Abstract
Abstract The study aimed to assess the coastal surface water quality for irrigation purposes through the analysis of the water samples of some selected estuaries, rivers, and ponds. The analysis results showed that the mean value of typical water quality parameters like electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium (Na+), and chloride (Cl−) ions exceeded the permissible limit of the Department of Environment (DoE), Bangladesh 2010, and FAO, 1985 for the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. The Piper diagram indicated a Na-Cl water type, especially during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. The water quality parameters in the areas showed a higher amount than the standard permissible limits, indicating that the quality is deteriorating. The water quality index values for domestic uses showed very poorly to unsuitable in most of the surface waters except pond water, especially during the pre- and post-monsoon periods. The surface water quality index for irrigation purpose usages was found to be high and/ or severely restricted (score: 0–55) during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. The study observed that due to saline water intrusion, the water quality deterioration started from post-monsoon and reached its highest level during the pre-monsoon season, which gradually depreciates the water quality in coastal watersheds of Bangladesh.
Highlights
Bangladesh is geographically a low-lying deltaic land, with a flat topography, and gradually sloping down to the Bay of Bengal, enriched with vast coastal areas
The coastal areas of Bangladesh cover an area of 47,201 km2, which is about 32% of the total area that encompasses the landmass of 19 districts (Ahmad 2019)
The study results showed that the obtained values were found within the permissible limit of the Department of Environment (DoE), WHO, and FAO standards (Tables 6 and 7), indicating that the coastal water quality is lower, influenced by nitrate and phosphate ions
Summary
Bangladesh is geographically a low-lying deltaic land, with a flat topography, and gradually sloping down to the Bay of Bengal, enriched with vast coastal areas. The coastal zone and offshore islands in Bangladesh are very flat with heights of less than 3 m above Mean Sea Level (Baten et al 2015), unique physical characteristics, gifted with vast floodplain lands, overlapped with numerous estuaries, tidal rivers, creeks, and their tributaries. Water quality mainly depends on several factors, including general geology, the degree of chemical weathering of various rock types, recharge water, and upstream water flows (Albarède 2003; Mostafa et al 2017)
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