Physical Properties Of Water Research Articles

IDENTIFIKASI KARAKTERISTIK DAN MUTU JAGUNG DI KABUPATEN SIDENRENG RAPPANG

Identification of characteristics and quality of corn a case study in Sidenreng Rappang Regency. This research aims to measure or identify quantitatively the character of corn and determine the classification of corn quality. Sampling came from each representative sub-district in Sidenreng Rappang Regency. The samples obtained were 11 (eleven) samples from each sub-district. Physical measurements and aflatoxin testing were carried out on the best samples of the 11 samples. This corn sample is a hybrid maize of Pertiwi-6. The research was carried out by determining broken grains, other colored grains, broken grains, dirt content, determination of water content, physical properties and aflatoxin. The results showed that 81.82% of maize in Sidenreng Rappang Regency had complied with the quality requirements of SNI Maize, while 18.18% of them do not meet the quality standards. The results of 11 samples, there are 9 samples that meet the quality requirements specifications in accordance with SNI Corn SNI 3920:2013, however there are 2 samples that do not belong to the quality class. Characteristics of Hybrid Pertiwi-6 maize growing in Sidenreng Rappang Regency generally have characteristics with a length of 8- 14 mm, a width of 7-8 mm, a weight of 250 (mg/seed), Bulk density 745 (Kg/m3). Aflatoxin levels obtained < 1.0 g/Kg. The aflatoxin levels have met the Indonesian national standards. These results indicate that the quality of corn in Sidenreng Rappang Regency needs to be maintained, but there are still some whose quality needs to be improved in accordance with applicable quality standards.

Influence of the layland development technology on the water-physical and agrochemical properties of the soil of Central Siberia

Relevance. The disadvantages of steppe nature management include soil degradation, deficiency of mineral nutrition elements and other adverse phenomena. Similar processes are taking place in Siberia. Currently, the re-development of laylands is beginning and soil degradation is again manifested in the steppe regions of Khakassia. For the effective use of land resources, it is necessary to develop a technology for processing soil deposits in the arid steppe zone of the south of Central Siberia.Methods. The study of the effectiveness of soil treatment technologies of the erosive agroecological group of laylands was carried out in the arid steppe agrolandscape region of the Republic of Khakassia, located in the south of Central Siberia. The research was carried out for four years in the feed crop rotation link: a long-term (20-25 years) grain-grass layland — oats (corn) for green mass by the method of field experience of B.A. Dospekhov. Methods of water-physical and agrochemical studies were used in the performance of the work.Results. It is established that on long-term laylands (20-25 years) soil compaction, low moisture content and mineral nutrition elements are noted. The influence of the complex application of continuous herbicides (Tornado 500, Sprut Extra) and processing technology on the water-physical and agrochemical properties of the soil has been revealed. During summer tillage of a long-term layland and introduction of herbicide, there is an accumulation of moisture, nitrate nitrogen. In the arid steppe zone, the technology with tillage of a long-term layland to a depth of 18-20 cm increases the productivity of the feed crop rotation link by an average of 25.5-32.7% compared to technological operations involving small-scale processing (12-14 cm and 14-16 cm).

Влияние применения поливов и норм удобрений на массу, химический состав и содержание питательных веществ в корневой массе и стерне гороха (Pisum sativum L.) в смеси с сорго (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)

In article effect of entering of norms of organic and mineral fertilizers on weight, a chemical compound and the maintenance of nutrients in stubble the root rests of peas in a mix with sorghum are studied and analyzed. Greater accumulation of root weight in soil depends on a condition of water-physical properties of a ground in arable and subarable layers. In well processed fertile soil the plant root leaves in very deep layers and accumulates more than root weight. The difference in number of the nutrients arriving in soil in root weight and stubble by the rests, is caused by quantity of the vegetative rests and quantity of nutrients in their structure. Besides the nutrients arriving in soil through root weight and stubble the rests, there are favorable conditions for more effective food of plants, including a considerable quantity of carbonic gas. As a result of action of mineral and organic mineral fertilizers increases not only productivity of an elevated part of a plant, but also weight root and stubble the rests which after ploughing are exposed to process humification. During research it was revealed that in a control variant without fertilizers at joint crops sorghum and peas gathered 600 kg/ha stubble the rests, and at the combined entering of organic and mineral fertilizers stubble the rests varied within 660–1000 kg/ha. For the vegetative period the irrigation was spent 3 times, in a non-fertilizing control variant is collected 2450 kg/ha of root weight in summary entering of organic and mineral fertilizers it is collected 2630–3140 kg/ha of root weight that shows a considerable gain. Optimum entering of mineral and organic fertilizers improves a water, air and nutritious mode of soil, raises its fertility, rendering quantitative and qualitatively effective influence on root stubble the rests of the mixed cultures. It proves that the mixed crops of peas with sorghum, are the good predecessor for plants following it.

Impacts of glacier and sea ice melt on methane pathways on the Northeast Greenland shelf

Global warming has led to a sharp decrease in Arctic summer sea ice extent and a dramatic ice mass loss of the Greenland Ice Sheet over the past three decades. The Northeast Greenland continental shelf is a site of intense water mass transformation involving both sea ice processes and glacier dynamics. The Arctic shelf waters are considered to be a net source of atmospheric methane (CH4); however, the effect of glacier and sea ice melt on oceanic CH4 concentrations still needs to be investigated. To better understand the effect of meltwater on the CH4 budget of the ocean, our study constrains the CH4 pathways by following changes in water mass properties and infers potential CH4 sources and sinks. Based on measurements of concentration and carbon isotope delta (δ13C) of CH4, the water mass tracer δ18O(H2O) and physical properties of the water masses, we detected CH4 excess in surface waters, which we attribute to brine release during sea ice formation. We show that this CH4 excess is sustained throughout the melt season, due to a freshwater lid formed at the ocean surface. The meltwater hardly alters the CH4 excess, but enhances water stratification, which, in turn, restricts the sea-to-air flux. The CH4 excess is subject to mixing with surrounding shelf waters influenced by basal glacial meltwater discharge. We suggest that the CH4 excess of Northeast Greenland continental shelf waters is redistributed in the marine environment, while CH4 emission to the atmosphere is limited to regions not covered by sea ice.

The roles of polymer relaxation phenomena, aqueous dye solubility and the physical properties of water in the mechanism of adsorption of a disperse dye on poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibres: Part 2 dye solubility

AbstractThe marked temperature‐dependent uptake of a commercial disperse dye on poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabric achieved during an aqueous high temperature dyeing process is the likely amalgamation of at least two separate, but intrinsically inter‐related, thermally activated processes, namely, poly(ethylene terephthalate) structural relaxations, as articulated in terms of polymer chain segmental mobility and available free volume, in which glass transition adopts a principal role, as well as disperse dye aqueous solubility. Both polymer relaxation times and disperse dye solubility therefore assume crucially important roles in the mechanism of adsorption of disperse dyes on poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibres.

The physical, chemical, biological and geological properties of Kangal hot spring water and its use in the treatment of psoriasis

: Purpose: In this study, the physical and chemical properties of Kangal fish spa water, which is thought to be effective in the treatment of psoriasis, were evaluated, and the role of the chemical content in the treatment was examined with theoretical calculations. In addition, the role of the fish in the treatment and the role of water in the vital conditions of the fish have been tried to be explained in detail. Material and Methods: Hydrochemical analysis of Kangal hot spring mineral water according to balneological criteria; water temperature, pH value, total mineralization, followed by the presence of macro components i.e. ions, sodium, calcium, magnesium, hydrocarbonates, chlorides, sulfates and finally, iodine, bromine, lithium, fluorine, selenium, strontium, meta silicon and meta boric acid and the presence of microcomponents of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen and oxygen from gases. Results: Average temperature of Kangal hot spring mineral water is 35°C, pH 7.42, dissolved oxygen and free carbon dioxide values are 4.4 and 8.74mg/L, respectively. The total flow rate of the pools was 130 L/s and the radioactivity was determined as 6 eman. Spring water, average electrical conductivity (EC): 530 μS cm-1, CO2 8.70 mg/L, and dissolved oxygen value (DO) 4 mg/L. The electrical conductivity was measured as 530 μS cm-1, and the total mineralization range was 590.9mg/L. Conclusion: As a result of the analyzsis and the values found, it has been shown that spring water with high mineral content and basic has positive effects on the skin. Considering the amount of selenium, copper, calcium, iron, magnesium and zinc in its content, it was concluded that it may have beneficial effects for psoriasis. It was also discovered that according to the Balneological criteria, the mineral waters of Kangal spa met most of the criteria and contained more of the listed therapeutic ingredients.

Geothermal Potential in a Small Volcanic Island

In this paper we report the continuation of previous observation of hot spring phenomenon in northern Ternate island. The hot spring distribution spread unevenly with temperature ranging from 29 °C to 35.5 °C along shore line. Geomagnetic measurements, chemical water and physical water properties have been carried out to find the caused of unevenly hot spring distribution . This research intends to reveal geothermal potential in a small volcanic island. The result of geomagnetic measurements, showed low magnetic anomalies as demagnetization rock by heat. Magnetic anomaly map shown any fault structure alignment with the northeast – southwest. The fault structures create path of heat. The result of chemical and physical water properties also agree with geomagnetic measurement that show indication of geothermal system. The heat source comes from magma chamber and passes through rock fractures (fault) as known as up flow geothermal system.

Simulation of Smart Water Quality Monitoring Device

Water contamination is one of the primary concerns for green globalization. Environmental monitoring is a fascinating system that has become increasingly important in 21st-century human life. To ensure a safe supply of drinking water and other water-related activities, water quality must be monitored in real time. This paper depicts a stage progression and plan for a small amount of effort. This research makes use of the Arduino Uno microcontroller, as well as a variety of sensors connected to the platform. The device, which is made up of a number of sensors, is used to determine the physical and chemical properties of water in various locations. Water quality factors such as pH, temperature, and Chlorine can be calculated. When estimated values were compared to W.H.O. standards, it was discovered that a cost-effective device for water quality management was required. In this paper we are trying to measure pH value for drinking water, temperature and chlorine content with the help of ORP sensor through simulation and then compared to standard value given by WHO. In this research paper our aim is to develop a system to evaluate the water quality based on simulation. Using a sensor we can collect data on various water quality parameters with minor variations. Following that, we can perform the necessary qualitative comparisons. It has also proven to be an effective tool for determining the impact of contaminated water. It is a effective tool for comparing data. Here we have used only three sensors pH , Temperature sensor and ORP sensor.

Cardiorespiratory Parameters Comparison Between Incremental Protocols Performed in Aquatic and Land Environments by Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Physical properties of water cause physiological changes in the immersed human body compared with the land environment. Understanding the magnitude of cardiorespiratory alterations might ensure adequate intensity control during aquatic exercise programs. We aimed to compare the oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) parameters during aquatic and land incremental tests. Four databases (PubMed, LILACS, EMBASE, and SPORTDiscus) were searched in September 2020. Eligibility criteria included studies in a crossover design comparing aquatic and land incremental tests for healthy individuals with at least one of the following parameters: VO2 (maximal, VO2max; anaerobic threshold, VO2AT), HR (HRmax; HRAT), and RPE (RPEmax; RPEAT). The random-effects meta-analysis included mean difference and 95% confidence interval for VO2 and HR or standardized mean difference for RPE. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tool was adapted to assess methodological quality. Twenty-eight studies were eligible and included in the meta-analysis. Aquatic protocols showed lower values compared with land for VO2max (- 7.07mL.kg-1.min-1; - 8.43 to - 5.70; n = 502), VO2AT (- 6.19mL.kg-1.min-1; - 7.66 to - 4.73; n = 145), HRmax (- 11.71bpm; - 13.84 to - 9.58; n = 503), and HRAT (- 15.29bpm; - 19.05 to - 11.53; n = 145). RPEmax (0.01; - 0.16 to 0.18; n = 299) and RPEAT (- 0.67; - 1.35 to 0.02; n = 55) values were similar between aquatic and land protocols. Our study reinforces the specificity of the environment during incremental tests for prescribing exercises based on physiological parameters as VO2 and HR parameters presented lower values in aquatic protocols than land protocols. Conversely, RPE seems an interchangeable measure of exercise intensity, with similar values during the protocols in both environments. Substantial levels of heterogeneity were present for the VO2max and HRmax meta-analyses, and as such, results should be interpreted with attention. PROTOCOLREGISTRATION: This study was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD42020212508).

A Water in Oil Gelled Emulsion as a Topical Release Vehicle for Curcumin

AbstractThe objective of this work is to assess the influence of the concentration of polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) (at 1%, 1.5%, and 2%) on the physical properties of water in oil gelled emulsions (W/O) and evaluates their efficiency as a delivery vehicle for curcumin. Emulsions are characterized by drop size, centrifugal test, texture, and rheology during 28 days of storage. When the surfactant concentration increases, smaller droplet sizes are obtained (<5 µm), the phase separation (tested by centrifugal force) decreases from 6% to 4% with little variation of the time. The mechanical properties of emulsions show a tendency to decrease as time passed and concentration of PGPR increased. The emulsions increased viscosity as the concentration increased, but the addition of curcumin reduce the viscosity of the emulsions. About controlled release profiles, a low concentration of PGPR shows an increase in the affinity between curcumin and the emulsions, following a pseudo‐Fickian release behavior. At higher concentration of PGPR shows a decrease in the affinity between curcumin and the emulsion, displaying a Fickian release behavior. The authors were able to prepare tailor made curcumin water in oil emulsion systems for the topical release of this compound.

Anomalies and Local Structure of Liquid Water from Boiling to the Supercooled Regime as Predicted by the Many-Body MB-pol Model.

For the past 50 years, researchers have sought molecular models that can accurately reproduce water's microscopic structure and thermophysical properties across broad ranges of its complex phase diagram. Herein, molecular dynamics simulations with the many-body MB-pol model are performed to monitor the thermodynamic response functions and local structure of liquid water from the boiling point down to deeply supercooled temperatures at ambient pressure. The isothermal compressibility and isobaric heat capacity show maxima near 223 K, in excellent agreement with recent experiments, and the liquid density exhibits a minimum at ∼208 K. A local tetrahedral arrangement, where each water molecule accepts and donates two hydrogen bonds, is found to be the most probable hydrogen-bonding topology at all temperatures. This work suggests that MB-pol may provide predictive capability for studies of liquid water's physical properties across broad ranges of thermodynamic states, including the so-called water's "no man's land" which is difficult to probe experimentally.

ОЦЕНКА ВОДНО-ФИЗИЧЕСКИХ СВОЙСТВ ТЕХНОГЕННЫХ СУБСТРАТОВ ПРИ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ РЕКУЛЬТИВАЦИИ ОТВАЛОВ КМА

The negative impact of man on the environment is noticeably manifested when mining in an open way, in which the prevailing natural landscape is completely disrupted. The object of the study was the Starooskolsk-Gubkinsky iron ore region of the Kursk magnetic anomaly. For the mining technical stage of reclamation of disturbed territories with unsatisfactory growing conditions, common pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was chosen for research. In the results of studies of post-technogenic areas, elements of mineral nutrition, water, physical and chemical properties of substrates were determined. According to these data, the particle size distribution of such dumps contains from 6 to 43% of silt particles (less than 0.001 mm). Water-soluble salts in the substrates contain a small amount, and the dry residue ranges from 0.12-0.6%. The amount of organic matter is small and reaches only 0.13-0.66%, and mobile phosphorus 1.8-2.0 and exchangeable potassium up to 16 mg / 100 g. These substrates have a high connectivity, showing degree of bonding between individual particles. According to the analysis of the data, the substrates at this object of study are characterized by water-physical properties that make it difficult for tree species to grow

Environmental And Diagnostic Study Of Some Parasites In Barbus Xanthopterus Fish Of Al-Diwaniyah River

The current study was concerned with investigating parasitic infections in Barbus Xanthopterus fish in Al-Diwaniyah River, for the period (July 2020-December 2020). (218) fish were collected from three different locations along the Al-Diwaniyah River. The results of the laboratory examination indicated that the fish were infected with the parasite Chilodonella Cyprinid and Eimiria sinenis. The current study recorded changes in the physical and chemical properties of Al-Diwaniyah River water, as the water temperature values, measured turbidity values, pH, electrical conductivity, hardness and TDS recorded a clear variation during the months of the study. The results of the statistical analysis indicated that there were significant differences between these variables at a level of probability (P≤0.05).

Research of soybean varieties according to the complex of economic-valuable peculiarities in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Having analysed literary sources, we have determined that soybeans are among the most valuable legumes of world agriculture. The versatility of this legume is explained by the unique chemical composition, which combines 38–42% protein, 18–23% oil, 25–30% carbohydrates, enzymes, vitamins, minerals. Soybeans play an exceptionally important role in the biologization of agriculture. Soybeans are the most profitable crops, that significantly improve the economic condition of farms. One of the reasons is their low resistance to extreme environmental conditions, in particular, the lodging of plants in years with a large amount of precipitation, an increase in the the growing season for later sowing periods and with a decrease in air temperature during the formation period — seed ripening, crop losses from cracking of beans in varieties of the early maturing variety, which is less numerously represented in the world gene pool. Soybean varieties, which are used in production nowadays, do not fully meet the requirements, since they do not provide consistently high yields and product quality. Growing soybeans has a beneficial effect on the processes of humification, physical and physicochemical properties of soils, water and nutritional regimes, improves the nitrogen balance of crop rotation and increases the yield of other crop rotation. The correct choice of variety is one of the decisive conditions for obtaining the maximum yield. At the same time, the choice of variety is one of the most affordable production of agricultural activities, reducing the negative impact of limiting factors of the external environment on the level of soybean yield and to the greatest extent ensures the plasticity of the crop to specific growing conditions. Domestic soybean varieties are included in the State Register of Plant Varieties of Ukraine as a factor of increasing competitive agriculture and adapting them to organic varietal growing technologies. The article deals with the varietal diversity of genetic support with fundamentally new source material of leading varieties of soybeans.

Effect of Coal Gasification Slag on Improving Physical Properties of Acid Soil

Coal gasification slag (CGS) is a coal-based solid waste formed by the transformation of inorganic mineral components and carbon components in raw coal into slag during coal gasification. To explore its influence on the physical characteristics of acid soil and study the influence mechanism on the water holding capacity of acid soil, the coarse and fine CGS were used as materials to mix with acid soil in different proportions. The volume weight, particle size composition, and water retention performance of the mixed soil were tested, and the changes of soil water characteristic curve were analysed. The results showed that, after mixing the acid soil with CGS, the particle size composition of acid soil was significantly improved, the sand content increased by 13.27–195.46%, the clay and silt content decreased by −2.14–38.62% and 3.22–40.06%, respectively; and the soil bulk density decreased significantly (P < 0.05), with a decrease range of 3.38–28.12%. The soil texture also changed from silty loam to sandy loam, and the water retention performance showed an upward trend, which significantly affected the soil saturated water content, capillary water capacity and field water capacity, with an increase range of 2.87–38.09%, 1.73–27.92% and 4.18–22.27%, respectively. The Van Genuchten (VG) model could fit the soil water characteristic curve well, indicating that the water retention of acid soil was significantly improved by adding CGS. In conclusion, CGS could improve the water physical properties effectively, and improve the water retention and water holding properties of acid soil significantly. This feature is conducive to the environmentally friendly utilization of CGS to improve agricultural acid soil.

Properties of sod-podzolic soil in European Russia with drip irrigation of the fruit nursery

Drip irrigation is a method of intensifying horticulture and saves irrigation water. This method of irrigation allows you to create favorable conditions for the growth and development of plants. The study was conducted in 2018-2020. The agro-chemical and water-physical properties of sod-podzolic soil in European Russia were studied. The results of the study show that drip irrigation with sparing irrigation rates causes insignificant changes in the studied properties of sod-podzolic soil. The results obtained make it possible to scientifically design irrigation regimes in fruit nurseries.

The Efficiency of Grey Water Treatment by Using Selected Sand Bed Bioreactors in South West Nigeria

The In drinking or treated water, filtration plays a relevant role in the multi barrier approach used for the removal of pathogens. The presence of suspended solids and other particulate matter in grey water increases the resistance of most microbes to disinfection. These study aimed to determine the most suitable sand that can be utilized in the construction of sand bed bioreactor in grey water treatment. The bioreactor is expected to remove significant amount of grey water physical properties (odor, color, turbidity), physicochemical properties (pH, total solids, total dissolved solids, hardness, Nitrate, Magnesium, etc) and heavy metals (Iron, Cadmium, Chromium, Biological Oxygen Demand or BOD, Chemical Oxygen Demand or COD). Sand samples are collected from four different locations in southwest Nigeria to serve as the filter media in the bioreactor. Soil physical property test is carried out on all sand samples that was collected across southwest. The result of the study showed an improvement in physical property, about 80% improvement in physicochemical property and heavy metals. Eleyele soil sample effectively improved water quality compared to other soil samples.

The roles of polymer relaxation phenomena, aqueous dye solubility and the physical properties of water in the mechanism of adsorption of a disperse dye on poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibres: Part 1 polymer relaxation phenomena

AbstractTo investigate the contributions of polymer relaxation phenomena to the mechanism of disperse dye adsorption on poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibres, a commercial grade dye was applied to poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabric at temperatures between 30°C and 130°C. Three regions of temperature‐dependent dyeing behaviour were identified, in which the promotional effect imparted by increasing dyeing temperature varied, depending on whether dyeing had been carried out at temperatures that were below, within or above the polymer's glass transition temperature, Tg, namely < 65°C, between 65°C and 110°C and between 110°C and 130°C, respectively. When experimentally determined colour strength data points (log 1/fk) were fitted to plots of polymer structural relaxation (log aT) calculated using the Williams, Landel and Ferry equation as a function of (T − Tg), three different levels of correspondence were achieved which paralleled the observed three regions of temperature‐dependent dye uptake. The adsorption of the commercial disperse dye on the poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibre therefore concurs with the free volume model of dye diffusion insofar as the diffusional behaviour of the dye is related to the relaxation time of the molecular motions occurring within the poly(ethylene terephthalate) polymer. The finding that the poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrate's glass transition extends over a broad range of temperature upto ~110°C explains why elevated dyeing temperatures in the region of 130/140°C must be used in High Temperature dyeing processes, and also, why ~75% of uptake of the commercial disperse dye on the poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabric occurs over the very narrow 20‐30°C critical temperature range between 110 and 130°C/140°C.

Автомашины дугуйн мөрөөр үүсэх хөрсний эвдрэл, доройтлын судалгааны үр дүн (Шороон замын жишээн дээр)

According to the 2010 Desertification Map, 77.8 percent of Mongolia's territory is affected by desertification and land degradation, of which 35.3 percent are weak, 25.9 percent are moderate, 6.7 percent are strong, and 9.9 percent are very strong. (ADM, 2013). The effect of soil compaction is more pronounced in agriculture, especially in agricultural areas (Barnes, 1971). Soil compaction is a common or multifaceted process caused by human feet, cattle hooves, and car tire pressure (Lull, 1959). Most researchers have suggested that soil compaction is also caused by unpaved roads (Webb & Wilshire, 1978). This soil compaction, caused by unpaved roads, is a key condition for rapid soil erosion (Snyder, 1976); (Iverson, 1980). According to a 2015 study by the Institute of Geography and Geoecology, a total of 3 million hectares have been destroyed by vehicle tires. The purpose of this article is to show the impact of unpaved roads on soil erosion and degradation in different natural areas of Mongolia. Unpaved road vehicles put a lot of pressure on the soil and leaves tires on the road, which has a very negative effect on soil loss, compaction and further water-physical properties of the soil. As of 1997, 8000-12,000 km2 of vehicle trails have been affected by desertification in Mongolia, which is a major factor in field degradation in some areas (MOE, 1997B). Therefore, the intensive use of unpaved roads has become an ecological (soil) imbalance. In this study, we collected soil bulk density samples in 3 times each from soil cover in 3 different natural zones at depths of 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, and 10-15 cm, and measured the cross-section of unpaved roads, calculated the changes in their water-physical properties by laboratory methods and the amount of soil lost. As a result of the study, fine dust and loam from the unpaved road spread over a maximum of 30 km from the study area, covering an area of ​​100 km2, and the amount of soil lost per hectare in the forest-steppe zone was 196.97 tons. This is due to the fact that the soil cover is more compacted due to unpaved roads. The use of unpaved roads has a major negative impact on soil degradation in our country.

Study of soil moisture distribution under different mulching methods

Mulching techniques are used for the conservation of moisture beneath the root zone and to reduce the evaporation rate. Soil moisture distribution under the mulching techniques is also important for good crop growth and root development. Soil water movement is dependent on the physical properties of water as well as equally depends on the conservation techniques. The present study was carried out in the School of Agriculture, Lovely professional university to study the soil moisture distribution under different mulching treatments. The four mulching methods and one no mulch technique were used as a conservation technique and moisture content were measured at 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm depth vertically and the same distance laterally. From the experiment, the results showed that the black and silver plastic mulch conserved maximum average moisture content (22.33 and 22.67 %) up to 20 cm depth. The lateral and vertical water movement in plastic mulch was superior to the no mulch technique. Minimum soil moisture content (15.26 %) was recorded in the soil mulch technique at 5 cm depth and it decreases as the lateral distance increases from the emitter. Paddy straw mulching technique conserved better moisture at depth 0-10 cm compared to no mulch and soil mulch technique.