Lake Water Pollution Research Articles

Evaluating Water Environmental Conditionality for Tourism of National Scenic - A Case of Chaohu Lake, China

The paper collected bulletin data and literature information for fuzzy evaluation and quantitative analysis. Fuzzy evaluation was to compare the physical-chemical properties of Chaohu lake in China with the water tourist standards. Physical-chemical properties included water depth, temperature, flow, transparency, PH and floating materials, etc. Water tourist standards included natural swimming, yacht, diving, surfing, water-skiing and fishing, etc. The result shows the water quality of Chaohu lake restricts the development of the water tourist entertainment. Quantitative analysis was to calculate the loss rate due to water pollution of Chaohu lake. The water tourist function included three aspects about swimming, tourism and living. Pollutants index had BOD5,TN,TP, As, Hg, Cd and Pb. The result shows the water pollution makes swimming loss, tourism serious damage, living middle damage, comprehensive function serious damage. Main reason is that total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) exceed the standard. Lake tourism should consider water tourist environmental conditionality and functional applicability.

Research on Water Pollution Monitoring System

The low-consuming wireless sensor network is becoming more and more popular; this essay drafts a proposal for wireless sensor network system design. The proposal describes detailed hardware and software designs of sensor node. With a feature of self-organized and self-adaptive, the system remains keep good communication even the location of network node changes. This system is applicable to synchronized monitoring on water pollution in rivers, lakes, springs and oceans.

生态文明视野下云南高原湖滨生态城镇群的构建及其可行性探析

随着明代汉族的移民、明清以来工商业的发展和19世纪后期开始的城市人口集聚增加直到现代经济社会的快速发展，云南省城镇化水平、城镇人口和用地上升到一个前所未有的高度。随之带来的是包括昆明及各地州城市因城镇扩张和区域生态环境不协调的“城市病”，严重制约云南省未来的可持续发展。高原湖滨生态城镇群的构建是缓解这一矛盾的重要决策之一，其以低碳经济、“西部大开发”、“中国面向西南开放的重要桥头堡”、“城镇上山”等为背景；以云南省湖泊众多、水系发达和区域开发潜力等为优势,高原湖滨生态城镇群的构建将在区域产业结构和经济发展、区域生态环境改善和生态文化提升方面具有重要的战略和现实意义。其中，田园城镇发展模式、生态功能核心区和产业集聚小区是其核心内容，但也面临着区域构造活动强烈、自然灾害频发和湖泊污染等挑战。 The immigration of ethnic Han in the Ming Dynasty, the development of manufacturing and commerce since the Ming-Qing period, the intensification of populational congregation since the late 19th century, and the rapid growth of modern economy have all contributed to the unprecedented high levels of urbanization, urban population, and land use in Yunnan Province. Such a situation leads to the most of cities, including Kunming have the “city disease”, that referring to the unlimited urban expansion and uneven development of the regional ecological environment, which seriously endanger the sustainable development of Yunnan province. The construction of plateau lake eco-cities is one of the functional suggestions to alleviate this contradiction, which based on the policies of low-carbon economy, “the development of the western region”, “the important bridgehead opening to southwest of China” and “the town up to mountain”; With the advantage of rich in lakes, abundant water resources and potential of regional development in Yunnan Province, the development of eco-city in the drainage areas of the lakes has the great significance in the improvement of regional economy and industrial structure, ecological environment and culture. The core mode of ecological function in rural town and industrial concentration area is the key point of plateau lake eco-city, even though it also faces the challenges of unfavorable natural backgrounds such as strong regional tectonic activities that may induce earthquakes, landslides and climatic disaster and lake water pollution at the same time.

Metals and Histopathological Alterations in the Kidneys of Schizothorax niger, Heckel from the Dal Lake of Kashmir Valley

The study was conducted to evaluate the metal induced abnormalities in the kidneys of Schizothorax niger, Heckel from Dal lake seasonally for a period of two years. The varied seasonal metal concentrations for copper (64.61 ± 3.10 to 78.90 ± 3.42 ppm), zinc (88.77 ± 3.52 to 101.99 ± 4.03 ppm), iron (200.99 ± 5.04 to 292.61 ± 4.25 ppm) and manganese (0.84 ± 0.06 to 06.95 ± 0.93 ppm) were observed during the entire period of study. The highest concentration of metals was observed in the summer seasons and the lowest concentrations in the winter seasons during the study period. Further, histochemical analysis demonstrated high levels of metal ion (Cu, Fe and Zn) in the kidneys of the fish in summer seasons during the study period. Analysis of these levels demonstrated by wet digestion-based Atomic Absorption and combined with histochemical methods, showed probable relationship between these high metallic levels and gill pathology. The general changes in the kidneys of the host included atrophy of the glomerulus with hypercellularity and hyperplasia. The other changes in the kidneys included mild congestion during winter seasons to severe tubular degeneration during summer seasons. The accumulation of different metals in the kidneys of the host can be attributed to the water pollution of Dal Lake by various metals and the subsequent histological abnormalities can be speculated to be due to the higher sensitivity of the host to different contaminants. From the present study it was concluded that the metals in the environment are polluting the water bodies and their subsequent deleterious effects harm the aquatic fauna particularly the native fish Schizothorax niger which would be one of the reasons for its decline from fresh water resources of the Kashmir Valley.

Electricity generation from dissolved organic matter in polluted lake water using a microbial fuel cell (MFC)

A microbial fuel cell (MFC) was explored as a pretreatment method to remove dissolved organic matter (DOM) from polluted lake water and simultaneously generate electricity. After the MFC treatment, the total organic carbon concentration in the raw lake water was reduced by 50%, the physicochemical nature of DOMs was substantially altered. Protein-like substances in lake water were utilized as a major substrate for the MFC, while humic-like substances were refractory to the biodegradation. A further investigation into the bovine serum albumin utilization in an MFC confirms that the electricity generation was closely associated with the removal of protein-like substrates. Toxicity assessment by Salmonella typhimurium Sal94 indicates that the genotoxic agents in the polluted lake water were almost completely removed after the MFC treatment. This approach of coupling microbially-catalyzed electricity generation with DOM removal may offer a potential avenue for energy-efficient bioremediation of lake water.

Lychnothamnus Barbatus (Meyen) Leonh. – Rediscovered In Shalow Lake Šventininkai (Lithuania) After 50 Years

Abstract Lychnothamnus barbatus, which in Lithuania occurs northernmost in Europe, was identified in 4 lakes: Balsys, Mažasis Gulbinu, Vygris and Šventininkai. The aim of the paper was to present the recent vegetation, habitat conditions, abundance and co-occurring plant species in shallow Lake Šventininkai. L. barbatus population was rediscovered after 50 years. It was recorded in 1823 and 1960, but it has not been detected later on during scattered investigations until now. Recent vegetation of Lake Šventininkai is a typical of eutrophic lakes with the domination of Ceratophyllum demersum, Elodea canadensis and rarely - L. barbatus. The submerged communities are represented by 7 associations. L. barbatus was distrib­uted at the depth of 1.1-2.1 m. Nitellopsis obtusa, Chara globularis, Chara contraria were the most common, co-occurring species of I. barbatus. Lake Šventininkai is a unique, very shallow (average depth <3 m) lake with re-established L. barbatus population after its total decline in strongly polluted lake waters following the lake’s self-purification. The presented data are important for the restoration of the status of the protected area and management of this territory.

Investigation and Evaluation of Water Quality of the East Lake, Wuhan

The East Lake of Wuhan, as a famous scenic area, has been seriously polluted with the influences of human activity. This paper sets up 7 monitoring points (D1～D7) along the East Lake according to the characteristics of point and non-point source pollution, to investigate and evaluate the current situation of water quality on the basis of fuzzy evaluation method. In which, the evaluation factors used for calculation of weight factors are different for lake water collected from different monitoring points. Results showed that the water quality of D3 is at Grade I and that of the other 6 monitoring points are all worse than Grade V. It was deduced that the D3 water was purified by aquatic plant of water lilies, while D1, D2, D4～D7 water were seriously polluted by the wastewater from household, hotels and restaurants, which was without any treatments and discharged into the East Lake directly. In addition, the pollutants from running vehicles on the bank of East Lake possibly went into this lake in the rain or snow weather and brought the lake water pollution. Therefore, some measures of controlling the direct discharge of wastewater from pollution sources, planting aquatic plants in the lake area and separating the lake from roads by a parkway, should be taken to protect the East Lake water environment and improve its water quality.

Heterogeneity of microbial community structures inside the up-flow biological activated carbon (BAC) filters for the treatment of drinking water

Filtration using biological activated carbon (BAC) performs well in the removal of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon from water sources. The application of ozonation followed by up-flow BAC filtration has gained increasing attention in the world scale. In this study, a pilotscale up-flow BAC filtration system was constructed for the treatment of polluted lake water. The operational results indicated that this BAC filtration system could effectively remove organic matter. Spatial heterogeneity of the microbial community structure inside the BAC filtration system was identified using bacterial 16S rRNA clone library analysis. A marked decrease of microbial diversity in the BAC filtration system was observed along the flow path. Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Acidobacteria were found to be the major bacterial groups in the BAC filters. Moreover, Novosphingobium aromaticivorans-like microorganisms were detected. This work might add some new insights towards microbial communities in regards to BAC filtration for the treatment of drinking water.

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Flower-like and Plate-like CuO Nanopowder and Their Photocatalytic Activity for Polluted Lake Water

Flower-like and plate-like CuO nanopowder has been successfully synthesized using a facile microwave-assisted synthetic route. The morphology and size of the final products strongly depended on microwave power. The phase, structures and morphologies of the as-prepared products were investigated in detail by BET surface area analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, the chemical oxygen demand of polluted lake water was employed for characterization of these new photocatalysts. The results showed correlations between the morphology of CuO micro-crystals and their catalytic properties.

Integrated assessment of agricultural land use policies on nutrient pollution and sustainable development in Taihu Basin, China

Abstract Water pollution in Chinese lakes is a major problem. To reduce nutrient pollution and enhance sustainable development in Taihu Basin, China, an integrated assessment of the impacts of agricultural land use policies has been performed, using the technical coefficient generator TechnoGIN and the bio-economic farm model FSSIM. Results show that although promotion of site-specific nutrient management (SSNM), the first policy, can improve regional objectives such as nutrient pollution reduction and food security, its adoption is constrained by labour productivity and availability at farm level. SSNM is more knowledge and labour intensive than conventional management, whereas labour availability is decreasing due to off-farm employment possibilities. In policy scenarios for 2015, environmental impacts are projected to decrease compared to 2008, partly due to the adoption of SSNM. However, the main reason is the decreasing labour availability towards 2015 which causes a switch from double to single cropping already in the baseline scenario for 2015. This leads to lower food production. Abolishing fertilizer subsidies for farmers that do not adopt SSNM, in combination with training appears to be the best way to stimulate SSNM adoption for improving the different land use functions. A second policy, stimulating mechanical transplanting of rice, reduces labour use and can become profitable when subsidized, but on most farm types it will not reverse the trend towards single cropping and has little influence on nutrient pollution. Thirdly, the regional policy of creating riparian buffer zones along water bodies appears to be promising, as it can strongly reduce nutrient leaching from farm land to rivers and lakes. Concluding, the integrated assessment performed in this study showed that policies can reduce nutrient pollution and improve sustainable development, but the changing labour context has a large impact on their impacts and on agriculture in the region.

2P1-I08 再生可能エネルギ駆動型湖沼環境モニタリングシステムに関する研究 : 太陽光駆動型装置による水温計測実験(水中ロボット・メカトロニクス(2))

The lake water pollution is a problem in recent years. To elucidate the mechanism of water pollution, water quality monitoring is important. A measurement system to provide water quality information is proposed. This device is equipped with a sensor system, measurements performed by floating on the lake. This system has to be inexpensive to use a large number of devices, and it is necessary for operation to be simple. This device transmits water temperature and positional information using Android device. Power of this measurement system is supplied from solar cells and this device realizes energy self-reliance. In this paper, overview of the proposed environmental monitoring system is described. Then, experiment of self-reliance by the solar cells shows validity of the proposed system.

702 風車を利用した湖沼の水質汚染防止装置の開発(GS-5・9 水環境)

702 風車を利用した湖沼の水質汚染防止装置の開発(GS-5・9 水環境)

Electrospun 1,4-DHAQ-Doped Cellulose Nanofiber Films for Reusable Fluorescence Detection of Trace Cu2+ and Further for Cr3+

1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone (1,4-DHAQ, a fluorophore) doped cellulose (CL) (denoted as 1,4-DHAQ@CL) microporous nanofiber film has been achieved via simple electrospinning and subsequent deacetylating, and used for highly sensitive and selective fluorescence detection of Cu(2+) in aqueous solution. As the resultant byproduct of Cu(2+)-contaminated 1,4-DHAQ@CL nanofiber film showed recovered fluorescence by extra addition of Cr(3+) nitrate solution, 1,4-DHAQ and Cu(2+) codoped CL (denoted as (1,4-DHAQ)-Cu(2+)@CL)) microporous nanofiber film has been further fabricated for the detection of Cr(3+) in aqueous solution. It was found that the fluorescence intensity of the 1,4-DHAQ@CL microporous nanofiber film linearly decreases with Cu(2+) concentration ranging from 2.5 × 10(-9) to 3.75 × 10(-8) M, while that of the codoped (1,4-DHAQ)-Cu(2+)@CL nanofiber film linearly increases with Cr(3+) concentration from 2.5 × 10(-9) to 2.5 × 10(-8) M, both with high selectivity over many other common heavy metal ions. The sensing mechanism for Cu(2+) is ascribed to the formation of phenolate between 1,4-DHAQ and Cu(2+), while that for Cr(3+) is attributed to the reversing reaction from Cu(2+)-based phenolate to Cu(2+) and Cr(3+)-based excited complex with recovered fluorescence. The sensitive and selective detection of Cu(2+) and Cr(3+) by using the 1,4-DHAQ@CL and the (1,4-DHAQ)-Cu(2+)@CL nanofiber films was further demonstrated in polluted lake waters, thus indicating their potential applications in environmental monitoring of Cu(2+) and Cr(3+) in polluted water. Additionally, both the 1,4-DHAQ@CL and (1,4-DHAQ)-Cu(2+)@CL microporous nanofiber films are reusable for the detection of Cu(2+) and Cr(3+), respectively, after simple treatment. The design concept in this work might also open a door to the design of effective fluorescence probes for other heavy metal ions.

Research on Influencing Factors of Water Environment in the Typical Western of Taihu Lake Based on the Principal Component Analysis - A Case Study of Tianmuhu Lake and Gehu Lake in Jiangsu Province

Taihu Lake basin is a typical water shortage area for water quality problem in China. Studying the influencing water environment factors in this area provides a scientific basis to propose effective pollution water control. This article selects lakes in the western basin as the study area which has the largest contribution to the pollution in Taihu Lake. Influencing factors of water pollution of Tianmuhu Lake and Gehu Lake have been analyzed based on principal component analysis of SPSS, to study the major influencing factors of water environment. The results show that the major influencing factors of water environment in Taihu Lake is dissolved oxygen, water turbidity, and water N, P and other nutrient elements, and the water environment nutrients is much influenced by the N element. While the major influencing factors of water environment in Gehu Lake is P nutrition elements, physical and chemical factors and nutrients such as N and P element, and P elements are seriously polluted. Thus, the corresponding countermeasures should be forward according to different water characteristics during the process of water Pollution Control at the basin.

Water pollution control technology and strategy for river–lake systems: a case study in Gehu Lake and Taige Canal

The Taoge water system is located in the upstream of Taihu Lake basin and is characterized by its multi-connected rivers and lakes. In this paper, current analyses of hydrology, hydrodynamics and water pollution of Gehu Lake and Taige Canal are presented. Several technologies are proposed for pollution prevention and control, and water environmental protection in the Taihu Lake basin. These included water pollution control integration technology for the water systems of Gehu Lake, Taige Canal and Caoqiao River. Additionally, river-lake water quality and quantity regulation technology, ecological restoration technology for polluted and degraded water bodies, and water environmental integration management and optimization strategies were also examined. The main objectives of these strategies are to: (a) improve environmental quality of relative water bodies, prevent pollutants from entering Gehu Lake and Taige Canal, and ensure that the clean water after the pre-treatment through Gehu Lake is not polluted before entering the Taihu Lake through Taige Canal; (b) stably and efficiently intercept and decrease the pollution load entering the lake through enhancing the river outlet ecological system structure function and water self-purifying capacity, and (c) designate Gehu Lake as a regulation system for water quality and water quantity in the Taoge water system and thus guarantee the improvement of the water quality of the inflow into Taihu Lake.

Biodegradation of Organic Matter and Holding of N,P during Aerobic Thermophilic Composting of Human Feces

Abstract Aerobic composting is a method for sanitary disposal of human feces as has been used in bio-toilet systems. As the composting method can be used at family in city to save water and to control water pollution, it would be favorable if the composting process could be controlled to improve biodegradation of organic matters and holding of N,P. In this study, batch experiments were conducted using a closed aerobic composting reactor with sawdust as the bulky matrix to simulate the condition of a bio-toilet for sanitary disposal of human feces. Attention was paid to the Biodegradation of organic matter and holding of N,P. Under a controlled condition of temperature at 60 °C, moisture content at 60%, and continuous air supply, more than 70% fecal organic mattres removal was obtained while merely 17% fecal nitrogen loss without loss of P was observed in a two-week composting period. The nitrogen loss was found to occur mainly in the frst day with quick depletion of inorganic nitrogen and unchanged organic nitrogen content. The fecal NH4-N which was the main compoernent of the inorganic nitrogen (>90%) decreased quickly in the first day, gradually decreased in the following days, and finally disappeared. Thermophilic composting could be considered to keep more than 70% fecal organic matters removal, decreasing fecal nitrogen loss, keep more organic nitrogen content without loss of P in the composts for well controling water pollution of lake, waterland or wetland.

Estimation of the lake water pollution by determination of 18 elements using ICP-MS method and their statistical analysis

Eighteen elements (Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sr and Zn) were determined in water taken from Malta Lake. All the analyses were made using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method (ICP-MS). In our investigations we focused on the variability of the element content in water from a number of sampling stations and over different seasons. The obtained results were submitted to statistical analysis. First, the results were interpreted using the analysis of variance test (ANOVA). This has revealed differences in concentration for the majority of elements with regard to seasons. Then, cluster analysis (CA) and factor analysis (FA) were applied to explore similarities between sampling stations. Neither of these have demonstrated any grouping. Finally, factor analysis and principal component analysis (PCA), applied to show the grouping of elements, revealed how different sampling stations are related to each other.

Paradox of nutrient removal in coupled socioeconomic and ecological dynamics for lake water pollution

We study coupled socioeconomical and ecological dynamics for lake water pollution. Players choose between cooperative (but costly) option and economical option, and their decision is affected by the fraction of cooperators in the community and by the importance of water pollution problem. When an opportunity for choice arrives, players take the option with the higher utility (best response dynamics). This social dynamics is coupled with the dynamics of lake water pollution. First, oscillation of large amplitude is generated if social change occurs faster than ecosystem responses. Second, the model can show “paradox of nutrient removal”. If phosphorus is removed more effectively either from the inflow or from the lake water, the pollution level may increase (rather than decrease) due to the decline in people's willingness to cooperate. Third, we compare the effectiveness of alternative methods in improving water quality: to reduce the cooperation cost by subsidy, to enhance people's concern to water pollution problem, and to promote the conformity among people.

Environmetric approaches for lake pollution assessment

The application of multivariate statistical methods to high mountain lake monitoring data has offered some important conclusions about the importance of environmetric approaches in lake water pollution assessment. Various methods like cluster analysis and principal components analysis were used for classification and projection of the data set from a large number of lakes from Rila Mountain in Bulgaria. Additionally, self-organizing maps of Kohonen were constructed in order to solve some classification tasks. An effort was made to relate the maps with the input data in order to detect classification patterns in the data set. Thus, discrimination chemical parameters for each pattern (cluster) identified were found, which enables better interpretation of the pollution situation. A methodology for application of a combination of different environmetric methods is suggested as a pathway to interpret high mountain lake water monitoring data.

Conflict between groups of players in coupled socio-economic and ecological dynamics

Conflict among multiple groups is a major source of difficulty in environmental conservation. People are often divided into various groups that have different social factors, sometimes leading to differences in the degree to which they cooperate in environmental conservation. This obstructs the social consensus needed to solve the environmental problems. Here we study the coupled dynamics of human socio-economic choice and lake water pollution, and examine the magnitude of the difference in cooperation levels between two groups. In the model, many players choose between a costly but cooperative option and a selfish option. The former results in a reduced phosphorus discharge into the lake. Each player's choice is affected by an economic cost and social pressure. Social pressure is a psychological factor that promotes cooperation: it becomes stronger when more players in the society are cooperative (conformist tendency) and when the problem at hand is a greater concern to society. In the model, two groups sometimes show large differences in their cooperation levels even when both have exactly the same social factors. However, cooperation levels are more likely to differ between groups that have different social factors. Enhancement of the cross-group conformist tendency is the most effective way to minimize differences in cooperation levels and to mitigate conflict between groups.