Water Refill Research Articles

Perceptions of Sanitation Hygiene Refill Drinking Water Depot in The Region of Indonesia

Refill drinking water depots are in great demand in society because the price of drinking water is relatively lower. This condition showed that the drinking water quality in depot managers needs more attention. Sanitation hygiene of drinking water refill depots is considered to reduce the factors that cause contamination of drinking water. This study aimed to analyze the sanitation of refill drinking water depots.

Operational Optimization Of A Potable Water Refilling Station

This is study which focused on the determination of the coastal water quality, of the Aroma Beach, a strip of gray sand which stretches more than one kilometer and located in San Jose, Occidental Mindoro. To determine water quality, water samples were taken monthly from February 2019 to May 2019 and subjected to analysis for pH, DO, temperature and oil and grease. Microbiological tests include determination of total coliform and fecal coliform measured in terms of most probable number per 100ml of the water sampled. Results of the study indicate that the coastal waters at Aroma Beach is safe for contact swimming and other recreational activities, however, values of its oil and grease have exceeded the maximum concentration slightly exceeded the DENR threshold for this pollutant. 

Joining Sustainable Design and Internet of Things Technologies on Campus: The IPVC Smartbottle Practical Case

Higher education institutions (HEIs) are favored environments for the implementation of technological solutions that accelerate the generation of smart campi, given the dynamic ecosystem they create based on the involvement of inspired and motivated human resources (students, professors, and researchers), moving around in an atmosphere of advanced digital infrastructures and services. Moreover, HEIs have, in their mission, not only the creation of integrated knowledge through Research and Development (R&D) activities but also solving societal problems that address the academic community expectations concerning environmental issues, contributing, therefore, towards a greener society embodied within the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This article addresses the design and implementation of a Smartbottle Ecosystem in which an interactive and reusable water bottle communicates with an intelligent water refill station, both integrated by the Internet of Things (IoT) and Information and Communications Technologies (ICT), to eliminate the use of single-use plastic water bottles in the premises of the Polytechnical Institute of Viana do Castelo (IPVC), an HEI with nearly 6000 students. Three main contributions were identified in this research: (i) the proposal of a novel methodology based on the association of Design Thinking and Participatory Design as the basis for Sustainable Design; (ii) the design and development of an IoT-enabled smartbottle prototype; and (iii) the usability evaluation of the proposed prototype. The adopted methodology is rooted in Design Thinking and mixes it with a Participatory Design approach, including the end-user opinion throughout the Smartbottle Ecosystem design process, not only for the product design requirements but also for its specification. By promoting a participatory solution tailored to the IPVC academic community, recycled plastic has been identified as the preferential material and a marine mammal was selected for the smartbottle shape, in the process of developing a solution to replace the single-use plastic bottles.

THE EFFECT OF PRICE, SERVICE AND PROMOTION ON REPURCHASE DECISION OF WATER REFILLS PRODUCT OF METRO PALU

This research aims to determine and analyze the effect of price, service, and promotion simultaneously and partially on decision to repurchase the product of water refills of Metro Palu. The population in this research were all customers of the Metro Palu refill water refills station. The number of samples in this research were 123 respondents. This research applied a descriptive causal with data analysis technique using multiple linear regression. Data were analyzed through SPSS application. The results show that the variables of price, service and promotion simultaneously have a positive effect on repurchase decisions, the significant value of F is 0.000 < (0.05). Moreover, the partial test result obtains that the price variable has a significant value of t = 0.006 < (0.05). It can be concluded that the price variable positively and significantly affects on repurchase decision. Furthermore, the service variable has a significant value of t = 0.006 < (0.05) so it can be concluded that the service variable has a positive and significant effect on repurchase decision. The results of the partial test show that the promotion variable has a significant value of t = 0.000 < (0.05). Thus, so it can be concluded that the promotion variable has a positive and significant effect on repurchase decision.
 
 Keywords: Prices, Services, Promotions, Repurchase Decisions, Metro Palu Water Refills

Relationship Of Mother’s Knowledge About PHBS With Children Diarrhea Case In Jagasatru Public Health Center, Cirebon City Year 2019

The high morbidity due to diarrhea in children under five in Indonesia, including at the Jagasatru Public Health Center, Cirebon City, is above 30% in the last 3 years, and there is a tendency to increase every year. Diarrhea is still included in the top 10 most diseases at the Jagasatru Public Health Center, Cirebon City in the last two years. The coverage of household PHBS is still lacking, namely 51.7%, and from several research results there is a relationship between mother's knowledge and PHBS. Thus, we want to know how the relationship between mother/caregiver knowledge about PHBS and the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers at the Jagasatru Public Health Center, Cirebon City. This study is a quantitative study using a case-control design. The sample was 153 people, consisting of 51 cases and 102 controls. The case sample was a child under five who had diarrhea diagnosed by a health center doctor in the last 3 months which was obtained from the medical records of the Jagasatru Health Center and the control sample was a child under five who had not had diarrhea in the last 3 months whose residence was close to the house of the diarrhea sufferer. The number of sample cases: control is 1:2. The data analysis used was univariate, bivariate using chi square and multivariate using multiple logistic regression. The description of the incidence of diarrhea in this study, mothers with less knowledge 38.6, adult mothers 83%, mothers not working 92%, low income 62.7%, PHBS actions were not good 49.7%, mothers gave exclusive breastfeeding 60.8% , mothers wash their hands with soap 50.3%, family latrines meet the requirements 73.2%, treatment of drinking water is boiled until it boils 89.5%, littering 6.6% carry out measles immunization 85%. Variables related to the incidence of diarrhea include knowledge of PHBS mother/caregiver (p value < 0.001, OR 6.16, 95%, CI 2.94-12.86) PHBS measures (p value < 0.001, OR 5.09, 95 %, CI 2.47-10.49) exclusive breastfeeding (p value < 0.001, OR5.09, 95%, CI 2.94-12.86) washing hands with soap (p value < 0.001, OR 11.23 , 95%, CI 4.75-26.59) drinking water treatment (p value 0.004, OR 5.31, 95%, CI 1.558-9.811) landfill (p value 0.016, OR 5.31.95%, CI 0.132-21.54) and measles immunization (p value 0.005, OR 3,910.95%, CI 1.558-9.811. The dominant variable is drinking water treatment (p value 0.002, OR 14.66.95%, CI 2.94). -12.86). In preventing diarrhea, mothers need to increase knowledge about PHBS, promote the importance of PHBS in every Puskesmas activity, inspection of basic sanitation facilities, especially bottled water facilities circulating in the community. Regular development of drinking water refill depots to maintain the quality of water sold to the public.Keywords : Mother's knowledge, incidence of diarrhea

Double-Nozzle Capillary Force Gripper for Cubical, Triangular Prismatic, and Helical 1-mm-Sized-Objects

In this letter, we describe a novel capillary force gripper with two nozzles for the manipulation of complex-shaped micro-objects. These nozzles rapidly form constant-volume droplets and have two primary functions: fast water refilling by capillary action and fast droplet formation by the on-off control of a diaphragm pump. Capillary force is a dominant microscopic force acting on objects of all shapes owing to the fluidity of water. Therefore, it is suitable for the capture and release of heterogeneous and complex-shaped micro-objects. In the experiments, we picked and placed 1-mm cubes, triangular prisms, and helical micro springs. The positioning errors ±SD for each shape were 54 ± 36 μm, 85 ± 32 μm, and 162 ± 74 μm, respectively. These prisms and springs are difficult to control using conventional air nozzles, which have a typical positioning accuracy of approximately ± 40 μm for rectangular prismatic objects. In addition, by setting the distance between the nozzles to an appropriate value, we reduced the deviation of the attitude angle around the vertical axis to ±2.6° using self-alignment phenomena for the 1-mm cubes. The proposed method is feasible for manipulating complex-shaped and fragile micro-objects in the micro-electro-mechanical systems field.

Phloem water isotopically different to xylem water: Potential causes and implications for ecohydrological tracing

AbstractThe stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in xylem water are often used to investigate tree water sources. But this traditional approach does not acknowledge the contribution of water stored in the phloem to transpiration and how this may affect xylem water and source water interpretations. Additionally, there is a prevailing assumption that there is no isotope fractionation during tree water transport. Here, we systematically sampled xylem and phloem water at daily and subdaily resolutions in a large lysimeter planted with Salix viminalis. Stem diurnal change in phloem water storage and transpiration rates were also measured. Our results show that phloem water is significantly less enriched in heavy isotopes than xylem water. At subdaily resolution, we observed a larger isotopic difference between xylem and phloem during phloem water refilling and under periods of tree water deficit. These findings contrast with the expectation of heavy‐isotope enriched water in phloem due to downward transport of enriched leaf water isotopic signatures. Because of previous evidence of aquaporin mediated phloem and xylem water transport and higher osmotic permeability of lighter hydrogen isotopologues across aquaporins, we propose that radial water transport across the xylem–phloem boundary may drive the relative depletion of heavy isotopes in phloem and their relative enrichment in xylem.

The Relationship Of Sanitation And Refill Water Quality With Stunting Events In The Work Area of Community Health Centers Titi Papan in Medan Deli District

Poor water quality is associated with various water-related diseases, as well as economic losses due to medical expenses and reduced productive days due to illness. According to him, proper drinking water is not necessarily safe. Sanitation is a public health effort that focuses on monitoring various environmental factors in the provision of clean water, disposal of human waste (latrines), waste management and waste water disposal that affect health status. Stunting is a condition where the child's growth is disturbed so that the child becomes shorter than the normal height of the child's age obtained from height measurements. This study aims to determine the quality of refilled water or drinking water consumed by families from refill drinking water depots or drinking water cooked by stunting families in the working area of ​​Titi Papan Health Center. This type of research is descriptive research, with the research design is cross sectional. The result of this study is that sanitation and drinking water quality are significantly related to the incidence of stunting in the working area of ​​the Titi Papan Public Health Center, Medan Deli District. The most dominant variable related to the incidence of stunting at the Titi Papan Health Center, Medan Deli District, was sanitation with a PR value of 16,212 and p<0.05, this means that good sanitation has 16 times the chance of not having stunting compared to poor sanitation.

THE ADSORPTION CAPACITY OF METHYLENE BLUE BY ACTIVATED CARBON IMMOBILIZED YARN

This study investigates the adsorption capacity of activated charcoal immobilized yarn against the methylene blue. Activated charcoal from refillable water filtration was used as a comparison. Activated charcoal was prepared by open and closed pyrolysis using a muffle furnace. The characterization of activated charcoal includes water content, adsorption of methylene blue, observations using a stereo microscope and Scanning Electrone Microscope. The results revieled that a 100 mesh activated charcoal powder with 75% Polyvinyl Acetate showed better properties in terms of thickness of the yarn layer, stability, and the surface morphology. The adsorption capacity test for the effect of the optimum time shows that activated charcoal from refilled water was optimum at 12 minutes, while activated charcoal regeneration, closed pyrolysis, and open pyrolysis took 9 minutes. The concentration of 1, 2, 3, and 4 ppm showed the absorbance results directly proportional to the increase in concentration. The greater the concentration, the higher the percentage of adsorption capacity. The comparative test for the type of activated charcoal with the best capacity is activated charcoal refill, regeneration, open pyrolysis, and closed pyrolysis, respectively. Based on the study results, it can be concluded that the immobilized activated charcoal yarn with 75% adhesive and 100 mesh activated charcoal powder can be effectively used to adsorb methylene blue, and open pyrolysis activated charcoal immobilized yarn can be regenerated

Determining a Midday Stem Water Potential Threshold for Irrigation of Table Grapes Water potential threshold

Sustainable table grape production depends on efficient water supply. Water potential is a useful indicator of water constraints in grapevines. In this regard, midday stem water potential (ΨS) is considered to be a better indicator of grapevine water status than leaf water potential (ΨL). The objective of the study was to determine a water potential threshold to set soil water refill lines for table grape irrigation. However, in previous studies carried out locally, only ΨL was measured. The relationship between ΨS and ΨL was determined for ten selected table grape cultivars. Since there were no differences between cultivars, a single equation could be used to convert midday ΨL measured in previous studies with table grapes to ΨS. Vegetative growth, berry mass and colour, as well as juice total soluble solids (TSS) data were pooled, and related to midday ΨS. This showed that -0.8 MPa seems to be a ΨS threshold for water constraints in the pre-harvest period that will allow sustainable growth and berry size for anisohydric table grape cultivars. The optimum ΨS for berry colour is between -0.8 MPa and -1.0 MPa. Consequently, a midday ΨS threshold of -0.8 MPa can be used to set refill points for irrigation where soil water content is measured on a regular basis in table grape vineyards.

Information Systems Development and Technology Plan for NADAP Water Refilling Station

Information Systems Development and Technology Plan for NADAP Water Refilling Station

Knowledge and Practices of Water Refilling Stations Owners And Operators: A Case Study

Knowledge and Practices of Water Refilling Stations Owners And Operators: A Case Study

Metal adsorption of Pb and Fe in refillable drinking water in Semarang City using Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) based on coconut shell and ozonation technology

Drinking Water Refilling Depot (DAMIU) is one of the most common sources of drinking water. Drinking water quality standards have been regulated in PERMENKES No. 492 Year 2010 concerning Drinking Water Requirements. Drinking water samples were taken at two DAMIU, which using a reverse osmosis process, located in Semarang. The sample contained metal contents (Pb and Fe) that exceeded the quality standards. The Pb metal content ranged from 0,17-0,18 mg/L with a quality standard of 0,01 mg/L and Fe metal content ranged from 0,43-0,48 mg/L with a quality standard of 0,3 mg/L. In this study, to reduce the levels of Pb and Fe metals are using adsorption and ozonation technology. Adsorption was carried out using powdered activated carbon from coconut shell with a particle size of 100 mesh, variations of dose used were 2, 3, 4, and 5 g. The variation of adsorption and ozonation contact time were 20, 40, and 60 minutes. The highest adsorption method efficiency with a 2 g dose and a 60 minutes time, with Pb and Fe levels are 97,2% and 97,0%, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest ozone efficiency was at 60 minutes with Pb and Fe levels of 90,7% and 92,3% respectively.

Optimizing the Measurement of Metal Content in Water Using the Kalman Filter Method

Research on detection and screening of metal in the water using Atmega 8535 Microcontroller focused on designing a device to detect metal levels in the water and it could conduct metal screening in the water. There were 3 samples such as well water, gallon water, drinking water, and RO water as a neutralizer. It was obtained fluctuating or unstable result. It was because several factors like lack of sensor probe number used, sensor probe materials which were too reactive to the water, and unstable change of output value because of previous value saving. Because of these problems, this study was conducted an optimization of metal content measurements in water with TDS sensor with Arduino Uno base. The optimization was done by using the Kalman Filter method. There were refill water samples, tap water /drinking water, and well water which were tested 30 times each. The error percentage results without the method were 29.74%, 9.53%, 9.02%, while the results error percentage used the Kalman Filter method were 29.34%, 9.39%, 8.94%. In this test, the Kalman Filter method could reduce the error percentage in a row by 0.4%, 0.14% and 0.08%. In the test comparing eight samples with the TDS meter, the researcher got the average error percentage for testing without the method of 7.881%, and the average error percentage for testing with the Kalman Filter method of 6.705%. In this case, the Kalman Filter method can reduce the error percentage by 1.176%. From these data, it could be concluded that the Kalman Filter method could reduce the error percentage so that the reading of the measurement results would be more stable.

The Influence of Product Quality and Service Quality on Customer Loyalty of Drinking Water Refill Depot in Bandung City

Along with changes in the behavior of Indonesian people in consuming drinking water, refill drinking water depots (DAMIU) have sprung up like mushrooms in the rainy season. In the midst of quite fierce competition between business actors, Drinking water refill depot (DAMIU). The Corona 19 pandemic has hit Indonesia, this condition has an impact on Refill Depot (DAMIU) business actors. Where consumers are now more careful in buying and consuming products. This is because consumers are afraid of contracting Covid 19 through the products they use/consume. Research is done with the aim to determine the effect of Product Quality and Service Quality on Customer Loyalty on Depot Water Refill in the city of Bandung. The method in this research is the descriptive-verificative method. P Collecting data is done by distributing questionnaires to 100 customers Depor Air recharging. The data obtained were processed using SPSS 25.0. The results of this research show that partially variable product quality is more influential to Customer Loyalty, rather than variable Service Quality and Price. While the simultaneous results of product quality, service quality, and price together have more influence on customer loyalty compared to partial results. This states that while maintaining product quality and continuing to improve service quality and setting competitive prices, where prices are set according to product quality and service quality provided, it will result in customer loyalty for Drinking water refill depotdepot... © RIGEO ● Review of International Geographical Education

Calcium Complexometry, and Lead SSA Several Water Refill Depots in Medan

Calcium minerals play an important role in maintaining body functions, while Lead is a dangerous heavy metal. The research was aimed at determining the levels of Calcium and Lead from several refill water depots in Medan. Calcium complexometry and lead AAS as their respective assay methods. Research shows calcium levels are 10.3-29.3 mg/L, correlation coefficient is 0.9928, and no lead is found in refill drinking water. Calcium levels do not meet the requirements, while lead levels still meet the WHO requirements.

Assessment of Arsenic Levels in Water, Sediment, and Human Hair around Ie Seu’um Geothermal Manifestation Area, Aceh, Indonesia

The concentration of arsenic in water, sediment, and resident hair in the Ie Seu’um geothermal manifestation area has been analyzed using the Atomic Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (GF-AAS) method. Sediment and hair samples were prepared by wet digestion using an acid solution. The measurement results were validated by linearity, Limit of Detection (LoD), Limit of Quantification (LoQ), Relative Standard Deviation (%RSD), and %Recovery. The validation test showed that this method is very linear, sensitive, accurate, and precise with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999, LoD of 0.009 μg/L, LoQ of 0.027 μg/L, recovery values of 89.117–101.027% for hair samples and 88.337–105.175% for sediment samples, and RSD of 1.067%. The sample test results showed that the hot springs contained the highest arsenic with levels of 166.73 ± 0.0081 μg/L (IS1). In comparison, the water samples with the lowest arsenic levels were in the rivers that had not been in direct contact with the hot water (IS2) flow, which is 0.80 ± 0.0036 μg/L. All the river water samples that had been in contact with hot water were boreholes, and the resident boreholes located around hot water streams/rivers contaminated with arsenic were above the threshold. Only the river water that had not been in contact with hot water, refill water, and borehole waters outside the hot water flow were detected to be below the threshold level. All the sediment samples showed arsenic contamination, with levels ranging from 2.56–6.86 mg/kg, and it was still within the normal limits recommended by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Arsenic exposures in communities living around the Ie Seu’um geothermal area, Mesjid Raya Sub-District, Aceh Besar District, Aceh Province, were very high, where 9 out of 10 respondents were positive for arsenic with levels ranging from 54.59–164.57 mg/kg, which was already above the threshold set by the researchers.

Evaluation of the ‘H2NOE Water Schools’ programme to promote water consumption in elementary schoolchildren: a non-randomised controlled cluster trial

This study evaluated a simple environmental intervention called 'Water Schools' in Lower Austria providing free refillable water bottles and educational material. Non-randomised controlled cluster trial with three measurements: at baseline (T0), after the intervention at 9 months (T1) and after 1-year follow-up (T2). Half-day elementary schools in Lower Austria (Austria). Third-grade pupils from twenty-two schools in the intervention group (IG) and thirty-two schools in the control group (CG) participated in the study. Data were analysed for 569 to 598 pupils in the IG and for 545 to 613 in the CG, depending on the time of measurement. The consumption of tap water increased in the IG from baseline to T1 and then decreased again at T2, but this was similar in the CG (no statistically significant difference in the time trend between the IG and CG). Similar results were seen for tap water consumption in the mornings. The proportion of children who only drank tap water on school mornings increased significantly from baseline to T1 in the IG compared to the CG (P = 0·020). No difference in the changes over time occurred between the groups for the proportion of pupils drinking approximately one bottle of tap water during school mornings. Not only the children in the IG but also those in the CG drank more tap water after 1 school year than at the beginning. The measurement of drinking habits in the CG may have been intervention enough to bring about changes or to initiate projects.

Advanced Drinking Groundwater As Phytofiltration by the Hyperaccumulating Fern Pteris vittata

The reuse of Pteris vittata plants for multiple phytofiltration cycles is a main issue to allow an efficient phytoremediation of arsenic (As)-contaminated groundwater. Here, we assessed the capacity of phytofiltration of P. vittata plants grown for two cycles on naturally As-contaminated drinking water (collected in Central Italy), spaced by a growth cycle on non-contaminated water (N cycle). P. vittata young plants, with extensive frond and root development, were suspended individually in 15 L of water with initial As of 59 µg/L, without any additional treatment or water refilling. During cycle 1, in 45 days P. vittata plants reduced As concentration below 10 µg/L, the allowed EU limits for drinking water. During the subsequent 30 day-N cycle on non-contaminated water, no leaching of As from the roots was observed, while the water pH increased 0.9 Units, but is within the allowed limits. During cycle 2, under the same conditions as cycle 1, As concentration decreased below 10 µg/L in less than seven days. These results show that P. vittata young plants, previously used for the phytofiltration of As, do not extrude As and, when reused, remove As much more rapidly. No additional treatments were required during phytofiltration and thus this represents a sustainable, efficient, and scalable strategy.

Stop Piling on: Assessing Efforts to Reduce Single-Use Water Bottles at Allegheny College

Plastic waste represents one of the largest environmental problems of the modern era and disposable water bottles comprise a substantial portion of that waste in the U.S. Colleges are in a unique position to create systems that foster sustainable behaviors among their constituents. Since 2015, Allegheny College has installed water refill stations, and initiated a free water bottle program and an awareness campaign to reduce single-use bottles on the college’s campus. Two surveys were distributed to the student body between 2018 and 2019 to assess the efficacy of those initiatives and learn about any barriers. Bottled water use has reduced significantly since 2014, with the majority of students stating that they most commonly drink water from refill stations while on campus. Demographic factors like income, sex, or place of origin were not related to the amount of bottled water consumption or type of water preference among students. The primary barrier to students eliminating disposable water bottle use was found to be a lack of water refill stations in dormitories. Research aimed at changing behaviors to benefit the environment should consider the barrier of convenience. This research provides a valuable lesson that can extend beyond college campuses and into public settings.