Fish Pond Water Research Articles

Effects of Rice-Fish Co-culture on Oxygen Consumption in Intensive Aquaculture Pond

Rice-fish co-culture has gained increasing attention to remediate the negative environmental impacts induced by intensive aquaculture. However, the effect of rice-fish co-culture on oxygen depletion has rarely been investigated. We constructed a rice-fish co-culture system in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) and freshwater shrimp (Macrobrachium nipponense) ponds using a new high-stalk rice variety, and conducted a field experiment to investigate the effect of rice-fish co-culture on water parameters and oxygen consumption. The results showed that rice-fish co-culture reduced the nutrients (total nitrogen, ammonia-N, total phosphorous and potassium) and the dissolved oxygen content in fish and shrimp ponds. However, they showed similar seasonal change of dissolved oxygen in the water of fish and shrimp ponds. Rice-fish co-culture reduced the total amount of oxygen consumption and optimized the oxygen consumption structure in pond. The respiration rates in water and sediment were significantly reduced by 66.1% and 31.7% in the catfish pond, and 64.4% and 38.7% in the shrimp pond, respectively, by additional rice cultivation. Rice-fish co-culture decreased the proportions of respiration in sediment and water, and increased the proportion of fish respiration. These results suggest that rice-fish co-culture is an efficient way to reduce hypoxia in intensive culture pond.

Benthic fish behavior characterization with a mechanically scanned imaging sonar

A point stationary, acoustic-based surveying system was proposed to fulfill the necessities of benthic fish behavior assessment. The surveying system can be split into two major and inter-dependent techniques, i.e., acoustic image acquisition and image post-processing. The first part comprises a high-frequency, mechanically scanned imaging sonar (MSIS) with bottom-fixed, side-looking working configuration. Major modules of the proposed image processing procedure include: stationary objects subtraction, region and textural feature extraction, unsupervised classification, fish target identification and quantification. For the specific case study conducted in a deep water fishpond, it is evident that both individual and school fish could be discriminated by image frames collected at a randomly selected point with scanning range setting at 5 m and frame rate at 75 s. Based on spatial and temporal analyses on position and area of the discriminated fish targets, it was concluded that fish movement pattern in the scanned area followed two distinctive corridors with significant different passage rate, i.e., a discrete, periodic and high passage rate mode in Corridor#1 and a continuous, steady and low passage rate mode in Corridor#2. Environmental features, such as bank slope, substrate mound and float raft represented specific meeting points for dynamic aggregations and schooling. Fish tended to converge into prominent schools subsequent to interactions with these features. The proposed system represented a practical and cost effective tool in acquiring image frames with sufficient spatial and temporal resolution for the characterization of fish behavior.

Concentrations of cylindrospermopsin toxin in water and tilapia fish of tropical fishponds in Egypt, and assessing their potential risk to human health.

Unlike microcystin, cylindrospermospin (CYN) concentrations in fishpond water and their accumulation in fish tissues have been largely unexplored. This study determined CYN levels in water and tilapia fish organs from three tropical fishponds in southern Egypt. Water and fish samples were collected monthly from fishponds for 12months (Oct 2012 to Sep 2013). The results revealed that six CYN-producing species of cyanobacteria dominated phytoplankton populations and formed blooms in these fishponds during warm months. Among these species, Anabaena affinis, Planktothrix agardhii, Cylindrospermopsis catemaco, and C. philippinensis were assigned as CYN producers for the first time in the present study. The highest cell densities of CYN-producing species in fishponds were recorded in August and September 2013, correlating with high temperature, pH and nutrient concentrations. Dissolved CYN was found in fishpond waters at levels (0.3-2.76μgL-1) very close to those of particulate CYN (0.4-2.37μgL-1). CYN was also estimated in tilapia fish organs at levels up to 417ngg-1 in the intestines, 1500ngg-1 in the livers, and 280ngg-1in edible muscles. Compared to the recommended guideline (0.03μgkg-1day-1), the estimated daily intake (EDI) of CYN in our samples of edible muscles exceeded this limit by a factor of 1.3-14 during summer and autumn. This might represent a risk to human health upon consumption of such contaminated fish muscles. Therefore, fishponds worldwide should be monitored for the presence toxic cyanobacteria to protect humans from their potent toxins.

Effect of Water Management Technology Used in Trout Culture on Water Quality in Fish Ponds

Pond management requires that a specific fish culture is conducted while taking into account both production possibilities and profitability, as well as the impact it may have on the natural environment. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of three water management systems used in rainbow trout culture on water quality in fish ponds. It was conducted at six trout farms and differing in water management strategy. After water had flown through the fishing ponds, its quality was significantly less impaired at farms operating in the flow and cascade systems. In turn, waters discharged from farms using the recirculation system were characterized by the poorest quality and lowest values on the Water Quality Index (WQI). It was found that the flow and cascade systems can be used to maintain the water quality and give less fish mortality for trout. It has been shown that the use of a water recirculation system in rainbow trout cultures significantly affects the quality of water in fishponds and can potentially lead to suppression of fish resistance and in extreme cases, to fish death. This study will help fish farmers in choosing the optimal variant of water management, taking into account both the best fish health with the least negative impact of fish farms on the environment.

OTOMATISASI SIRKULASI AIR PADA INSTALASI AQUAPONIK DENGAN PANEL SURYA (SOLAR CELL) SEBAGAI SUMBER ENERGI ALTERNATIF

New and Renewable energy is not only an alternative energy that can meet increasing energy needs, but also green energy that does not cause harmful effects on humans and the environment such as energy derived from fossils. The application of solar cells as a source of electrical energy to modern agricultural systems, especially the aquaponics system is one of the efforts to develop new and renewable energy that is environmentally friendly. This research is a technological innovation that can cover the weaknesses of aquaponic systems in general by using solar panels to convert solar energy into electrical energy and equipped with water circulation automation technology so that the water needs are always guaranteed. The design of automatic water circulation regulator hydroponic planting method uses a timer as an automatic, solar panels as energy converters, solar charge controller as a regulator of electric current balance. The implementation of this research consists of several stages, namely: the initial data collection stage, the system development stage, and the research data collection stage. The results showed that the water pump in the aquaponic fish pond on the first, second and third days showed that the water pump was 12 V and the average flow of the fish pond water pump was 1.15 A. The data also showed that The highest measurement carried out for 3 days resulted in an average voltage of 12.68 V and a current of around 1.75 A, and the lowest measurement produced an average voltage of 12.42 V and a current of around 1.63 A. Based on the data in the study this, solar panels with a large 50 wp can meet the load requirements (water pump) to operate so that they can help circulate water in aquaponic installations.

WATER MANAGEMENT OF RIVER ESTUARY FOR THE PREPARATION OF ECOTOURISM IN COASTAL AREA OF BALI PROVINCE

Surface water flowing in the river is a resource of useful raw water to meet the needs of society and as irrigation water is managed by Subak in Bali, Indonesia. Bali has experienced water deficit, along with the increasing number of inhabitants and tourism activities. Results of research of the Ministry of Environment (MOE, 2009) stated that Bali has experienced water deficit of 7.5 billion m3/year in 2000 and 2015 deficit is estimated at as much as 27.6 billion m3 of water/year. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the potential of water in the estuary Saba in order to support ecotourism in coastal areas of the province of Bali and formulating water resource management scheme for coastal areas in Buleleng regency. This research uses quantitative methods with the research location is in the Saba river estuary in Buleleng Regency. Data collected consist of primary data and secondary data. Simulation models for water resources management and statistical analysis using software RIBASIM (River Basin Simulation). As a result of this research is the potential of water in the estuary Saba. The result of measurements in the dry season (September 2013) is amounted to 0.156 m3/sec and in the rainy season (January 2014) of 1,023 m3/sec. Potential water in Saba river estuary based on the simulation of RIBASIM is 9.34 million m3/year, can be used as society water domestic for 81 851 inhabitants, for the water industry (hotel) is 1364 rooms, amounted to 2 ha of fish pond water and for irrigation water (agricultural) is 148 ha. Results of water quality research to the smell, color, temperature, turbidity meet quality standards, while taste, and salinity do not meet quality standards. For the chemical aspect, that is pH and detergent meet quality standards while for BOD and COD does not meet the water quality standard Class I. In terms of biology, total coliform does not meet the quality standards of class I. Saba River water potential for ground water of 7.46 million m3 (6%), residual water irrigation (Return Flow) amounted to 54.74 million m3 (41%) and the balance/allocation of water in an area (water District) amounted to 71.54 million m3 (53%). Water resources management in the Saba River estuary for the water potential in the river estuary can be managed by making reservoirs (reservoir), and dam movement and arrangement of the beach.

Probiotic Candidates from Fish Pond Water in Central Java Indonesia

Aeromonas hydrophilla is a major bacterial pathogen of intensive fresh water fish culture in Indonesia. An alternative method to control the pathogen is using probiotics. Probiotics is usually consist of live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefits on host. The aim of this research was to determine the probiotic candidates against A. hydrophilla which identified based on the 16S rDNA gene sequences. This research was started with field survey to obtained the probiotic candidate and continue with laboratory experiment. Probiotic candidates were isolated from fish pond water located in Boyolali, and Banjarnegara Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. A total of 133 isolates bacteria were isolated and cultured on to TSA, TSB and GSP medium. Out of 133 isolates only 30 isolates showed inhibition to A.hydrophilla activity. Three promising isolates were identified with PCR using primer for 16S rDNA. Based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis, all three isolates were belong to Bacillus genus. Isolate CKlA21, CKlA28, and CBA14 respectively were closely related to Bacillus sp. 13843 (GenBank accession no. JN874760.1 -100% homology), Bacillus subtilis strain H13 (GenBank accession no.KT907045.1 -- 99% homology), and Bacillus sp. strain 22-4 (GenBank accession no. KX816417.1 -- 97% homology).

English

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is an aquatic plant that has the capacity to absorb nutrients, making it a potential alternative for the management of fishpond water. The effect of this plant on the physicochemical properties of fish pond water and on the growth of African catfish was investigated in this study. Four plastic ponds 2.0×2.0×1.2 m deep were used for the study. Fifteen percent of the surface area of two of the ponds was covered with water hyacinth while the other two ponds, which served as the control, were left uncovered. African catfish juveniles, with an average weight of 0.3 kg, sourced from a commercial fish farm, were used to stock each of the ponds at a density of 30 m-2. The fish were fed with commercial feed pellets at an average rate of 0.33 g/fish/day. Water samples were drawn from the ponds weekly and analyzed for relevant physicochemical parameters. Based on the observed oxygen content of the ponds, the water in the control ponds were changed every week while those of the ponds with water hyacinth were changed bi-weekly. Fish samples were randomly selected weekly from each pond and weighed to determine the fish growth. The study lasted for four weeks. Results showed that the mean concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, Mg hardness, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, sulphate, conductivity, turbidity and dissolved oxygen (DO) were higher, but not significantly (P≤0.05), under water hyacinth cover. Other parameters such as ammonia and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) were higher in the control pond. All parameters were fairly within the acceptable limits. There was also no significant difference (P≤0.05) between the final average weight of the fish in the ponds with water hyacinth (0.85 kg) and the control ponds (0.69 kg). Apart from reduction in water use, it would appear that the use of water hyacinth does not confer any significant advantage in fish ponds. Key words: Fish pond, water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes, African catfish, physicochemical properties.

Utilization of Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata) Shells as Liming Materials for Pangasius sp Culture in Swamp Fish Pond

Liming ponds is intended to increase swamp soil and water fish ponds pH. The golden apple snail (Pomacea canalicuata) is one kinds of agriculture pest which is potentially used as material of lime. The golden apple snail shells containing CaO (91.62%) and MgO (1.66%). This study aims to determine the best dosage of lime derived from golden apple snail shells to increase the pH of soil and water, as well as the survival and growth rate of catfish fingerlings. This study used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments (4 treatments of different dosage of lime derived from golden apple snails and 1 treatment using calcite and 3 replications. The treatments used consisted of different dosages of lime : P1) 4 ton/ha; P2) 5 ton/ha; P3) 6 ton/ha; P4) 7 ton/ha and P5) calcite 6 ton/ha equivalent to CaO. The result showed that maximal pH value of P4 (lime derived from P. canaliculata 7 ton/ha) is almost same as pH of P5 (calcite 6 ton/ha) but P4 is faster to reach than that of P5. At the final day of research P4 has no significant different with calcite 6 ton/ha (P5) for alkalinity, fish growth and feed efficiency.

INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF FISH (NILE TILAPIA) AND LEAF VEGETABLE CROP (HEAD LETTUCE) CULTURE UNDER DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Effluent of fish farms is considered a safe source for irrigation and fertigation in the same time. A field experiment took place on Horticulture research farm, Faculty of Agricultural, Kafr El-Sheikh University, north of the Nile Delta, Egypt, having a clay textured soil during winter growing seasons of 2015/2016 and 2016/2017to study the effect of utilization of fish effluent on lettuce production and emitters performance under drip irrigation system. The drip irrigation system was studied at three different emitter types: long path flow, in-line type and 4 l h-1 discharge (D1); turbulent flow, on-line type and 6 l h-1 discharge (D2) and laminar flow, on-line type and 4 l h-1 discharge (D3), three levels of recommended N dose: 100% N, 75% N and 50% N and two different sources of irrigation water: traditional irrigation water (IW) and drainage water of fish ponds (FW). Traditional irrigation water was applied at 100% N only. Main results cleared out that, FW increased clogging ratio comparing with IW for different emitter types, D3 emitter had the highest clogging ratio while D2 emitter had the lowest; application uniformity at end of the growing season decreased comparing with it at beginning for all treatments, FW decreased Cu at end of the growing season comparing with IW; FW enhanced lettuce yield comparing with IW for different treatment, where FW increased total head yield by 51.2, 50.2 and 61.3% for D1, D2 and D3 respectively comparing with IW under 100% N level; FW increased water and nitrogen productivity comparing with IW for different treatments. Weight gain during feed period values were 52.95 and 52.42 g at the technique of water exchange and traditional treatment respectively.

Utilisation rationnelle de fertilisants organiques pour la production de macroinvertébrés benthiques d’eau douce en pisciculture

Description du sujet. Cette étude détermine les conditions optimales d’utilisation de déjections de lapin dans la production de macroinvertébrés benthiques pour une production de poisson à faible cout. Objectifs. L’objectif de cette étude est la détermination de la dose optimale de déjections pour une production plurispécifique de macroinvertébrés d’eau douce. Méthode. Pour ce faire, six traitements dont un témoin ont reçu respectivement 0 %, 10 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 % et 100 % de déjections par rapport au volume total de substrat. Les cultures ont été réalisées dans des seaux qui ont chacun reçu au total 10 dm3 de substrat, 16 dm3 d’eau de forage et 4 dm3 d’eau d’étang. La densité initiale d’ensemencement est de 6 ind·dm-2 d’Odonates et d’Annélides (soit 3 ind·dm-3, pour une profondeur de 0,5 m), 8 ind·dm-2 de Chironomidae (soit 4ind·dm-3) et 10 ind·dm-2 de Mollusques (soit 5 ind·dm-3). Les paramètres physico-chimiques et biologiques de la culture ont été suivis tout au long des 63 jours d’expérimentation. Résultats. Les densités les plus élevées de macroinvertébrés benthiques sont obtenues avec le traitement T2 (192 ± 1,20 ind·dm-2 de Chironomidae, 52 ± 0,8 ind·dm-2 de Mollusques, 6 ± 0,33 ind·dm-2 d’Odonates et 4 ± 0,33 ind·dm-2 d’Annélides soit, 96 ± 1,20 ind·dm-3 de Chironomidae, 26 ± 0,8 ind·dm-3 de Mollusques, 3 ± 0,33 ind·dm-3 d’Odonates et 2 ± 0,33 ind·dm-3 d’Annélides). La biomasse la plus élevée des Chironomidae et des Mollusques est obtenue avec T2, soit respectivement 728,1 ± 2,23 mg matière sèche·dm-2 et 699,98 ± 22,49 mg matière sèche·dm-2 (ou encore respectivement 364,05 ± 2,23 mg matière sèche·dm-3 et 349,99 ± 22,49 mg matière sèche·dm-3). Conclusions. Au regard de ces résultats, le traitement T2 (140 g de matière sèche·dm-2, soit 75 g de déjections de lapin sèches·dm-3 de substrat) constituerait la dose à recommander pour une production plurispécifique optimale de macroinvertébrés benthiques d’eau douce.

Utilization of Anadara granosa as a Liming Materials for Swamp Fish Ponds for Pangasius sp Culture

Availability of water in swamp areas is abandon almost throughout the year, therefore these areas are potential for aquaculture development. However, the characteristics of swamp water is mainly acid water, therefore, it becomes mayor problems in swamp fish culture development. Liming of ponds is intended to increase pH value of soil and water of fish ponds. A. granosa shells is one of domestic waste containing of 61.16% CaO and 21.65% MgO, therefore it can be used as an alternative material for liming of fish ponds. The aims of this research was to evaluate the potency of lime derived from A. granosa shells to raise soil’s and water’s pH, and to evaluate its effect to survival and growth of Pangasius sp. The research was conducted and arranged based upon completely randomized design with five treatments and three replications. The treatments used consisted of different dosages of lime, namely : P1) 1 ton/ha; P2) 2 ton/ha; P3) 3 ton/ha; P4) 4 ton/ha and P5) 5 ton/ha of lime equivalent to CaO. The results showed that both the soil and water reach a neutral pH at a dosage of 2 ton/ha (P2), 3 ton/ha (P3), 4 ton/ha and 5 ton/ha. The dosage of 5 ton/ha (P5) was the best treatments among all treatments, with a highest survival rate (100%), absolute growth of fish lenght (9.35 cm) and weight (40.69 g), as well as feed efficiency (110.97%).

Investigation of the interaction between the fate of antibiotics in aquafarms and their level in the environment

China is the largest freshwater aquaculture producer and antibiotics consumer in the world, and rivers in China are generally polluted by antibiotics. However, there is little information available regarding the linkage of antibiotics in aquaculture and the aquatic environment. Therefore, this study investigated the fate of antibiotics in several open water culture-based freshwater aquafarms, including integrated livestock/fish systems and non-integrated fish ponds, and explored the contamination profiles of antibiotics in the Beijiang River. Then the study tried to clarify the two-way interaction of antibiotics in aquaculture and the environment. The results showed that, when compared with the effluent from livestock farms and wastewater treatment plants, the contribution of antibiotics from non-integrated fish pond water without livestock sewage input was limited, while that of effluent from the integrated livestock/fish system was quite high. The total concentrations of antibiotics detected in the aquafarm source water were similar to those in the upper river water and generally higher than those in the corresponding fish pond water, implying that the occurrence of antibiotics in intensive aquafarms can mainly be attributed to the antibiotic residues in nearby river water. Overall, the results underscore the need to develop a sewage infrastructure for the treatment of effluent from integrated livestock/fish aquafarms, and suggest that open water culture-based fish farms should be located far from seriously contaminated sections of rivers.

Rapid determination of illegal additives chrysoidin and malachite green by surface-enhanced Raman scattering with silanized support based substrate

This paper reports accurate use of silanized support based substrate for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) determination of illegal additives chrysoidin and malachite green. Detection of these illegal additives is very meaningful and the developed method meets this objective in a simple, rapid and cost effective way. Detection limits for chrysoidin and malachite green in aqueous solutions reached 0.001mg/L and 0.0001mg/L respectively. Linear relationship between the Raman intensities and chrysoidin concentrations in range of 0.001-0.05mg/L was found with regression coefficient (R) of 0.994. To investigate the practical application performance of the method, the substrate was applied to detect chrysoidin in Sprite at 0.01mg/L and malachite green in fish pond water at 0.0001mg/L. The SERS method could be an alternative approach for monitoring illegal additives and toxic harmful substances.

USING NANO-CARBON PARTICLES IN SOLID WASTES TREATMENT IN FISH FARMS

The main aim of this study is to investigation the possibility of using Nano-carbon particles in removing both of the settleable and suspended solid wastes from fish farms water. To achieve that, nano-carbon particles with different concentrations (0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25 % compared to control treatment) were applied to fish farm water at water depths (0.0, 0.5 and 1.0 m), times (12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 hour) and locations from the opening of the pond (inlet, middle and outlet of the pond). The settleable and suspended solids removal were determined. The obtained results indicated that the settleable solids removal increased with increasing water depth and time, where, it increased from 5.4 to 7.4 mg L-1 with increasing water depth from 0.0 to 1.0 m and increasing the time from 12 to 60 hour at 0.25% nano-carbon particles concentration. Using nano-carbon particles enhanced the sedimentation velocity of the solids waste, where, it increased from 4.7 to 7.4 mg L-1 depending on the nano-carbon particles concentrations, depths and time. The suspended solids removal from the fish pond water using nano-carbon particles at different concentrations increased with increasing water depth and decreased with time, where, it ranged from 4.8 to 7.2 mg L-1 depending on depth, time and nano-carbon particles concentrations.

English

Antibiotic resistance has become an increasingly global health problem. This has resulted in a limited number of antibiotics being effective in the treatment of various infections. Antibiotic resistant organisms have been isolated from fish ponds in various studies in different parts of the world. This study was carried out to assess some fish farming practices among catfish and tilapia farmers which may contribute to antibiotic resistance and also to determine the susceptibilities of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Shigella species, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from fish pond water, catfish gut and tilapia gut from 11 farms and two hatcheries to selected reference antibiotics including penicillin, ampicillin, flucloxacillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim, cefuroxime, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol using the disc diffusion method. With the exception of gentamicin and ciprofloxacin, there was varying resistance of more than 60% to the other antibiotics. Most of the bacterial isolates exhibited high resistance (≥70%) to penicillin, ampicillin, flucloxacillin and tetracycline whilst low resistance was observed in all isolates to gentamicin (1.7 to 5.6%) except in P. aeruginosa. 44 to 92.9% of isolates of organisms showed resistance to more than three antibiotics. The bacterial isolates from the sampled fishes exhibited multidrug resistance although there was no recent history of use of antibiotics in most of the farms studied. Key words: Bacterial isolates, antibiotics, antibiotic resistance, fish farms.

Nutrient modeling for a semi-intensive IMC pond: an MS-Excel approach.

Semi-intensive Indian Major Carp (IMC) culture was practised in polythene lined dugout ponds at the Aquacultural Farm of Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal for 3 consecutive years at three different stocking densities (S.D), viz., 20,000, 35,000 and 50,000 numbers of fingerlings per hectare of water spread area. Fingerlings of Catla, Rohu and Mrigal were raised at a stocking ratio of 4:3:3. Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) value along with other fishpond water quality parameters was monitored at 1 day intervals to ensure a good water ecosystem for a better fish growth. Water exchange was carried out before the TAN reached the critical limit. Field data on TAN obtained from the cultured fishponds stocked with three different stocking densities were used to study the dynamics of TAN. A developed model used to study the nutrient dynamics in shrimp pond was used to validate the observed data in the IMC pond ecosystem. Two years of observed TAN data were used to calibrate the spreadsheet model and the same model was validated using the third year observed data. The manual calibration based on the trial and error process of parameters adjustments was used and several simulations were performed by changing the model parameters. After adjustment of each parameter, the simulated and measured values of the water quality parameters were compared to judge the improvement in the model prediction. Forward finite difference discretization method was used in a MS-Excel spreadsheet to calibrate and validate the model for obtaining the TAN levels during the culture period. Observed data from the cultured fishponds of three different S.D were used to standardize 13 model parameters. The efficiency of the developed spreadsheet model was found to be more than 90% for the TAN estimation in the IMC cultured fishponds.

Effect of aeration on growth and production of fish in intensive aquaculture system in earthen ponds

An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of aeration using blower on growth and production of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in intensive aquaculture system in six (6) earthen ponds at BAU campus, Mymensingh from May to September, 2016. Treatment 1 (T1) with 3 aerated ponds and Treatment 2 (T2) with 3 non-aerated ponds were designed with similar stocking density (300/decimal) of tilapia. Oxygen supply was ensured by blower for 9 hours daily when oxygen depletion occurs in pond water. Fish growth, pond water and soil quality parameters were sampled and assessed. The DO content in the aerated ponds was higher (7.23 mg/l) from the beginning to the end of experiment compared to non-aerated ponds (2.33 mg/l). There were significant differences (p<0.05) of DO content between two treatments at first and last sampling stages. The higher length (15.64±1.56 cm) and weight gain (143.36±39.33 gm), higher SGR (% per day) for tilapia was (2.54±0.00) found in T1 compared to T2 (2.42±0.00) with significant differences (p<0.05) between two treatments. In addition, the higher production of tilapia was obtained in T1 (9581.87±0.00 kg/ha/100 days) compared to T2 (6490.80±0.00 kg/ha/100 days). The average phytoplankton production was relatively higher in T2 and conversely zooplankton abundance was higher in T1 without any significant differences (p>0.05) between the treatments for the abundances of various groups of phytoplankton and zooplankton. Different water quality parameters were found with the better range in aerated ponds. Various intrinsic relationships between DO and other water quality and weather parameters showed that DO content had negative relationships with rainfall, air pressure and humidity but the relationships were not statistically significant. Moreover, different soil quality parameters of pond sediments were found in ideal range for fish culture in both treatments. These results suggest that aeration can be a potential mechanism of aqua-farming to enhance the growth and production of tilapia and DO content in pond water synchronizing other water quality parameters in ponds.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 15(1): 113-122, January 2017

KEMITRAAN UNIT PEMBENIHAN RAKYAT SUMBER MINA LESTARI DAU, KABUPATEN MALANG

The aims of the research are to know and to analize 1) “UPR Sumber Mina Lestari” partnership pattern, 2) stake holder role on “UPR Sumber Mina Lestari”, 3) strengthen effort on “UPR Sumber Mina Lestari”. The research use descriptive qualitative method. The data collected by interview, observation, and literature study. The research show that “UPR Sumber Mina Lestari” is hatchery fishes group with “Nila Gift” as primary comodities. Partnership pattern on the group is contract partnership with synergy type. UPR have a role as fasilitator for the members. UPR produce fish seeds and fish feeds for the members, build good relation with fish medicine seller, marketing institution, government, researcher and academician and bank. Stake holder have role as supporter that accelerate the business. Government, researcher and academician give information, knowledge and skill to the members; bank give loans with UPR as assurance for the members; and marketing institution buy the product pass through UPR. To strengthen the group, they need to develop the partnership pattern, such as 1) follow choaching from government, researcher or academician actively, especially on hathery technique and business financial, 2) bring about government program that empowerment small scale entreprises, 3) establish cooperation in order to increase the capital, 4) establish new business sub unit like processing fish food, fish restaurant, and education tourism of fresh water fish pond. Key words: partnership, citizen hatchery unit, contract partnership, synergy tipe, stakeholder

English

Some creatures are very sensitive to water borne pollutants and can be used as useful bio-indicators of water pollutions. The present study used these bio-indicators to determine the status regarding health of freshwater habitats. The study was carried out to quantify Zn in kidney and liver of Rana tigrina from different aquatic habitats (canal, fish pond and sewage water) by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Liver and kidney tissues of R. tigrina from sewage habitat showed elevated levels of Zn compared to those collected from canal and fish pond water habitats. Hence, it may be concluded that R. tigrina is one of the good bio-indicator species for heavy metals. It can be used to assess the heavy metal load and pollution of aquatic ecosystems. Key words: Zinc, Rana tigrina, atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), aquatic habitat.