optimized land use based on the trade-off between ecosystem services on the hydrological response unit (HRU) scale. • Conservation scenario achieved higher soil conservation at cost of less water yield and agriculture. • The spatial configurations of the GfG measures need a detailed adjustment. Since the implementation of the Grain for Green (GfG) project in 1999, the environment of China's Loess Plateau has been largely restored, and soil erosion has been controlled in places. However, new problems associated with food and river water resource security have arisen. Thus, to achieve sustainable development, it is critical to integrate agriculture and resource conservation with soil conservation. In this study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to investigate the relationship between sediment load and water yield in the Yanhe watershed in the Loess Plateau. The results were as follows: (1) Sharp declines in agricultural land area (43.78%), water yield (38.48%) and sediment load (38.71%) have occurred since the implementation of the GfG project. (2) Based on the spatial heterogeneity of hydrological response units (HRUs), we proposed a simple method for land use planning that considers river water resources, agriculture and sediment loading and then established a balanced conservation scenario. Compared with the scenario in 2030 (planning scenario), the conservation scenario reduced the sediment yield by 6.4%, increased the water yield by 4.5%, and increased agricultural land by 80.1%. Our results can be used to support spatially targeted land use planning, which is beneficial for the sustainable development of the GfG project.

Evaluation of Water Resources Security in the Karst Region from the “Man-Land-Water” Perspective: A Case Study of Guizhou Province

This paper constructs a water resources security evaluation model from the “man (human activity intensity)-land (geological and geomorphological features)-water (water resources background conditions)” perspective, which accounts for the characteristics of hydrology and water resources in karst areas. A water resources security evaluation index system is established from three aspects (i.e., the background conditions of water resources, human activity intensity and geological and geomorphological features). The evaluation standard threshold is determined in accordance with relevant standards and domestic/foreign development experience. Both the comprehensive weights obtained by the Lagrange coefficient and the multi-objective fuzzy membership functions are used to comprehensively evaluate the spatial and temporal evolution of water resources security in Guizhou Province from 2001 to 2015. The results show that the water resources security comprehensive index of Guizhou Province was between 0.6 and 0.8 during this time (relatively safe type) and the safety was trending upwards. However, the comprehensive index of water resources security of each city in Guizhou Province demonstrates significant spatiotemporal variation. Whilst the comprehensive index was low in the Western part and high in the Eastern part of the province, it generally improved over time for the entire province. Moreover, the criteria layer indexes of water resources security in Guizhou Province and all cities also showed different degrees of variation and regional consistency across space and time. The interaction among these three aspects promoted the spatiotemporal variation of the Water Resources Security Comprehensive Index. In order to safeguard and improve water resources security, it is important to strengthen ecological and environmental management, promote the efficient use of water resources, establish sound management measures and security system related institutions and ensure water resources security.

Examining Water Security in the Challenging Environment in Togo, West Africa

Water shortages across the globe have increased due to climate change among other factors with negative impacts expected at the river basin level. Anticipating these impacts will help experts act in a timely manner to avoid a future water crisis. As part of addressing the future water shortage impacts on the Togolese community, this paper assessed water security in the context of the global environmental change in the Oti River Basin taking Oti Nord sub-basin (ONSB) as a case study. Key informants’ interviews were done with staff from governmental institutions, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), community-based organizations, and private operators. The Improved Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Model (IFCEM) was used for assessing water security (WS). A basin level WS evaluation system including five subcomponents (external environment security, water resources security, water-society security, water economic security, and water-environment security) and 23 indicators related to climate, socio-economy, water availability, and consumption were constructed. The results showed that the water level is very insecure in the sub-basin for the assessed years (2010, 2015, and 2025) with the year 2025 being the worst (expected a decrease of water security by 20% and 1% in 2025 compared to the years 2015 and 2010, respectively). This insecurity is found to be the result of many factors including technical, institutional, juridical, environmental, socio-cultural, hydrogeological, and demographical factors. However, managerial factors such as institutional instability, the inadequacies in water and related sector evolution, and the absence of de-centralized water management structures, the non-operationalization of management organs/financial instruments, and culture (i.e., taboos and bylaws) are found to be key to the study area. The paper concluded that the operationalization of management organs/financial instruments may enable the application of adopted water policies and regulations, which may lead to a sound and coordinated management of the available water resources since this will enable the government’s self-investment in clean water provision, data acquisition (potential water available and the estimation of economic driven potential water needs, which are key for any sound development), and a stimulated joined effort from the existing institutions. In addition, the establishment of a sound waste management system and awareness raising, and educative activities regarding water pollution will be of great benefit for this cause.

Water resource policy support system of the Caspian Basin

Water resource policy support system (WRPSS) is a process that addresses environmental policy and water resource management analyses in conjunction with data interpretation. We examine the use of a WRPSS in Iran’s northern semi-arid region of the Caspian Basin and present how eight human and non-human pressure factors, if automated, would assist in water resource security. The main features of the WRPSS include: (1) water policy modifications suitable to local environmental conditions for water evaluation and (2) development of spatial tools to derive criteria weights. A dynamic, calculative process formulates weight and critical intervals for each pressure parameter provided. The developed knowledge-base ensures the WRPSS record represents a realistic, practicable, and functional system for sound water policy. Such know-how is useful in determining water resource pressure factors in relation to a policy support system (PSS) analysis. WRPSS ensures results are interpreted within the relevant context of maximizing efficiency of water policy goals and PSS interpellation. Results indicate the Caspian Basin’s agricultural water consumption and dam infrastructure are considered most and least important sub-criteria, respectively. Moreover, the sub-basin of Haraz-Ghareh Su is worst off study-wide.

东部发达区生态安全格局构建——以苏南地区为例

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 东部发达区生态安全格局构建——以苏南地区为例 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201802050308 作者: 作者单位: 南京大学地理与海洋科学学院,南京大学地理与海洋科学学院,江苏省土地勘测规划院,江苏省土地勘测规划院,南京大学地理与海洋科学学院,南京大学地理与海洋科学学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家科技支撑计划项目（2015BAD06B02） Establishment of an ecological security pattern in the eastern developed regions: A case study of the Sunan District Author: Affiliation: School of Geographic and Oceanographic Science, Nanjing University,School of Geographic and Oceanographic Science, Nanjing University,,,, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:随着城市化进程的加快，东部发达区面临水土流失、生态廊道阻断、栖息地破碎化等生态问题。识别重要生态用地，构建生态安全格局，对区域生态保护和可持续发展具有重要意义。选取苏南地区为研究区，分别基于生物多样性保护价值、水资源安全和土壤保持3项指标进行生态用地识别，结合GIS技术进行生态用地评价，以高等级生态用地作为源地；利用最小累积阻力模型，识别缓冲区和生态廊道，构建区域生态安全格局。取得以下研究结果：（1）生态安全格局由源地、廊道和缓冲区共同构成。研究区内高等级（非常重要）生态用地面积比例为22.97%；将面积大于10 km2的高等级生态用地提取为源地，生态源地的面积比例为19.17%。（2）基于最小累积阻力模型，确定了生态缓冲区和生态廊道，其中生态缓冲区占研究区总面积的30.52%，潜在生态廊道的主要景观构成为耕地、林地和水域，分别占廊道总面积的31.82%、19.06%和17.27%。（3）通过叠加城市建设用地与生态源地、生态缓冲区图层，识别城市建设用地与生态用地的冲突区域，总面积为603.84 km2，占源地与缓冲区面积总和的4.38%，空间上主要集中在长江沿线和太湖周边。 Abstract:Humans and nature are in an organic and dynamic equilibrium, and human beings must respect, conform to, and protect nature. However, along with continuous economic growth and urbanization, our country faces huge pressures for resources, and the environment and ecological systems are under serious threat. How to protect ecological security has become a focus for our country's sustainable development. Urban expansion is an important driving force of land use and cover change, and high-intensity human activities have greatly altered the structure of natural ecosystems, decreased ecosystem service functions, and seriously threatened regional ecological security. In recent years, a series of environmental problems have arisen, including habitat fragmentation, biodiversity reduction, and water pollution. Therefore, it is of great importance to identify ecological land and establish an ecological security pattern for regional ecological protection and sustainable development. Although there are a lot of studies about ecological security patterns in China, in most cases, the research scale is at the municipal or county level, and there are few studies at the regional scale, especially those aimed at the eastern developed areas. The study area of this research was the Sunan District, which is in the south Jiangsu Province of eastern China. It is one of the most developed and modernized regions of China with a GDP close to the level of other developed countries, and the proportion of its urban population was 75.9% in 2016.In such a fast-growing region, it is essential to establish a landscape security pattern for the coordinated development of economy and ecology. Based on the ecological background characteristics of the Sunan District, this study quantified and mapped three ecosystem services, namely biodiversity conservation, water resource security, and soil conservation, and classified ecological land into five levels (very important, important, relatively important, general, and not important) using a GIS spatial analysis method. In order to reflect differences in the impact of different land use patterns and intensities on ecological resistance under the same land use coverage type, we used nighttime light data to modify the basic ecological resistance surface which was obtained by the expert scoring method based on land-use type assignments. The minimum cumulative resistance model was used to identify ecological corridors and buffers. The ecological sources, buffers, and corridors, collectively, made up the ecological security pattern for the study area. The results showed that the area of very important ecological land was 6365.92 km2 and accounted for 22.97% of the total area. When very important ecological land above 10 km2 was selected as a source, the total area was 5313.31 km2 and accounted for 19.17% of the total area. The ecological buffer area was 8458.79 km2 and accounted for 30.52% of the total area. As for the ecological corridors, about 31.82% was farmland, 19.06% was forested areas, and 17.27% was a water body. We believe that building a comprehensive security pattern of critical ecological lands, with the advantages of spatial linkages, is an efficient spatial approach for species conservation and landscape optimization. Therefore, our results could provide a scientific reference for regional ecological and spatial layout planning for future sustainability. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Current Situation and Future Security of Agricultural Water Resources in North China

Current Situation and Future Security of Agricultural Water Resources in North China

白洋淀流域湿地连通性研究

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 白洋淀流域湿地连通性研究 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201809302127 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家重点研发计划课题（2017YFA0603004）；中国科学院战略性先导科技专项（A类）（XDA19030203）；国家自然科学基金项目（41271423） Preliminary study on wetland connectivity in Baiyangdian basin Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:湿地在流域防洪减灾、水资源调节、缓解环境污染、保护生物多样性和维持区域生态环境方面具有重要功能和价值。作为我国北方平原湿地系统之一，白洋淀流域湿地对于保障雄安新区的水资源安全和良好生态环境等方面具有关键性作用。了解目前白洋淀流域湿地生态系统的现状对于新区建设和未来科学规划也具有重要意义。以2017年9月欧空局提供的10米分辨率的Sentinel-2B影像为主要数据源，并结合谷歌地球高分辨率卫星影像（分辨率0.23m），通过人工目视解译和机器自动分类等多种方式，绘制了白洋淀流域最新的湿地生态系统网络分布图；在此基础上，利用地理信息系统分析了白洋淀流域湿地的连通性（包括水文连通性和景观连通性）。结果显示：（1）2017年白洋淀流域湿地面积为4596.6km2，包括沼泽、洪泛区、沟渠、湖泊、河流，主要分布在坡度为0°至2°，海拔在100m以下的平坦地区；而流域内非湿地面积约86%，以耕地和林地为主。（2）2017年白洋淀流域河道长度为2440km，面积为514 km2，其中山区河道177 km2，平原河道337 km2。河道内耕地面积比例达27%，建设用地比例约为8%，河道占用明显。河道两侧1km、2km和3km距离范围内耕地比例分别占61.77%、62.53%、62.63%。随着距离的扩大，湿地面积减少，非湿地面积增加。（3）由于人类活动的直接和间接影响，河道的水文连通性下降，与河道没有受到干扰时的连通性水平相比，减少了三分之一。（4）从景观格局指数SPLIT和DIVISION指示的流域湿地连通性看，景观级别上流域内自然湿地的景观连通性最差，人工湿地次之。在类型级别上沼泽类型的连通性最差，河流、沟渠与洪泛区湿地类型的连通性较好，湖泊的景观连通性最好。为保障白洋淀流域水安全，以流域湿地网络为整体，恢复和增强流域湿地网络连通性，将有效提高雄安新区水资源安全和生态环境保护的能力。 Abstract:Wetlands have important functions and values in flood control and disaster mitigation, water resource regulation, mitigation of environmental pollution, protection of biodiversity, and maintenance of regional ecological environment. As one of the wetland systems in the northern plain of China, the Baiyangdian basin wetlands play a key role in safeguarding the water resources security and good ecological environment in Xiong'an New Area. It is of great significance to understand the current status of wetland ecosystem in the Baiyangdian basin for the construction of new area and future scientific planning. Based on the 10-meter resolution Sentinel-2B image provided by the European Space Agency in September 2017 as main data source, and combined with Google earth high-resolution satellite image (resolution 0.23m), this paper has drawn the latest wetland ecosystem network distribution map of Baiyangdian basin using manual visual interpretation and automatic machine classification. On this basis, the connectivity of Baiyangdian basin wetland (including hydrological connectivity and landscape connectivity) was analyzed with GIS (Geographic Information System). The results show that:(1) In 2017, the wetland area of Baiyangdian basin was 4596.6km2, including marshes, floodplains, irrigation canals, lakes, and rivers. Those wetlands mainly distributed in flat areas with a slope of 0° to 2° and an altitude of 100m or less. The area of non-wetland in the basin accounted for about 86%, mainly cultivated land and forestland. (2) In 2017, the length of the river courses in the Baiyangdian basin was 2440 km, with an area of 514 km2, including 177 km2 in the mountainous area and 337 km2 in the plain area. The river course was obviously occupied, in which the proportion of the cultivated land reached 27%, and the proportion of construction land was about 8%. The proportion of cultivated land within the range of 1km, 2km and 3km on both sides of the river took up 61.77%, 62.53% and 62.63%, respectively. With the increase of distance, the area of wetland decreases and the area of non-wetland increases. (3) As a result of the direct and indirect effects of human activities, the hydrological connectivity of river courses has decreased by one third compared with the level of connectivity when the river courses were undisturbed. (4) From the perspective of the wetland landscape connectivity indicated by SPLIT and DIVISION, the natural wetland in the basin had the worst landscape connectivity, followed by constructed wetlands at the landscape level. At the type level, the marsh type had the worst connectivity, and the connectivity of rivers, irrigation canals and floodplains wetlands was better, and the lake had the best landscape connectivity. In order to guarantee the water security of Baiyangdian basin, restoring and enhancing the connectivity of the wetland network in the basin as a whole will effectively improve the ability of water resources safety and ecological environment protection capacity in the Xiong'an New Area. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献