Water Quality For Irrigation Purposes Research Articles

The hydrogeochemical evaluation of groundwater resources and their suitability for agricultural and industrial uses in an arid area of Iran

The hydrogeochemical and quality status of groundwater resources in Yazd province, the central plateau of Iran, has been investigated. The most common water type, followed by chemical facies in this study area, is Cl type (with 50.46%) and Na–Cl facies (47.71%), respectively. Besides, the most samples with industrial and agricultural uses show the Cl type and Na–Cl hydrochemical facies. The position of samples on the Gibbs and van Wirdum diagrams indicate that the water-rock interaction and dissolution of evaporites are the main controlling process of water chemistry. Distribution of samples based on Na/Cl vs. EC, Ca + Mg vs. SO4 + HCO3, and Na–Cl vs. Ca + Mg–SO4–HCO3 highlight the significant role of direct ion exchange in water chemistry change. The water quality for agricultural use is assessed based on some indices including EC, Na%, sodium absorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium absorption ratio (MAR), permeability index (PI), Kelly's ratio (KR), and Wilcox diagram. In general, the water quality for irrigation purposes is mainly excellent to permissible. The water quality assessment for industrial purposes is performed using some indices including Langelier Saturation Index (LSI), Ryznar Stability Index (RSI), Larson-Skold Index (L-SI), Puckorious scaling index (PSI), and total hardness (TH). Based on these indices, most groundwater samples have mild to high potential to corrode the equipment and pipelines.

Irrigation risk assessment of groundwater in a non-perennial river basin of South India: implication from irrigation water quality index (IWQI) and geographical information system (GIS) approaches

Groundwater is an important natural resource for irrigation purpose in the non-perennial River basin (Shanmuganadhi) of South India. The present investigation was conducted to determine the groundwater suitability for irrigation purpose, using irrigation water quality index (IWQI) with the application of GIS. A total of 61 groundwater samples collected from the present study region were chemically analyzed such as TDS, EC, pH, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3−, Cl−, and SO42−. Groundwater quality shows slight alkalinity (7.11–7.95). The Wilcox, USSL, and Doneen’s diagrams, and RSC, KR, and MHR indices indicate that maximum groundwater sampling locations fall under the unsuitable category for irrigation purpose. According to the classification of IWQI, 57% of the total groundwater samples belongs to the poor to unsuitable water quality types for irrigation. The spatial distribution of IWQI displays that 77.27% of the present study region comes under the vulnerable zones such as moderate restriction (51.99%, high restriction (23.10%), and severe restriction (2.18%) water quality for irrigation purpose. Therefore, the present study suggests the suitable treatment methods for increasing the soil permeability and thereby to improve the crop production.

Spatial and sensitivity analysis of integrated groundwater quality index towards irrigational suitability investigation

183 groundwater samples were collected from Birbhum district (a semi-arid region) of West Bengal, India to assess their irrigational suitability. Cations were found in the order of Ca2⁺>Mg2⁺>Na⁺>K⁺ whereas, anions were HCO3‾>Cl‾>SO42−. The average values of trace metals were recorded in the order as Total Fe>Zn2+>Cu2+>Ni2+>Pb2+>Co2+>Cd2+. Water quality for irrigation purpose was assessed through a newly developed Integrated Irrigation Water Quality index (IIWQI) and other existing indices such as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), sodium percentage (Na%), salinity and Wilcox diagram, magnesium hazard (MH), permeability index (PI) and Kelly index (KI), which indicated that groundwater were suitable for irrigation purpose. The sensitivity and uncertainty analysis by Monte Carlo Simulation indicated that Cd2+, TDS, Cl‾ and HCO3‾ were the most influential parameter, which controlled the water chemistry with 83.99% probability of water quality certainty in the range of 0.4–0.6. The GIS distribution maps with Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK) modelling through predicted vs measured and semivariograms plots, described the accuracy and robustness of various water quality models. Major hydrochemical facies were normal earth alkaline of Ca2⁺-Mg2⁺-HCO3‾ type and Ca2⁺-Mg2⁺-SO42−-Cl‾ type. Groundwater chemistry of the study area was mainly influenced by the local geological setting and rock weathering. Reverse ion exchange, silicate weathering and rock weathering such as dissolution of aragonite, calcite, dolomite, fluorite, halite governed the hydrochemistry. The study demonstrated the application potential of IIWQI and EBK in groundwater quality studies with potential advantages. The outcome of the study will provide a new insight for effective management of groundwater for irrigation purposes.

Assessment of coastal surface water quality for irrigation purpose

Abstract The study aimed to assess the coastal surface water quality for irrigation purposes through the analysis of the water samples of some selected estuaries, rivers, and ponds. The analysis results showed that the mean value of typical water quality parameters like electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium (Na+), and chloride (Cl−) ions exceeded the permissible limit of the Department of Environment (DoE), Bangladesh 2010, and FAO, 1985 for the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. The Piper diagram indicated a Na-Cl water type, especially during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. The water quality parameters in the areas showed a higher amount than the standard permissible limits, indicating that the quality is deteriorating. The water quality index values for domestic uses showed very poorly to unsuitable in most of the surface waters except pond water, especially during the pre- and post-monsoon periods. The surface water quality index for irrigation purpose usages was found to be high and/ or severely restricted (score: 0–55) during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. The study observed that due to saline water intrusion, the water quality deterioration started from post-monsoon and reached its highest level during the pre-monsoon season, which gradually depreciates the water quality in coastal watersheds of Bangladesh.

Co-distribution, possible origins, status and potential health risk of trace elements in surface water sources from six major river basins, Bangladesh

In this study, we appraised the concentrations of 8 major trace elements (TEs) in surface water sources from six river basins, Bangladesh: Meghna, Kartoya, Sitalakha, Teesta, Pashur and Rupsha River basins. Co-distribution, the status of water quality and potential health risks were assessed using statistical analyses, the entropy water quality index (EWQI), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), spatial autocorrelation index (SAI), hazard index (HI), and Monte-Carlo (MC) simulation. The spatial variations of TEs concentrations differed notably among the studied river basins. The average concentrations of TEs (except Ni, As, and Zn) in six river basins exceeded the drinking water quality guidelines. About 20% of water samples in six basins were categorized as undrinkable to poor qualities for drinking uses, while good water quality for irrigation purposes. The entropy theory identified that Cr, Pb, and As are the key pollutants influencing the water quality. According to the results of non-carcinogenic risk, the hazard index (HI) values for adults and children surpassed the allowable limit (>1), demonstrating detrimental health effects on humans. The carcinogenic risk values of chromium (Cr) were much higher than As and Cd exposures which exceeded the benchmark recommended by US EPA (>10−6 to 10−4), with an elevated risk for adults than children through the oral intake as the primary exposure route. Overall, the results suggest that the local population exposed to surface water may pose an adverse health effect, thus, strict regulation and efficient management should be focused on Cr, Cd and As monitoring and appraisal in these basins.

Stable H-O Isotopic Composition and Water Quality Assessment of Surface Water and Groundwater: A Case Study in the Dabie Mountains, Central China.

In order to understand the water cycle and assess the water quality for irrigation purposes in the Upper Pi River Basin (UPRB), which is the northern slope of the Dabie Mountains, 68 surface water and groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for H-O isotopes and hydrochemistry during the high-flow season in 2017 and 2018. The results show that ranges of hydrogen and oxygen isotopic composition (δ2H: −68.8‰ to −40.8‰, δ18O: −10.05‰ to −5.05‰) are controlled by the medium latitude and high altitude of the UPRB. Among different types of water, the δ2H and δ18O values can be ordered as follows: reservoir water < spring water ≈ river water < pond water. The water of the upstream medium and small reservoir is enriched with lighter isotopes that is likely related to more exchange with rainwater and less residence time; however, large reservoirs are similar to the upstream river and spring in terms of the H-O isotopic composition. Hydro-chemical facies are dominated by the Ca-HCO3 type in the UPRB, which reflects fresh recharged water from rainfall, and few samples are of the Ca-Cl type that is caused by intensive evaporation. The water quality for irrigation purposes was also evaluated. According to the Wilcox diagram, United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) diagram, magnesium hazard, and Kelly’s ratio, all water samples have been considered suitable for irrigation water.

Hydrochemistry and Its Controlling Factors of Rivers in the Source Region of the Nujiang River on the Tibetan Plateau

The chemical composition of river water collected from the main stream of the Naqu and its tributaries was analyzed to reveal its hydrochemical characteristics and to evaluate the water quality for irrigation purposes. Based on 39 samples, the results revealed mildly alkaline pH values and total dissolved solids (TDS) values ranging from 115 to 676 mg/L, averaging 271 mg/L. Major ion concentrations based on mean values (mg/L) were in the order of Ca 2 + &gt; Na + &gt; Mg 2 + &gt; K + for cations and HCO 3 − &gt; SO 4 2 − &gt; Cl − &gt; CO 3 2 − for anions. Most hydrochemical types were of the Ca–HCO3 (~74.36%) type. Cluster analysis (CA) suggested that the hydrochemical characteristics upstream of the main stream of the Naqu were obviously different from those from the middle and downstream of the main stream and its tributaries. The analysis shows that the Sangqu, Basuoqu, Mumuqu, Zongqingqu, Mugequ basin tributary, and the Gongqu basin tributary were mainly affected by carbonate weathering. Carbonate and silicate weathering commonly controlled the hydrochemistry upstream and downstream of the main Naqu, Chengqu, and Mugequ streams. The middle of the main stream of the Naqu was mainly affected by silicate weathering, and anhydrite/gypsum dissolution mainly affected the hydrochemistry of the main Gongqu stream. The quality of water samples was suitable for irrigation purposes, except for one sample from the main stream of the Mugequ.

Assessment of dam water quality for irrigation in the northeast of catchment Cheliff-Zahrez, Central Algeria

The aim of the present study was to appraise surface water quality for irrigation purposes. This research work concerns seven dams’ water from higher and lower part of Cheliff agricultural area located in northeast to the larger catchment Cheliff-Zahrez, central Algeria. The following dams are investigated, namely Deurdeur, Ghrib, Harreza, Oued Fodda, Oued Mellouk, Sidi M’hamed Ben Taiba and Sidi Yakoub. Irrigation water quality evaluation was carried out by measuring and calculating physicochemical quality parameters monthly during three years: 2014, 2015 and 2016. For assessing the groundwater for irrigation suitability, parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, sodium adsorption ratio, pHc, adjusted sodium adsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, soluble sodium percentage, Kelly’s ratio, USSL, Wilcox’s diagram and permeability index suggest that the groundwater of the study area is moderately suitable for irrigation purposes. Based on USSL and Wilcox’s diagram, it falls under excellent to unsuitable category indicating low salinity and high sodium water, which can be used for irrigation in almost all types of soil with little danger of exchangeable sodium. The Pearson correlation coefficient rate revealed strong correlation between several parameters. The water of Sidi M’hamed Ben Taiba dam has the best appropriateness for irrigation purpose compared to the other dams. Its water may be used in irrigation without limitation.

Water quality and hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater around Mt. Meru, Northern Tanzania

Climate change and population growth around Mt. Meru experienced lower availability of water for domestic and agricultural uses. Reduction in quantity of water is compounded by lack of information on water quality which could lead to undesired health risks and agricultural effects when such water is used for irrigation. Thus, major ions from 54 different water types (springs, streams, dug wells, boreholes, and lakes) were used to assess hydrogeochemical characteristics and suitability of water for domestic and agricultural purposes. Results showed dominance of the major cation and anion in the order of Na+ > K+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ and HCO3− > CO32− > Cl− > SO42− > NO3− > F−, respectively. It is revealed that Mt. Meru is the recharge zone. Geology, water–rock interaction time, and climatic conditions control water chemistry. Major freshwater aquifers were found to be fractured mafic volcanics, breccia, and tuff. Lahars, due to their susceptibility to weathering, were found to host groundwater of low quality. The suitability of water for domestic and irrigation purposes was moderate, in order of lakes < dug wells < boreholes < streams < springs. Fluoride was found to be the major natural contaminant affecting water quality for domestic purposes with mean value of 17.6 mg/L, while elevated Na+ (mean = 118 mg/L), K+ (mean = 59 mg/L) and HCO3− (mean = 390 mg/L) relative to other ions were found to affect water quality for irrigation purposes. In some few cases, anthropogenic pollutions were recognized through NO3− and Cl−.

Impact assessment of sanitation system on the socio-economic aspects of local community and environment in Hunza Valley Gilgit Baltistan-Pakistan

This study encompasses the socio-economic and environmental aspects of the first ever constructed sanitation system in Gilgit Baltistan. The sanitation system is located in the hub of Hunza valley and covers three major villages, i.e., Karimabad, Mominabad, and Ganish. Pertaining to the terrain of the area, Karimabad is located at upstream, while Mominabad and Ganish are located downstream. Soon after the completion of the project, the sewage water from the sourcepoint was carried to a treatment plant located in Mominabad, through sewerage lines. The sewage water after treatment was subsequently used for irrigation purposes by the farmers in Ganish village. This treatment plant remained functional for hardly 3 years. Since then, untreated sewage water is drained to irrigation water channels of Ganish and is being used by farmers for agricultural practices. This practice is posing negative impacts on the health of downstream community in the form of water born and fecal-related diseases. The objectives of this study were to measure impacts of the constructed sanitation project on health security and assess sewerage water quality for irrigation purposes. To collect the information on socio-economic aspects, structured questionnaire was used. Focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews were also carried out for triangulation purpose and to substantiate the collected data. Sewerage water samples were tested in laboratory for analyzing its suitability for irrigation purposes as per WHO standards. Due to geographic advantage, being at upstream, the sanitation system is promising for the population of Karimabad village; however, the project is adversely affecting the community at downstream (Ganish and Mominabad) due to negative environmental and health impacts. The laboratory analysis of sewerage water showed that electrical conductivity, pH, chemical oxygen demand, sodium, chlorides, nitrates, and phosphates values were above the permissible limits. Currently, there are several sanitation projects under construction in Gilgit Baltistan by the government and other non-government organizations (NGO) with the involvement of community under build, operate, and transfer (BOT) model. There is a need to implement the lessons learnt from the Karimabad sanitation project and devise a strategy to cope with the operational and maintenance issues. Besides, there is a need to develop linkages with the line departments, i.e., EPA, Health department, etc. to carry out regular laboratory analysis of sewage water. It is highly recommended that government should allocate funds for maintenance of treatment plants on annual basis.

Evaluation of Ground Water Quality for Irrigation Purposes and Effect On Crop Yields: A GIS Based Study of Bahawalpur

Evaluation of Ground Water Quality for Irrigation Purposes and Effect On Crop Yields: A GIS Based Study of Bahawalpur

Integrated Assessment of Irrigation Water Quality Based on Harrington's Desirability Function

It was proposed the integrated approach to the irrigation water assessment as its quality index IWQI. This criteria is united the quantitative assessment of different risks such as soil sodicity, plant toxicity, biofilm formation in drippers of irrigation systems etc. It is proposed to combine agronomic, ecological and technological requirements to the irrigation water using a generalized Harrington's desirability function (HDF). Within the framework of this concept, it was developed the scales of particular HDF for physico-chemical indicators, SAR values, and the Stebler's irrigation coefficient. IWQI was determined for the assessment of water quality for irrigation purpose on the examples of 3 dug wells located on the Agronomic Experimental station of National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine (Pshenichne village, Kiev region). It is shown that water quality varies considerably (from 56 till 85%).

Index-based assessment of suitability of water quality for irrigation purpose under Indian conditions.

Agriculture is a major sector in India which contributes around 14% of country's gross domestic product (GDP). Being an agriculture-based country, good quality of water for irrigation has been a prime requisite. Highly growing population and accelerated industrial development are causing anthropogenic pollution to both surface and groundwater on one side and geogenic contamination like arsenic, fluoride, high dissolved solids, sodicity, and iron in groundwater on other side. As a result, ensuring safe water quality for the irrigation has become a major challenge to both the central and state governments. The present irrigation water quality standards being followed in India have been set by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) in the year 2000. These standards are solely based on four parameters, namely electrical conductivity, sodium percentage, sodium absorption ratio, and residual sodium carbonate, which are quite subjective and many times are not capable to exactly decide the quality of irrigation water particularly when there are large variations in the source water quality. Therefore, in the present paper, an indices-based approach is presented for categorization of irrigation water quality. These indices are mathematical equations that transform water quality data into a numeric value, which describes the quality of irrigation water. The proposed irrigation water quality index (IWQI), which is based on 12 parameters, classifies the water into five categories, viz. excellent, good, medium, bad, and very bad in the same manner as given by the CPCB and CGWB. In order to give proper rating to various parameters of the index, weights are computed using Saaty's analytic hierarchy process (AHP)-based multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) approach. This approach minimizes the subjectivity in assessment of weights and improves understanding of water quality issues by generating an overall index to describe the status of water quality. The proposed index will be beneficial for the water management authorities in ensuring safe water to the stakeholders.

Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Godavari River Water Quality for Irrigation Purposes at Rajahmundry and Dhawaleswaram, AP

Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Godavari River Water Quality for Irrigation Purposes at Rajahmundry and Dhawaleswaram, AP

Water quality monitoring of selected dug wells of central India with special

Dug wells water is frequently used for irrigation of crops in India. The huge quantity of various toxic pollutants enters to ground water through anthropogenic and geogenic sources, which make the ground water, unfit for irrigation. Such water if used for irrigation may pose a serious risk to quality and quantity of crops and other things. The present study highlights the water quality monitoring of selected dug wells of Central India (Rajaula ward of Chitrakoot town). Different water quality parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, Ca ++ , Mg ++ , Na + , K + , HCO 3 − , CO 3 − - chloride, sulfate, sodium percentage (Na %), magnesium hazards, sodium absorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), potential soil salinity and permeability index were investigated for monitoring of t0 assess its suitability for irrigation. Some models, i.e. Wilcox Diagram, U.S. Salinity diagrams, Doneen criterion, etc. were also used for conformation of dug well water quality for irrigation purpose. Results of the study indicated that all selected wells have mostly medium and high salinity, under limit of SAR, medium Na%, medium Mg hazards, under limit of RSC and low Cl − quantity.

Physical, chemical, and management-related drivers of submerged macrophyte occurrence in Mediterranean farm ponds

The construction of ponds for irrigation has proliferated during last decades in Mediterranean regions. If properly constructed and managed, ponds may simultaneously meet conservation and agricultural objectives: the preservation of certain macrophytes might improve water quality for irrigation purposes. However,theeffectsofmanagementareoftenneglected when analyzing the main drivers of organisms commu- nity structure. Here we investigated the effect of environmental variables, construction type and man- agement practices on the occurrence of submerged macrophytes (vascular plants, charophytes,filamentous algae). Total submerged macrophyte coverage and richness did not vary with pond type, but the presence of submerged macrophytes was significantly higher in embankmentponds.Artificialpondsshowedthehighest charophyte richness but lowest vascular plant occur- rence. Total submerged macrophyte occurrence mainly correlated with conductivity and littoral vegetation, whilst the relative importance of environmental factors was higher than variables related to pond type and management.However,embankmentpondsshowedthe highest richness of vascular plants and filamentous algae, and artificial ponds contributed to the regional pool of charophyte species. Thus, construction pond type and management levels might be relevant to understandsubmergedmacrophytesoccurrenceinman- made ponds, since the three pond types contributed to the local and regional species pool.

A fuzzy logic approach for assessment and mapping of groundwater irrigation quality: a case study of Marvdasht aquifer, Iran

Two shortcomings of the non-numeric United States Soil Laboratory (USSL) water quality designation process are, first, the uncertainty involved with assigning samples to the bordering discrete classes is not considered and, secondly, it is difficult to map. One solution to these may lie in the use of a Mamdani fuzzy inference system (MFIS). The main aims of this study were (1) to compare the MFIS and USSL approach to classifying groundwater quality for irrigation and (2) to explore the spatial variability of groundwater quality for irrigation in the Marvdasht aquifer using the MFIS output. For this purpose, 49 agricultural wells were sampled and their sodium adsorption ratio and electrical conductivity were determined. In 81% of cases, the MFIS led to the same class as USSL and in 92.8% of cases agreed with USSL classification. In only 2 out of 49 samples did the MFIS and USSL strongly disagree. The comparison showed that the MFIS method is more acceptable, reliable, and logical in the classification of water quality for irrigation purposes than other methods. The output map of the MFIS scores indicates that the upper part of Marvdasht aquifer has better quality water for irrigation.

Irrigation water quality assessment—an example from the Tamiraparani river, Southern India

Irrigation water plays an important role for crop cultivation. Irrigation waters from rivers depend on river flow, lithology, land use patterns, and other anthropogenic activities. We provide here a new assortment for the evaluation of river water quality for irrigation purposes using the Tamiraparani river in India as an example. Physicochemical parameters with sodium absorption ratios (SAR—0.14 to 9.23 meq L−1), sodium percentage (Na%—10.15 to 85.38 meq L−1), residual sodium carbonate (RSC—0.32 to 5.64 meq L−1), potential salinity (PS—0.5 to 7.1 meq L−1), and permeability index (PI—12.5 to 89.7 meq L−1) attest excellent water quality for irrigation except for a few locations in the estuarine region. In addition were the results plotted against USSL (C1S1 to C2S2 class) and Wilcox diagrams confirming >90 % covers under an “Excellent to good” category whereas <10 % on estuarine regions fall under “doubtful to unsuitable” (C3S3 class) nature due to a high salt content. The influence of anthropogenic activity appeared at some location (Tirunelveli and Tenkasi) with high RSC (2.5 to 5.6 meq L−1) and PS (4.2 to 6.4 meq L−1) and subsequent dilution factors in the downstream maintain a water quality suitable for irrigation.

Quality of spring water used for irrigation in the Almora District of Uttarakhand, India

This paper aims to propose a quality profile of springs of the study area for irrigation. In the present study, fifty-four springs in Almora have been identified from rural as well as urban localities for calculation of irrigational water quality parameters during pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon, 2008. Spring water samples are collected and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3 −, Cl−, and SO4 2−. Different irrigation quality parameters viz. salinity, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium hazards (MH) and permeability index (PI) are calculated for the evaluation of spring water quality for irrigation purposes. All springs are found excellent to good based on irrigation quality parameters. Based on Wilcox diagram, about 98% of the water resources are grouped as C1S1 (low-low) and C2S1 (medium-low) classes, so springs are suitable for normal irrigation.

Multivariate statistical characterization of water quality analysis for Erbil wastewater channel

Multivariate statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis (FA) and cluster analysis (CA), were applied for evaluate the water quality of Erbil wastewater channel. Seventeen variables have been monitored in three selected sites on monthly basis for one year (May 2010- April 2011). Results revealed that the most important variables are those related to salinity factors, temporal hardness and mineral salts according to PCA/FA techniques. In addition to, CA results showed that dissimilarity of site 3 from other two sites, and most similarity between ions related to processes of hydrogeochemical and mineralization. Generally, water quality for irrigation purposes comes under good water type (86% of total samples) to moderate type (16%) depending on EC- SAR values guidelines. Increases in ions concentrations for EC, TDS and hardness were observed from upstream toward downstream of Erbil wastewater channel.