Waterproof Test Research Articles

친수공간 태양광 LED 경관조명 디자인 및 방수성능에 관한 실증연구

By applying landscape lighting to tetrapods, a type of sofa block installed to protect coastal facilities and block waves, the solar LED landscape lighting design and tetrapods are designed to secure the value of marine water-friendly space, regional differentiation, and urban identity. The goal was to propose a design to provide convenience in installation and construction, and to test and evaluate the waterproof performance of the waterproof structure design that can protect the product from moisture caused by waves and rain. As a result of the waterproof test and evaluation of the solar LED landscape lighting prototype, it was found that it was satisfactory for protection against the effects of continuous submersion (IPX8).

A drug-incorporated-microparticle-eggshell-membrane-scaffold (DIMES) dressing: A novel biomaterial for localised wound regeneration

Chronic wounds affect millions of people annually and have emotional and financial implications in addition to health issues. The current treatment for chronic wounds involves the repeated use of bandages and drugs such as antibiotics over an extended period. A cost-effective and convenient solution for wound healing is the development of drug-incorporated bandages. This study aimed to develop a biocompatible bandage made of drug-incorporated poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles (MPs) and eggshell membrane (ESM) for cornea wound healing. ESM has desirable properties for wound healing and can be isolated from eggshells using acetic acid or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) protocols. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled Bovine Serum Albumin (FITC-BSA) was used as a model drug, and the PLGA MPs were fabricated using a solvent extraction method. The MPs were successfully attached to the fibrous layer of the ESM using NaOH. The surface features of the ESM samples containing MPs were studied using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and compared with blank ESM images. The findings indicated that the MPs were attached to the ESM fibres and had similar shapes and sizes as the control MPs. The fibre diameters of the MPs samples were assessed using Fiji-ImageJ software, and no significant changes were observed compared to the blank ESM. The surface roughness, Ra values, of the MPs incorporated ESM samples were evaluated and compared to the blank ESM, and no significant changes were found. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to analyse the chemical Composition of the bandage, and the spectra showed that the FBM were effectively incorporated into the ESM. The FTIR spectra identified the major peaks of the natural ESM and the PLGA polymer in the bandage. The bandage was transparent but had a reduced visibility in the waterproof test card method. The bandage achieved sustained drug release up to 10 days and was found to be biocompatible and non-toxic in a chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Overall, the drug-incorporated PLGA MPs-ESM bandage has great potential for treating chronic wounds.

Experimental Study on Waterproofing of Pipe Jacking Shaft and Pipe Joint in Metro Station

Through the indoor waterproof test, the water pressure resistance performance of the waterproof system formed by setting embedded grouting pipe in the middle of double water swelling sealants was studied to ensure that the station pipe joint could meet the operation requirements. The results show that there must be enough distance between the outside sealant and the edge of the pouring concrete, otherwise the new and old concretes cannot be poured tightly; after swelling, the water pressure resistance of sealants is improved in the range of 0-0.55 MPa, with individual differences; the two kinds of slurries have obvious influence on the improvement of water pressure resistance, but the improvement effect of waterborne epoxy slurry is better than that of polyurethane slurry.

Comparison of Water Absorption and Drying in Distal Radius Fracture Casts and Orthoses

Introduction:Traditional plaster and fiberglass casts are not waterproof. This experimental study compares the water-resistant and drying properties of two commercially available orthoses with traditional cast liners.Methods:Two orthotic brace systems were selected for comparative waterproof testing with plaster and fiberglass traditional cast liners. This entailed water submersion for 10 seconds, followed by light drip drying for another 10 seconds. Moisture levels were then measured at four different locations immediately after drip drying and then every 15 minutes up to 45 minutes.Results:The Zero-Cast Wx orthosis retained the least moisture after initial immersion and was fully dry within 45 minutes. The Exos upper extremity brace also demonstrated a low initial mean moisture content but lost little moisture during drying. In comparison, both the cotton-lined plaster cast and Delta Dr. cast liner systems demonstrated the greatest amount of water absorbed and moisture retention.Discussion:Both orthotic brace systems demonstrated markedly less water absorption compared with the cotton-lined plaster cast and Delta Dr. cast liner systems. The Zero-Cast Wx was the only orthosis to fully dry in 45 minutes.Conclusion:Both orthotic brace systems provide superior water-resistant properties to traditional cotton-lined plaster cast or fiberglass Delta Dr. cast liner systems.

Methodology: Non-face-to-face teaching for formative art courses of the design majors

On this study, engineering properties of SGR method and SMI method, which are typical sodium silicate methods, were compared through the laboratory test and durability, strength, waterproof characteristic and environmental effects were compared and analyzed with period and condition of curing on each case. As a result of durability test, volume change of SGR is approximately 23-times greater than SMI and the effects on environment are appeared safe on all method. In case of waterproof characteristic test, permeability coefficient is decreased about 24% on SMI, whereas on SGR permeability coefficient is showed to increase because rapid volume change make wider void. Strength characteristics of SMI are appeared higher about 11-times in case of homogel and 3.9-times in case of sandgel than SGR. Which is because volume change of SMI, caused by leaching, is smaller than SGR.

System and method of drip test device for testing waterproof performance of large equipment

At present, the drip test device used in drip test is limited by the difficulty and cost of structural layout, so it is difficult to actively rotate the electrical equipment with large volume and weight, and can not meet the test requirements of various products. In view of the defects of the existing technology, this paper provides a water-proof performance drip test device, system and method. Through the active rotation of the drip pan, the rotation relative to the large-scale test equipment is generated, so as to meet the needs of the equipment waterproof performance test; and the corresponding equipment support is configured to make the equipment form the required angle state during the dripping test, which is convenient for large size Water proof test operation of electrical equipment. At the same time, it makes the test process easy for the staff to operate, has strong economic value and social significance, and can be widely used in testing units.

Investigation on the adhesion improvement of organic coatings on the surface of hot-dip galvanized steel

In order to solve the problem of poor adhesion of organic coatings on the surface of hot-dip galvanizing, we conducted a series of experiments to select the suitable pre-treatment method and type of the coatings. We adopted temperature shock & alternating damp heat combined test and waterproof test to simulate the service conditions, and investigated the adhesion of organic coating on the surface of hot-dip galvanizing in the wet environment. With the XPS analysis, we discussed the avoidance of formation of weak boundary layer on the hot-dip galvanizing surface by pre-treatment, and the improvement on adhesion of the organic coatings. We also proposed the pre-treatment method of coupling treatment with silane or combined alkali washing & grinding procedures, by which the organic coating on the hot-dip galvanizing surface performed excellent adhesion and water proof ability against wet conditions.

The compaction of waterproof and wear-resistant coal logs using polyvinyl alcohol as binder for transporting in hydraulic pipeline system

ABSTRACT In order to compact coal logs which could be transported smoothly in the hydraulic pipeline, the polyvinyl alcohol was used as the binder and mixed with anthracite, bituminous coal and lignite, respectively, to compact coal logs. The performances of coal logs were evaluated by the waterproof test, wear test and compressive strength test. These results indicated that polyvinyl alcohol was able to enhance the structure of coal logs and improve the water resistance, wear resistance. The coal logs made of anthracite had the best performance, followed by those made of bituminous coal and lignite. Higher binder-addition proportion also resulted in better performances of coal logs. Nevertheless, there were minimum added proportions of polyvinyl alcohol for different qualities of coals. The minimum added proportions were 3%, 8% and 15%, respectively, for anthracite, bituminous coal, and lignite.

Functional Layer Designation of Combined Chip Seal and Slurry Seal in Airport Pavement

Abstract With the increasing attention to preventive maintenance and rehabilitation of asphalt pavement, asphalt emulsions have gained popularity. Synchronous chip seal (SCS) and slurry seal (SS) are widely used in pavement preservation due to their low cost and efficiency but are not prevalent in new pavement construction, especially for airport pavement. The objective of this study was to characterize the asphalt emulsions and functional layers of combined chip seal and SS through conventional test methods for asphalt emulsions, asphalt binders, and chip and slurry seals, including setting time, residual amount on sieve of 16 mesh, Engler viscosity, standard viscosity, residue content, penetration, ductility, failure temperature, wet track abrasion test, and load wheel test. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was also conducted to explore the energy differences amongst various emulsions. In addition, trial pavements were also tested in the laboratory and field to evaluate the waterproof performances of the functional layers. The results of material tests showed that SS-1 and SCS-2 were optimum emulsions. The laboratory waterproof test on trial pavement met the requirement of standards and the trial airport pavement emphasized the importance of compaction during construction.

Monitoring Traffic Information with a Developed Acceleration Sensing Node.

In this paper, an acceleration sensing node for pavement vibration was developed to monitor traffic information, including vehicle speed, vehicle types, and traffic flow, where a hardware design with low energy consumption and node encapsulation could be accomplished. The service performance of the sensing node was evaluated, by methods including waterproof test, compression test, sensing performance analysis, and comparison test. The results demonstrate that the sensing node is low in energy consumption, high in strength, IPX8 waterproof, and high in sensitivity and resolution. These characteristics can be applied to practical road environments. Two sensing nodes were spaced apart in the direction of travelling. In the experiment, three types of vehicles passed by the monitoring points at several different speeds and values of d (the distance between the sensor and the nearest tire center line). Based on cross-correlation with kernel pre-smoothing, a calculation method was applied to process the raw data. New algorithms for traffic flow, speed, and axle length were proposed. Finally, the effects of vehicle speed, vehicle weight, and d value on acceleration amplitude were statistically evaluated. It was found that the acceleration sensing node can be used for traffic flow, vehicle speed, and other types of monitoring.

Evaluation of Sample Taxicab Security Cameras

Background: Taxicab drivers have high homicide rates compared to all worker occupations. To help taxi fleets select effective taxicab security cameras, this project tested eight sample taxicab security cameras for determining their photographic quality which correlated to the effectiveness of in-taxicab facial identification. Methods: Five photographic quality metric thresholds: 1) resolution, 2) highlight dynamic range, 3) shadow dynamic range, 4) lens distortion, and 5) shutter speed, were employed to evaluate the photographic quality of the sample cameras. Waterproof tests and fire-resistive tests on recording memory cards were conducted to determine the memory card survivability in water and simulated fire. Results: The Full-HD (1920 × 1080 pixels), HD (1280 × 720 pixels) and dual-lens VGA (2 × 640 × 480 pixels with wide-angle and telephoto lenses) cameras performed well in resolution tests in daylight conditions. The resolution of a single-lens VGA (640 × 480 pixels) camera did not meet the resolution minimum requirements. All of the recording memory cards passed the five-meter/72-hour waterproof test. A fire resistant chamber made with one fire insulation material could protect a single memory card at 538&degC/1000°F for a five-minute simulated fire test. Conclusions: Single-lens VGA-resolution (640 × 480 pixels) cameras are not suggested for use as security cameras in taxicabs with two or more rows of seats. The recording memory cards can survive 5-meter/72-hour waterproof tests. The memory card chamber built with an existing heat insulation material can protect an individual memory card during 538&degC (1000°F)/5-minute fire resistance oven-test.

Risk Based Approach to Integrity Assessment of a Large Spherical Pressure Vessel

The risk based approach has been applied, in its simplest form, i.e. by using the risk matrix to illustrate how the water proof test can shift risk from high to very high level in the case of large spherical pressure vessel (ammonia storage tank). Having in mind the basic definition of risk, being the product of the probability and consequence, and fixing the consequence at the highest level, only probability of unfavourable event (leakage and/or failure) has been evaluated. Toward this end, the failure assessment diagram (FAD) has been used here as another simple engineering tool to estimate probability of the failure, as the function of the position of the operating point, i.e. defining probability as the ratio between the distance of the operating point from the zero point, and the appropriate distance between the point on the limiting curve and zero point. This simple engineering tool to assess structural integrity showed clearly that water proof test is not always recommended, because it disregards possible stable growth of cracks, which might reach critical size for unstable growth, i.e. it does not prove that failure will not happen in future under the same conditions.

Industrial safety of pressure vessels - structural integrity point of view

This paper presents different aspects of pressure vessel safety in the scope of industrial safety, focused to the chemical industry. Quality assurance, including application of PED97/23 has been analysed first, followed shortly by the risk assessment and in details by the structural integrity approach, which has been illustrated with three case studies. One important conclusion, following such an approach, is that so-called water proof testing can actually jeopardize integrity of a pressure vessel instead of proving it.

Comparative study of resistance to heat in two species of leaf-cutting ants

Atta laevigata and Atta capiguara are two species of leaf-cutting ants that are found in the pastures of Central Brazil and build huge underground nests linked to the outdoor environment by underground tunnels, which can reach several tens of meters and further extend through foraging trails to distant foraging grounds. The tunnels built by mature colonies of A. capiguara are usually longer and deeper than those built by mature colonies of A. laevigata. The physical trails are also shorter on average. We hypothesized that these differences could be related to differences in thermotolerance between the two species. To test this we collected ants on foraging trails and placed them individually in waterproof test tubes plunged in a thermostatic bath at 25 °C (control), 37 and 39 °C (test temperatures). The results showed that at both 37 and 39 °C, the survival time of A. laevigata was much more extended than that of A. capiguara. A possible explanation for the longer and deeper underground foraging tunnels, as well as the shorter foraging trails, built by A. capiguara may thus be their lower resistance to heat stress. The longer tunnels built by A. capiguara colonies may reduce the exposure to heat of the foraging workers that commute between their nest and the foraging grounds or act as a thermal refuge in which the workers can find temporary protection against high outdoor temperatures.

3상 3선식 Plug-In MCCB의 인장력 및 접촉저항 평가에 관한 연구

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the performance of a Plug-In MCCB developed for rapid power supply restoration when the MCCB is installed in a power system and to verify its reliability. Since the developed 3 <TEX>${\Phi}$</TEX> 3 W Plug-In MCCB can be installed on and removed from a bus bar by one touch using a plug housed at the rear, it can be replaced in a short period of time. Therefore, it can quickly respond to the normalization of a power system. When the Plug-In MCCBB is installed on a bus bar, the resistance between each phase and plug was measured to be 0.46 <TEX>$m{\Omega}$</TEX> in average. When the Plug-In MCCB is installed, the tension in the vertical direction was measured to be 112.78 N in average, which is greater than the tension of 50 N specified in the related regulation. The withstanding voltage tests performed 5 times repeatedly by applying 6 kV to the developed Plug-In MCCB for 60 seconds shows good withstanding voltage characteristics. In addition, both the general waterproof test using a water injection method and the insulation resistance analysis using a Mega meter showed good waterproof and insulation characteristics.

Utilization of Fine Coal Waste as a Fuel Briquettes

This article presents the results of a pilot plant study on fine coal processing to produce alternative fuel. Fine-grained waste generated in the processing plant of a coal-processing plant in eastern Poland (Lublin Coal Basin) was used to obtain briquettes using the roll press briquetting method. The study included material homogenization, the selection of suitable parameters for the roll press unit, and an analysis of briquette quality. Strength and waterproof testing of briquettes and a study of the heat of combustion as well as ash and dust emissions were performed. Based on the results, the production processes were developed for three types of coal-based fuel briquettes with additional components, such as potato starch, molasses, and wood biomass. Briquettes made with starch met the minimum quality requirements, but use of a cheaper binder (molasses) did not provide good quality briquettes. The addition of biomass in an amount not exceeding 20% by weight did not significantly affect the pollution emissions in the combustion tests. The fuel obtained had a suitably high-energy value (22–24 MJ · kg−1) and may be used as an alternative fuel for combustion in industrial and domestic boilers.

Effects of impurity dilution in preforms on attenuation and strength of optical fiber

The two-step optical fiber preform process (manufacture of core and clad parts separately) is developed for both cost and performance consideration during the optical fiber technology development. It is expected that the impurity at the step interfaces could be diluted with the increase of preform size which is one of the main methods for cost reduction. However, no specific quantifiable outcomes and formulation results have been reported for this dilute phenomenon. In this paper the water peak (attenuation at 1383nm) and proof test fiber break rate of optical fiber drawn from PCVD (plasma chemical vapor deposition) core Rod in Cylinder (RIC) preform with different sizes were studied to illustrate the dilute effect. The interface impurity induced loss at 1383nm of the fibers from the preforms with outer diameter of 185mm and 200mm decreased to 80% and 64% of 150mm concept. The break rates of different preform sizes show the similar performance. This dilute effect is to be appropriate for the OVD and MCVD core technology, VAD and OVD directed over-clad technology and all other preform technology for manufacturing fibers from multi-interfaces preforms.

The Building Waterproof Test and Inspection Based on IRT Technology

In order to test the building waterproof related problems during the transition period, an evaluating inspection by means of predictive maintenance method applying Infrared Thermography (IRT) technology is executed in the paper. The restriction of ongoing, leakage background and its history, possibility of problems and areas and potential issues may face were discussed and mainly made full use of the capability of IRT to find potential problems that human eyes cannot easily see and confirm where not certain by site visual inspection.

Waterproofness Results for the Surface Treatment of Heavy-Duty Leather for Adhesion Enhancement

This article presents further work undertaken in respect to the use of specific primers for adhesion on leather surfaces. This research focused on the use of photoreactive reagents and silane networks as primers and investigated their roles in seam strength and resistance against water ingress. A specific waterproof test was undertaken on treated samples in accordance with EN ISO 5403:2002. Samples treated with 4-(2,2′-iminodiethanol)-3-nitrophenylazide (azide 4) when primed only on one side of the test panel showed good resistance to water ingress. Samples treated with 3,5-dihydroxyphenyl-4-azidobenzoate (azide 7) or 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyltriethoxysilane (AEAPES) on both sides of the test panels resulted in a seam that did not fail. However, double side treatment with these reagents generated a thicker glue line than single side treatment, which might present practical problems in terms of the flexibility of the resultant assembly during its life cycle.

高水圧下におけるコンクリートの打継ぎ部およびひび割れ部の水密性試験の提案

The water-proof test method of placing joint and cracking parts of concrete under high water pressure is proposed for evaluating the under ground concrete structure. The shape and size of concrete specimen, the high water pressure test apparatus and the leading crack apparatus are developed. The effects of the period of placing joint, the type of water stop material, the kind of waterproofing membrane with cracking at its behind on the water proof performance ware tested under the high pressure.The test results are shown clearly differences in type of material and kind of construction specification. The proposed test method can evaluate the water proof performance of under ground concrete structure under high water pressure.