Water Piping Systems Research Articles

Installation of Clean Water Piping for Resident on Jl. Arjuna, RW 08 and 09, East Labuh Baru, Pekanbaru

Water is a crucial resource for sustaining life; however, access to it through the Regional Drinking Water Company (Indonesian: Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum [PDAM]) remains limited in certain communities. As a result, residents frequently depend on groundwater sourced through independent pumping by households, places of worship, public facilities, private and government offices, and others. An assessment of the buildings on Jl. Arjuna RW 08 and 09, East Labuh Baru District, Pekanbaru, indicates a significant lack of adequate clean water installation systems, highlighting a need for targeted community service efforts. This initiative aims to rectify these deficiencies by drilling wells to establish reliable sources of clean water and installing a comprehensive clean water piping system to ensure effective distribution from the source to the end users, thus aligning with Indonesian National Standards (SNI). The project involves faculty members as part of their commitment to the tri-dharma of higher education, offering both a practical learning opportunity for students and a valuable service to the community.

Evaluation of filler activation for sustainable FRP composite by studying properties, mechanism, and stability

The aim is to develop new fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) water pipe by activating fiber glass (FG) by vinyltriethoxysilane (VS) getting vinylsilane-activated FG (AFG) for filling vinylester (VE) via continuous winding to make a novel VE-AFG composite. The novelty of this work is the activation of fiber glass by vinylsilane as a single filler in vinylester and compounding them via a two-dimensional continuous winding process for the first time. The crosslinking occurred in the AFG/VE/curing agent system after activation. The activated composites increased thermal stability; 25% VE-AGF increased the degradation temperatures at 10%, 25%, and 50% weight loss by 73.3%, 10%, and 7.2%. With the activated 20% composite, values of axial strength, hoop strength, and hardness were developed by 6.3%, 2%, and 8.7%, respectively. The decay resistance to different microorganisms was increased with VE-AFG composites as a result of a sharp decrease in biodegradability percentages. The activated composites are stable toward water absorption; the least percentage was recorded by 25% VE-AFG, which minimized the water absorptivity by more than 62%. The reported characterization sentence approves enhancement of thermal, physical, and mechanical stability of sustainable vinylester-fiber glass composites manufactured by continuous winding; this is recommended for application in water pipe systems.

Virulence Genes and Biofilm Formation Among Legionella pneumophila Isolates Collected from Hospital Water Sources.

Legionella pneumophila can be transmitted to people, especially immunocompromised patients, via hospital water pipe systems and cause severe pneumonia. The aim of our study was to investigate the presence of major virulence factor genes, ability of biofilms formation, and correlation between presence of Legionella isolates and temperature, pH, and residual chlorine of water. Hundred water samples were collected from nine hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Temperature, pH, and residual chlorine were determined during sampling. Different virulence genes and the ability to form biofilms were subsequently analyzed among the L. pneumophila isolates. Results showed that 12 (12%) samples were positive in culture method and all of the isolates were positive as L. pneumophila species (mip). A correlation was found between Legionella culture positivity and temperature and pH of water, but there was no significant correlation between residual chlorine of water samples and the presence of Legionella. The isolation of Legionella rate in summer and spring was higher than winter and autumn. Twelve (100%) isolates were positive for mip genes, 9 (75%) for dot genes, 8 (66.66%) for hsp, 6 (50%) for lvh, and 4 (33.33%) for rtx. All of the isolates displayed strong ability for biofilm production every three days. Two of these isolates (16.6%) displayed weak ability to form biofilm on the first day of incubation. This study revealed that water sources in hospitals were colonized by virulent Legionella and should be continuously monitored to avoid elevated concentrations of Legionella with visible biofilm formation.

Anomaly Detection in Targeted Pipe Sections in Water Pipe Systems Using Hydroacoustic Signal Deconvolution

Anomaly Detection in Targeted Pipe Sections in Water Pipe Systems Using Hydroacoustic Signal Deconvolution

Quality of water for human consumption in public schools in Maceió, Alagoas

The study evaluated the microbiological quality of water for human consumption in teaching units of the municipal public network in Maceió, Alagoas, and verified the hygienic-sanitary conditions of their water tanks and piping systems. This is an observational and descriptive study, carried out in 20 educational units supplied by artesian wells. Water samples were collected from the artesian well and the unit's kitchen faucet. The water quality was evaluated by the test of total coliforms and E. coli, based on the presence/absence of Colilert substrate, and classified as “acceptable” or “unacceptable”. The hygienic-sanitary conditions of the pipes and tanks were evaluated based on a checklist. In 50% of the teaching units, the water quality was unacceptable. Regarding hygienic-sanitary conditions, 73.7% of the units complied with current legislation with regard to structure, hygiene and coating material. However, in 95.0%, the cleaning of the water tanks had not been carried out as recommended by federal legislation; consequently there was a lack of records of the procedures performed. These schools risk transmission of waterborne and foodborne diseases from the water that is used to prepare beverages and food for the schoolchildren. Therefore, it is important to adopt effective measures to control and monitor water quality in order to correct the situation found in these schools.

Education Process for Students and Marine Engineers of an Experimental Unit for Cavitation Flow in Water-Piping System

The main objective of this report is to give basic instruction to trainees about the operation and capabilities of an experimental unit for cavitation research. The equipment is designed and fabricated for the needs of students from the Faculty of Engineering. Cavitation is a complex process that can be observed at various locations in piping systems, both in the suction and discharge lines. Uncontrolled cavitation in pumps, valves, pipes cause failure. By knowing and managing the process, cavitation can be controlled and transformed from undesirable to desirable with a positive outcome.

Vinylester-glass fiber composite for water pipe: Processing and effect of fiber direction

Vinylester-glass fiber composites have a wide scale of applications, however the combination between multiple fillers can cause some disadvantages due to complicated processing, high cost and incompatibility. This paper presents a novel trial for filling commercial vinylester (VE) resin with glass fiber (GF), as one filler component, in dual directions to prepare water pipe composite using the continuous winding technique, for the first time. 10% to 25% VE-GF composites were prepared with distributing GF in axial and hoop directions. The composites were cured via in-situ polymerization; the crosslinked network is occurred between catalyst and unsaturation sites in prepolymer. All concentrations show stability in all stages of thermal degradation, compared with blank VE; the more stable composite is 25% VE-GF. GF filled in axial and hoop directions enhanced the mechanical strength of both axes. The improved concentration (20% VE-GF composite) increased axial tensile strength and hoop tensile strength respectively to 32 MPa and 51 MPa, compared with 22 MPa and 42 MPa for blank VE. Furthermore, this concentration enhanced the strengths of surface harness and pull off from 39 BHC and 2.2 MPa to 46 BHC and 5.3 MPa, respectively. The 25% VE-GF composite decreased these values, but still higher than blank. GF improved the resistance of vinylester toward water absorption in different immersion conditions, especially the 25% VE-GF composites. The filling direction doesn’t affect the composite stability. As a key issue for sustainable applied polymer composites, the proposed technique presents stable and low cost composite with one filler type, as physically, thermally and mechanically stable water pipe system.

Urban Farming Prototype Design and Development with IoT System using STEMSEL and Runlinc IDE

Urban farming technology is getting more acceptable with the increase in population. Running urban farming with IoT becomes more important as urban farming has many constraints. This project aimed to design and develop an automated urban farming system operated with an IoT system using Science Technology Engineering Maths Social Enterprise Learning Artificial Intelligence (STEMSEL AI), and Runlinc Integrated Development Environment (IDE) to ease urban farming. The prototype consists of three major components: the structural part, the water piping system, and the IoT operating system. Idea generation was applied to develop various conceptual designs in the structural component. Concept evaluation was performed to choose the final design. The IoT operation system was designed and developed using the STEMSEL module and Runlinc IDE. A few challenges were identified throughout the design process. Overall, STEMSEL is much simpler and easier to set up than other controllers.

The Management of Drinking Water in Trondheim from 950 to 1777 as a Source of Changing Attitudes toward Health

Abstract This article aims to illuminate how the management of drinking water and public health in Trondheim, Norway changed from 950 to 1777, from a private to public responsibility. A systematic analysis of five excavations in Trondheim shows that during the Middle Ages, only a few citizens had a well or a cistern on their property. This suggests that fetching water from above-ground sources was a regular practice. In the post-medieval period, this changed as the number of wells increased. However, the well water got polluted, and alternative water sources were too far away for the rising population. 18th-century political ideas emphasised how the citizens were now the state’s greatest resource, which prompted new mentalities on how authorities had to take care of the people. In 1777, the public authorities of Trondheim finally established a public water pipe system, ensuring clean water to its citizens.

Insight into mixed chlorine/chloramines conversion and associated water quality variability in drinking water distribution systems

Mixed chlorine/chloramines are common in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs); however, their transformation and impact on chemical and microbial characteristics are not well understood. We systematically investigated water quality parameters associated with mixed chlorine/chloramine species conversion in 192 samples (including raw, finished, and tap water) collected throughout the year in a city in East China. Various chlorine/chloramine species (free chlorine, monochloramine [NH2Cl], dichloramine [NHCl2], and organic chloramines [OC]) were detected in both chlorinated and chloraminated DWDSs. NHCl2 + OC increased with transport distance along the pipeline network. The maximum proportion of NHCl2 + OC in over total chlorine in tap water reached 66 % and 38 % from chlorinated and chloraminated DWDSs, respectively. Both free chlorine and NH2Cl showed a rapid decay in the water pipe systems, but NHCl2 and OC were more persistent. Correlations between chlorine/chloramine species and physicochemical parameters were established. Models for predicting the sum of chloroform/TCM, bromodichloromethane/BDCM, chlorodibromomethane/CBDM, and bromoform/TBM (THM4) (R2 = 0.56) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) (R2 = 0.65) exhibited greater accuracy based on machine learning tuned with chlorine/chloramine species, particularly NHCl2 + OC. The predominant bacterial communities in mixed chlorine/chloramine systems were those resistant to chlorine or chloramine such as proteobacteria. NH2Cl was the most significant explanatory factor (28.1 %) for the variation in microbial community assemblage in chloraminated DWDSs. Although residual free chlorine and NHCl2 + OC, accounted for a smaller proportion of chlorine species in chloraminated DWDSs, they played an essential role (12.4 % and 9.1 %, respectively) in the microbial community structure.

Studi Tinjauan Perencanaan Sistem Plumbing Air Bersih (Studi Kasus: Gedung Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Bahasa Arab)

carefully considered to ensure that the water demand of the students and staff can be met effectively and efficiently. Calculations show that a water demand of 0.35 m3/min is required, and various existing pipe diameters are used, ranging from 65mm for the main pipes, 60mm and 50mm for the header pipes, to 40mm, 32mm, 30mm, 25mm, 20mm, and 15mm for the shaft pipes. However, after controlling for velocity values using Epanet software, it was found that some pipes had values below 1.8m/s and above 2.4m/s, which could compromise system efficiency. Therefore, the effective pipe diameter for the header pipes was found to be 125mm and 90mm, and for the shaft pipes, it ranged from 90mm to 15mm. The results of this study highlight that the clean water piping system in the STIBA building must be carefully designed and evaluated to meet the clean water demands of the students and staff effectively and efficiently. This can be achieved by selecting effective pipe diameters based on the Epanet calculations and ensuring that the velocity values remain within the specified limits.

Implementasi Alat Penjernih Air Tanah (Artesis) Menjadi Air Layak Pakai Pada Gedung Elektro Politeknik Negeri Bengkalis

Meeting the need for clean water has become a very common problem and has not been resolved in most parts of the Indonesian state in general, especially in coastal areas. Even though artesian well water is available, the condition of the water is generally slightly yellowish in color and has a high acid content. The same thing happened to the Electrical Building of the Bengkalis State Polytechnic, so that the toilet, ceramics and some equipment in the toilet quickly turned yellow and corroded due to the high acid content in the water and could create a dirty/dirty impression on the toilet. The method implemented is to create a water purification system using a media tube sourced from bore well water (artesian) which is yellow in color and has a high acid content, which can produce clear water and low acid levels so as to avoid yellowing in the toilet and equipment in the toilet. The stages carried out are installing water purification installations (installation of water jet pump machines, media tubes and piping systems), installing electrical installations for water purification systems, testing water purifiers, and making iron cages for media tubes. (artesian) which is yellow in color and has high acid content can become clear water and low acid content, so that it can overcome the problem of the need for clear water suitable for use at the Bengkalis State Polytechnic Electrical Building. Based on the results of the activity, which is made capable of producing water that is fit for consumption with no odor and the color is clearer than before, and this water purifier has been submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering at the Bengkalis State Polytechnic through the Head of the Electrical Engineering Department on August 19, 2022Amri, H., & Syaiful, A. (2018). Implementasi Teknologi Pengolahan Air Tanah Artesis Menjadi Air Layak Minum Di Desa Buruk Bakul. Jurnal Pengabdian DIKEMAS, 2(1), 1-4.Yaqin, R. I., Ziliwu, B. W., Demeianto, B., Siahaan, J. P., Priharanto, Y. E., & Musa, I. (2020). Rancang Bangun Alat Penjernih Air Portable Untuk Persediaan Air Di Kota Dumai. Jurnal Teknologi, 12(2), 107-116Wan M. F.(2015).“Implementasi Teknologi Pengolahan Air Gambut Menjadi Air Layak Konsumsi Bagi Masyarakat Desa Sungai Alam, BengkalisIndra, S.,T., Mulyono,R.,A., Suprawihadi,R. (2019). Alat Pengolah Air Tanah Menjadi Air Bersih dengan Proses KombinasiAerasi-Filtrasi Upflow (Desain Rancang Bangun). Jurnal Kesehatan,10(1), 53-60.

Numerical Study of the Performance of Existing Prestressed Cylindrical Concrete Pipes Strengthened with Reinforced Concrete or Carbon-Reinforced Fiber Polymer Jackets—Part B

A popular water pipe system, used in many countries, is one formed by prestressed cylindrical concrete pipes (PCCP). This study used the results of an experimental investigation on ten (10) PCCP samples taken from an existing water pipeline. The objective was to investigate their bearing capacity under three-edge bending or internal hydraulic pressure loads to check the capability of specific retrofitting/strengthening schemes to upgrade this bearing capacity and thus enhance the operational period (Part A). In this part B study, the measured response of the PCCP pipes was made to validate a numerical approach aimed at numerically simulating the behavior of the original and retrofitted PCCP pipes under hydraulic internal pressure. From the obtained numerical results, it was seen that the assumed nonlinear mechanisms for the concrete volume and steel membrane were verified by comparing numerical predictions with measurements in terms of strain response of the steel membrane, damage patterns of the concrete volume, and the overall internal pressure versus radial expansion response. The numerical predictions of the bearing capacity contribution of the fully active prestress as well as the three specific jacketing schemes, including carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) or reinforced concrete (RC) jackets, were also verified from comparisons with the corresponding measured response.

A load following control strategy for Chinese Modular High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor HTR-PM

Chinese Modular High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor HTR-PM is a promising energy source for comprehensive utilization. The original coordinated control strategy of HTR-PM is a “turbine following reactor” strategy, which is not able to perform load following operation. To have more flexible operation capability, this paper presents a load following control strategy for HTR-PM. A balance of plant (BOP) model of HTR-PM is first developed for dynamic simulation, including the once through steam generator (OTSG), turbine generator, condenser, feed water heater, deaerator, feed water pump, valves and piping system. Then the original coordinated control strategy and the proposed load following control strategy are clarified, and model validation, simulation results are documented respectively. For turbine trip without reactor shutdown from 100%PFP transient, the steam dump strategy is improved to meet the safety requirements. Results demonstrate that the proposed load following strategy can meet the requirements of safety operation, which is desirable for participation in peak load regulating of power system.

Experimental Investigation of the Structural Performance of Existing and RC or CFRP Jacket-Strengthened Prestressed Cylindrical Concrete Pipes (PCCP)—Part A

A popular water pipe system used in many countries is one formed by prestressed cylindrical concrete pipes (PCCPs) formed by identical precast moduli joined together in situ. This technology was and still is quite popular in many water supply systems internationally. This technology was mainly selected at the time due to its cost-based comparative advantage. However, over the years, numerous incidents of structural failures have been reported for this type of pipeline, causing, in some cases, serious disruption of the water supply. This study summarizes the results of an experimental investigation on ten (10) PCCP specimens taken from an existing water pipeline with the objective of investigating their bearing capacity under either three-edge bending or internal hydraulic pressure loads. Moreover, there is a need to check the capability of specific retrofitting/strengthening schemes to upgrade this bearing capacity and thus enhance the operational period. Provided that the prestressing wires are fully active according to design specifications, the original specimen performed satisfactorily for the set internal hydraulic pressure limit of 8.5 bar. Specimens retrofitted with either internal or external CFRP or RC jacketing performed satisfactorily for internal hydraulic pressure levels well above this 8.5 bar limit. A critical factor is, as expected, the loss of prestress.

Comparison of the efficiency of George fisher and metal pipes in water piping system

Background and Aim: The health concern caused by the respiration of drinking water aerosols containing opportunistic pathogens such as Legionella pneumophila is increasing. This study aimed to investigate the effect of George Fisher's piping system on controlling Legionella pneumophila growth. Methods: A total of 32 samples with a volume of 1 liter per hot and cold water system of the gallery commercial-office complex and selective hospital were collected. Then, filtration, concentration, and heat treatment were performed and cultured on selected BCYE agar medium Results: The culture results showed that 5.8% of George Fisher samples and 37.5% of metal tubes were positive for Legionella pneumophila. Conclusion: Legionella pneumophila stopper pipes and fittings of George Fisher Company have a good ability to control the growth and density of Legionella pneumophila in the indoor water supply system and can be considered a suitable option for use in plumbing and indoor water supply.

Forensic Engineering Research and Testing of Building Copper Tube Water Piping System Freeze Failures

Forensic engineers investigating water loss incidents, caused by water leaking from damaged copper tube piping systems inside buildings, are tasked with determining if that damage is from the piping being exposed to subfreezing temperatures or some other cause. This paper provides guidance for such investigations and factual basis for such opinions, including presenting the results of experimental testing of water-filled copper tube piping systems exposed to subfreezing conditions. It also discusses piping standards and building codes. When ice forms a solid plug inside a pipe, the portion of the piping downstream of that plug becomes isolated. As the ice plug grows, the pressure in the isolated portion of the piping system increases dramatically from hydraulic pressure until the strength of the “weak link” is exceeded, which causes a rupture that relieves the pressure. Oftentimes, no significant water flows through the rupture at that time because the ice plug prevents water flow through the pipe. However, significant water flow occurs once the plug melts. This paper demonstrates why it is critically important for forensic engineers to understand this sequence of events.

Groundwater salinity and its effect on elevated concentrations of other contaminants in a coastal plain: a perspective for infrastructure protection

Salinization is a serious threat to coastal groundwater because it degrades water quality and results in trace metal dissolution. Meanwhile, groundwater quality is critical for human and development, as contaminated groundwater cause a negative effect on human`s health and infrastructure. Our investigation of a specific area, Indramayu, on West Java’s north coast revealed that most groundwater samples are brackish to saline in existence. TDS concentrations in groundwater samples were predominantly in the >1,000 to nearly 30,000 mg/L range. Concentration contours were disproportionately high in the north tip area. Numerous factors contribute to the high salinity of this area, including the interaction of saline water and sediment with low-salinity groundwater and evaporation. Additionally, high TDS levels were significantly correlated with Fe2+ and Mn2+ concentrations (p < 0.001). The area’s high salinity was thought to facilitate the dissolution of trace metals from minerals such as siderite and rhodochrosite (SI of the minerals > 1). Concentrations of Fe2+ and Mn2+ were very likely to damage the water piping system. In terms of water quality, less than 30% of samples were fit for human consumption. Finally, the government should take into account the groundwater environment when developing the area in order to protect human health and infrastructure.

Nanoteknoloji Temelli Antimikrobiyal Yüzey Kaplama Teknolojileri ve Potansiyel Uygulama Alanları

Nanotechnology has a wide study field including organic and/or inorganic particles smaller than 100 nanometers and all kinds of technological studies developed using these particles. In the production of nanoparticles, top-down approaches in which macro-sized materials were reduced to nano-sizes and bottom-up approaches in which atoms / molecules were increased to nano-sizes by different chemical reactions, are used. Currently, nanoparticles produced by top-down approaches might be used in many industries such as food industry, water treatment systems, cosmetics, and medicine. Microorganisms that tend to move, adhere, and colonize a solid surface, cause the formation of microbial biofilm on these surfaces. Microbial biofilms show high resistance to traditional antimicrobial applications in industrial environments especially where food is processed, water piping systems, biological tissues and medical implants. Therefore, the requirement has emerged to make not only the surfaces in direct contact with people, but also the surfaces in contact with food, to be resistant to microorganisms by different antimicrobial coating techniques. In this review, it is aimed to give information about the production methods of nanomaterials, different antimicrobial surface-coating techniques, the mechanism of antimicrobial nanoparticles on microorganisms and potential applications of antimicrobial surfaces.

ANTIBIOFILM ACTIVITY AND STABILITY ASSAY OF PIGMENT FROM MARINE BACTERIA Bizionia paragorgiae

Biofilms are communities that contain one or multiple microorganisms that enclosed in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix Biofilm formation is one of important survival skills for bacteria to be able to grow in all surfaces, such as living tissues, medical devices, industrial water piping, shipping, and natural aquatic system. It is recognized as the important virulence factor and protection for bacteria from environment influences. Bizionia paragorgiae, which produced orange pigment, was examined in this research. In this research, antibacterial, antibiofilm activity, and stability assay were examined. There was no antibacterial activity indicated from this study against all tested Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Based on antibiofilm activity against four pathogenic bacteria, both destruction and inhibition assay reduced biofilm formation by up to 30-70%. According to the result revealed from stability assay, the pigment was more stable at its natural pH 5.83, at 25 °C, and stored in dark condition.