Waterlogged Areas Research Articles

Study on spontaneous combustion laws and fire prevention measures of coal remains during water drainage in water soaked goaf

ABSTRACT After the water release in the waterlogged mining area, the residual coal is prone to spontaneous combustion after being air-dried. To investigate the law of spontaneous combustion of residual coal in water immersed goaf during drainage, experimental studies, field observations and numerical simulations were used to analyze the effect of drainage on the spontaneous combustion characteristics of residual coal. Nitrogen injection parameters were optimized based on the results of the study. The experimental results show that: the spontaneous combustion tendency of soaked coal is enhanced compared with that of raw coal, and the spontaneous combustion tendency of soaked coal in goaf is stronger than that of the laboratory prepared soaked coal, because the immersion time of field-immersed coal is longer than that of laboratory-prepared coal samples. The simulation results of oxygen concentration and pressure distribution during goaf drainage show that: compared with that without drainage, the pressure in goaf decreased by 270 Pa, the air leakage in the goaf increased, the area of oxidation zone expanded by 5.2 times, and the possibility of spontaneous combustion of residual coal increased. Injecting nitrogen during the drainage was proposed to suppress the oxidation of the residual coal. The effect of nitrogen injection was measured on site and numerically simulated. After nitrogen injection were taken, the pressure dropped by 130 Pa after water release and the area of oxidation zone expanded by 1.5 times, indicating that nitrogen injection measures can effectively suppress the water-gas replacement. In addition, for this flooded goaf, the optimized nitrogen injection rate is 600 m3/h. This study provides an important reference for the prevention and control of spontaneous combustion hazards of residual coal in the short-distance composite coal seam during drainage of water immersed goaf.

Survival and growth rates of mangroves planted in vertical and horizontal aquaponic systems in North Jakarta, Indonesia

Abstract. Hilmi E, Sari LK, Cahyo NT, Mahdiana A, Soedibja PHT, Sudiana E. 2021. Survival and growth rates of mangroves planted in vertical and horizontal aquaponic systems in North Jakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 687-694. Mangrove rehabilitation is aimed to reverse mangrove deforestation and degradation. Various efforts have been conducted to rehabilitate the degraded mangroves, yet problems arise when planting mangroves in the high and permanently water-logged areas in coastline. The aquaponic system is a mangrove planting method introduced to reduce the impact of permanent and high water inundation. This research aims to analyze the survival rate of mangroves planted using vertical and horizontal aquaponic systems in Jakarta's north coast and investigate the correlation between physico-chemical environmental parameters and the survival and growth rates of the planted mangroves. The results showed that the survival rate of mangroves planted in the vertical aquaponic system reached 55.4-96.9%. On the other hand, the highest survival rate in the horizontal aquaponic system was obtained in mangrove planting at 80-100 cm from the bottom with survived plants between 70-90%. The height growth rate of mangroves planted in the aquaponic system was between 0.95-2.33 cm/month. The correlation analysis showed that soil salinity, soil pH and water salinity had a high correlation to support living trees of mangrove seedlings. Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, and Rhizophora stylosa had highest survival and adaptation in this planting system.

Marginal imprint of human land use upon fire history in a mire-dominated boreal landscape of the Veps Highland, North-West Russia

Dendrochronological reconstructions inform us about historical climate-fire-human interactions, providing a means to calibrate projections of future fire hazard. Most of these reconstructions, however, have been developed in landscapes with a considerable proportion of xeric sites that could potentially inflate our estimates of the historic levels of fire activity. We provide a 420-year long reconstruction of fires in a mire-dominated landscape of the Veps Nature Park, North-West Russia. The area has mostly escaped large-scale forestry operations in the past and is an example of pristine mid-boreal vegetation with a high (approximately 30% for the area studied) proportion of waterlogged areas with ombrotropic mires. The historical fire cycle was 91.4 years (90% confidence intervals, CI 66.2–137.6 years) over the 1580–1720 period, decreasing to 35.9 (CI 28.1–47.6 years) between 1730 and 1770, and then increasing again to 122.7 years (CI 91.0–178.0 years) over the 1780–2000 period. Early season fires dominated over late season fires during the reconstruction period. We documented a higher fire activity period between 1730 and 1780, resulting from the increase in early season fires. This period coincided with one of the largest multi-decadal declines in the reconstructed spring precipitation since 1600 CE, although we found no significant relationship between fire and precipitation over the whole reconstructed period. The nine largest fire years were associated with negative summer precipitation and positive summer temperature anomalies over the study region. Land-use history of the area did not appear to have an effect on historical fire dynamics. Modern (1996–2016) fire records indicate a regional fire cycle of ∼ 1300 years, featuring a pronounced pattern with early (April–May) and late (July–September) season fires. The uniform fire cycle in the area since 1780, occurrence of nine largest fire years during years with spring-summer droughts, and low ignition frequencies over the last 420 years (0.005 to 0.037 ignitions per year and km2) suggest that the fire regime of the Veps Highland remained largely natural until the onset of the 20th century.

Numerical simulation model of water-logging phenomenon at Al Jahza camp Al-Zubair town, Southern Iraq

The current study is focused on the groundwater modeling with three scenarios as future plans to find a suitable solution for the problem at Al-Jahza Camp south east of Al-Zubair town, south of Iraq. The objective of the study is find out a numerical model for simulating the behavior of the groundwater flow using (MODFLOW) software. The model was calibrated in the steady and transient states for four randomly distributed monitored wells in the study area with 21 stress periods. Suitable match was obtained from the comparison between the levels of the observed and calculated heads. The model was simulated to control the water-logging. The water level of the simulated head remains extremely constant in condition of constructing the underground barrier. By Supposing of digging wells and increasing the water pumping with an average of 432 and 216 m/day, the head level at exceeding extraction with constructed subsurface barrier decreased more than the head level in case of increasing the water pumping with no subsurface barrier to reach 35-40 cm and 45-50 cm respectively, and to enhance the benefit to control and decrease the water from waterlogged area in the future.

An ontology of water and land in North Bihar, India★

AbstractThe floodplain of the Himalayas is a land formed and destroyed incessantly by the water of its rivers. Measures intended for flood control, aimed at separating productive land from river water through earth levees, have instead worsened the inundations, disrupting the beneficial flow of soil through floodwaters, obstructing water drainage, and resulting in enormous waterlogged areas. This article proposes that the failure of flood control in Bihar, India, is due to misunderstanding the river as a matter of water only, hence attempting the conceptual naturalization of an otherwise relative ontological distinction between water and land. Local knowledge of water reveals that neither water nor land can even be named, let alone understood, without the other. Informed by ethnographic fieldwork and multidisciplinary research in North Bihar, this article presents land and water as being in intimate correspondence with each other. By virtue of comparison, the ethnographic encounter is held to defy other ontologies of water that see the two substances as being in opposition. As a result, this article posits ontologies of natural substances as ‘watertight’, sclerotic, mutually exclusive, unable to adapt, and prone to be caught in a semiotic conflict.

Certified rice–crayfish as an alternative farming modality in waterlogged land in the Jianghan Plain region of China

AbstractA novel rice (Oryza sativa L.)–crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) (RC) farming model that originated in areas of waterlogged land in the Jianghan Plain has rapidly developed in rice‐planting areas in recent years. However, whether RC farming can be employed as an alternative sustainable agricultural modality in waterlogged areas remains highly controversial. To that end, we conducted household surveys in Qianjiang, Jianli, and Honghu in the Chinese Province of Hubei where RC farming was first initiated in 2000. The results of this study suggest that RC farming offers a sustainable alternative to traditional rice–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (RW) and crayfish monoculture (CM) farming, as it enables farmers to fully leverage the natural ecological productivity of waterlogged rice fields. Evidence indicates that such RC farming is more sustainable than other farming practices from both an ecological and an economic perspective, and the adoption of this farming model has increased the income of local farmers by 9–48% while decreasing the use of nitrogen fertilizer, pesticides, and fishery drugs by 56, 75, and 58%, respectively. Our findings emphasize the importance of recognizing RC farming as an environmentally friendly and efficient approach to food production in the waterlogged land of Jianghan Plain.

Waterlogging tolerance evaluation of fifteen poplar clones cultivated in the Jianghan Plain of China

To provide references for poplar cultivation in waterlogged prone area of Jianghan Plain of China, the waterlogging tolerance of 15 poplar clones widely cultivated in these areas were evaluated based on their responses to 45-day waterlogging stress followed by 15-day drainage recovery in morphology, growth, biomass accumulation, leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. The results showed that the normal watered seedlings (CK) of the 15 clones grew vigorously during the experiment, and no defoliation and death occurred. For the seedlings under waterlogging treatment (water 10 cm above the soil surface), its morphology changed markedly, including slowing growth, chlorosis and abscission of leaves, development of hypertrophied lenticels and adventitious roots etc. Waterlogging stress significantly inhibited the seedling growth of height and ground diameter, biomass accumulation, as well as leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the 15 clones with varying degrees. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), intercellular CO2 concentration/ environmental CO2 concentration (Ci/Ca), variable fluorescence (Fv), variable fluorescence/ initial fluorescence (Fv/Fo) and PS Ⅱ primary light energy conversion efficiency (Fv/Fm) decreased gradually with the prolonged waterlogging, and reached their bottom on day 45. During the terminal recovery stage, the leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the most clones increased, but their recovery abilities were significantly different. At the end of the experiment, the highest survival rates (100%) were observed in DHY, HS-1, HS-2, I-72, I-69, I-63 and NL-895, and the lowest (zero) occurred in XYY. Survival rates of the other clones ranged from 33.33% to 83.33%. Both results of cluster analysis and membership function analysis showed that HS-1, I-69, DHY, NL-895 and HS-2 had the strongest waterlogging tolerance, XYY and HBY were the worst, and the other clones were moderate. These results would provide guidance not only for the selection of cultivated varieties in Jianghan Plain, but also for the selection of hybrid parents for waterlogging resistance breeding.

Ecological and Socio-Economic Value of Waterlogged Areas

The article summarizes the main indicators of the value of waterlogged areas, which must be taken into account for the sustainable management of wetlands. The ecosystem functions of wetlands included in the natural capital of a region relate to hydrology, water quality, supporting food chains, and providing habitats for living organisms, including rare and protected ones. The socio-economic significance of wetlands is formed both from their consumer value and from non-productive, socio-cultural values. There is a need to develop an approach and methodology for the study of waterlogged areas, within which the assessment of the natural capital of a region will necessarily include the assessment of the non-productive values of wetlands.

Bi-directional coupling of an open-source unstructured triangular meshes-based integrated hydrodynamic model for heterogeneous feature-based urban flood simulation

Urban pluvial flash floods have become a matter of widespread concern, as they severely impact people’s lives in urban areas. Hydrological and hydraulic models have been widely used for urban flood management and urban planning. Traditionally, to reduce the complexity of urban flood modelling and simulations, simplification or generalization methods have been used; for example, some models focus on the simulation of overland water flow, and some models focus on the simulation of the water flow in sewer systems. However, the water flow of urban floods includes both overland flow and sewer system flow. The overland flow processes are impacted by many different geographical features in what is an extremely spatially heterogeneous environment. Therefore, this article is based on two widely used models (SWMM and ANUGA) that are coupled to develop a bi-directional method of simulating water flow processes in urban areas. The open source overland flow model uses the unstructured triangular as the spatial discretization scheme. The unstructured triangular-based hydraulic model can be better used to capture the spatial heterogeneity of the urban surfaces. So, the unstructured triangular-based model is an essential condition for heterogeneous feature-based urban flood simulation. The experiments indicate that the proposed coupled model in this article can accurately depict surface waterlogged areas and that the heterogeneous feature-based urban flood model can be used to determine different types of urban flow processes.

Seasonal Variability of Waterlogging in Rangpur City Corporation Using GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques

Waterlogging hazard is a significant environmental issue closely linked to land use for sustainable urbanization. NDWI is widely and effectively used in identifying and visualizing surface water distribution based on satellite imagery. Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI TIRS images of pre and post-monsoon (2002, 2019) have been used. The main objective of this study is to detect the seasonal variation of waterlogging in Rangpur City Corporation (RPCC) in 2002 and 2019. In the present study, we used an integrated procedure by using ArcGIS raster analysis. For pre and post-monsoon, almost 93% accuracy was obtained from image analysis. Results show that in 2002 during the pre and post-monsoon period, waterlogged areas were about 159.58 km2 and 32.32 km2, respectively, wherein in 2019, the changes in waterlogged areas are reversed than 2002. In 2019, during pre-monsoon, waterlogged area areas were 122.79 km2, and during post-monsoon, it increased to 127.05 km2. The research also depicts that the trend of the waterlogging situation largely depends on seasonal rainfall and a flawed drainage system.
 Keywords : Seasonal variation; Waterlogging; Remote sensing; GIS; Rangpur City Corporation
 
 Copyright (c) 2021 Geosfera Indonesia and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember
 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License

Archaeological Prospection in Wetlands—Experiences and Observations from Ground-Penetrating Radar Surveys in Norwegian Bogs

Wetlands are of immense importance for archaeological research due to excellent preservation conditions for organic material. However, the detection and registration of archaeological remains in waterlogged areas, such as peatlands, bogs, mires, or lakeshores are very challenging. Alternative methods that can support traditional archaeological registrations and that can help to survey wetlands more efficiently are needed. One goal of the “Arkeologi på nye veier” (Archaeology on new ways) project, initiated by Nye Veier AS, was to develop and test a practical solution for non-invasive geophysical surveys in wetland environments in support of traditional archaeological investigations. For that purpose, a custom GPR system for wetland investigations was assembled, tested and applied at Gausdal (Flekkefjord municipality, Agder county) in Norway within the E39-southwest infrastructure project. The GPR survey resulted in promising data, clearly showing the buried remains of an old road within the investigated area. This case study demonstrated the potential of GPR measurements in peatlands as a valuable asset for archaeological registration projects in such environments. However, despite these first encouraging results, wetlands remain very challenging environments, and realistic expectations, as well as a good understanding of the potential and limitations of this approach are a prerequisite for meaningful surveys.

Remote sensing-based assessment of waterlogging and soil salinity: A case study from Kerala, India

Waterlogging and raised soil salinity are leading to land degradation and desertification problems worldwide. It can significantly reduce the agricultural practices and crop yields of affected lands. The present study is attempted to map waterlogged and saline affected areas using LISS-III satellite imagery of pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season of the year 2012. It was observed that the total size of seasonal waterlogged (only Rabi or only Kharif) is 454.96 ha (2.37%) of the total area. The land covered with perennial waterlogged area was found to be 535.54 ha (2.79 %) of the entire command area. The waterlogged area concerning the depth of groundwater was further categorized into most critical, critical, less critical and non-critical. The identification and mapping of salt affected (saline) area was performed during Rabi and Kharif season. Only 0.46% of the command area identified as saline land either in both or single season patches, remaining 99.54% area comes under non saline category. Out of total command area 80.58 and 19.42% areas comes under non-saline and saline zones respectively. The saline area was further classified into medium, high and very high zones. The saline affected area covered with medium, high and very high salt categories is 2.25 ha (0.012%), 26.380 ha (0.137%), and 0.624 ha (0.003%), respectively. In-situ measurements such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) were also used to validate the results. The methodology proposed in this study can potentially be used for cost-effective mapping of soil salinity in other geographical regions.

Construction of pervious concrete pavement stretch, Ahmedabad, India – Case study

Rapidly growing and uncontrolled changes in the natural landscape due to human intervention has created a serious problem of rainwater harvesting in many Indian cities. Rainwater is seen getting wasted on the roads due to lack of proper design of drainage system. Construction of Pervious concrete pavement (PCP) is one of the best method to solve this problem. The pervious nature of the pavement is suggested to act as a drainage pipe and the water accumulated on the road or pavements drains out immediately. Therefore, an attempt has been made for the construction of PCP in this present study. The PCP was constructed at Nirma University campus, Ahmedabad, India for study purpose. The size of PCP stretch was 3 m × 10 m. The details of construction methodology and material used for the construction of PCP are included in this paper. In addition to that, properties of pervious concrete (PC) such as void ratio, compressive strength, permeability and density were evaluated and compared with field investigation results. The 28 days results of PC field cores and cast specimens achieved similar range for compressive strength and void ratio. Moreover, maintenance schedule was prepared for the supervision of PCP. The infiltration rate was measured at different intervals to determine if there was clogging in the PCP. Based on the results of this investigation, it is seen that there is successful drainage performance of the PCP, demonstrating the possibility of construction of such pavements in the water logged areas of India.

Evaluating crop-soil-water dynamics in waterlogged areas using a coupled groundwater-agronomic model

Waterlogging on croplands has been a known problem for a long time, leading to adverse social, physical, economic and environmental issues. To better solve the problem, the complicated plant-soil-water dynamics system needs to be better understood. The challenge is to simulate the interactions between the components in the systems. There are models that simulate plant-soil-water system but either run the processes independently leading to inaccuracy or has high invasiveness of using integrated models. This paper presents a tightly coupled model, DayCent-MODFLOW, that links a 3D ground-water flow (MODFLOW) model and a 1D agroecosystem model (DayCent). DayCent is responsible for plant-soil-water dynamic in the root zone, whereas MODFLOW simulates head and groundwater flow in the saturated zone of the aquifer. DayCent passes deep percolation from the soil profile to the water table and, under conditions of waterlogging in which the water table is within the soil profile, DayCent soil hydrologic processes are constrained by the presence of the water table simulated by MODFLOW. The coupling is achieved by adopting a parallel inter-process communication technique MPI (Message Passing Interface). The model is applied to a waterlogged agricultural area (22 km2) in northern Colorado, USA and tested against groundwater head and rates of evapotranspiration (ET). The model runs in parallel with multiple processes on the largest AWS Linux server. Groundwater heads match measured heads to a reasonable degree, and ET rates match reference ET and are highly correlated with crop type. Results show the strong hydrologic interaction between the two models. Greenhouse gas emissions from soil (N2O and CH4) were also estimated by the model under the waterlogged conditions. Although the model can be used to simulate any plant-soil-aquifer system, no matter the depth of the water table, results from this study show that the model can be used to assess crop productivity, recharge, ET, and greenhouse gas emissions in areas of shallow groundwater.

Geospatial Applications in Land Use/Land Cover Change Detection for Sustainable Regional Development: The Case of Central Haryana, India

Timely and accurate detection of land use/land cover (LULC) change is important for the macro and micro level sustainable development of any region. For this purpose, geospatial techniques are the best tool for change analysis as they supply timely, cheaper, precise and up to date information. This paper examines the spatial temporal change trend in LULC in the case of Central Haryana. Landsat 2, 3, 5, 7 and 8 images for the years 1975–2020 for pre‑ and post‑monsoon periods were analyzed for the study. Radiometric correction was performed to derive better information. ArcGIS 10.2 and ENVI 5.3 are used for thematic layout and thematic change preparation. An unsupervised classification using ERDAS IMAGINE 2015 has also been done to classify study area in eight classes. The year 1975 is considered as the base year for change detection analysis. Results showed an increasing trend for the land use classes of built‑up, water body, and agricultural land without waterlogging in the pre‑ and post‑monsoon periods between 1975 and 2020. Remaining land use classes of agriculture with waterlogging, open waterlogged area, vegetation and fallow land/sand dunes decreased during the same period. Increased human activities have changed the LULC in the region and have had a great impact on its sustainable regional development.

Vulnerability of the Permafrost Landscapes in the Eastern Chukotka Coastal Plains to Human Impact and Climate Change

Permafrost landscapes are particularly susceptible to the observed climate change due to the presence of ice in the ground. This paper presents the results of the mapping and assessment of landscapes and their vulnerability to potential human impact and further climate change in the remote region of Eastern Chukotka. The combination of field studies and remote sensing data analysis allowed us to identify the distribution of landscapes within the study polygon, reveal the factors determining their stability, and classify them by vulnerability to the external impacts using a hazard index, H. In total, 33 landscapes characterized by unique combinations of vegetation cover, soil type, relief, and ground composition were detected within the 172 km2 study polygon. The most stable landscapes of the study polygon occupy 31.7% of the polygon area; they are the slopes and tops of mountains covered with stony-lichen tundra, alpine meadows, and the leveled summit areas of the fourth glacial-marine terrace. The most unstable areas cover 19.2% of the study area and are represented by depressions, drainage hollows, waterlogged areas, and places of caterpillar vehicle passage within the terraces and water-glacial plain. The methods of assessment and mapping of the landscape vulnerability presented in this study are quite flexible and can be adapted to other permafrost regions.

Expedition for the Collection and Conservation of Saline and Waterlogging Tolerant Sugarcane Wild Germplasm from West Bengal and Assam

Exploration, collection, characterization and utilization of new germplasm are continuous process in breeding programs. Collection of new germplasm in stress-prone areas will augment the sources of new genes for abiotic stress tolerance in developing stress-tolerant varieties. An exploration in the South 24 Parganas district in West Bengal and Assam states of India for the collection of salinity and waterlogging tolerant germplasm, respectively, was conducted, and 68 new accessions were collected including 51 S. spontaneum, six S. officinarum, four Erianthus arundinaceus, two Erianthus bengalense, three Imperata cylindrica and two Sclerostachya sp. In the saline coastal district, South 24 Parganas seven S. spontaneum, three S. officinarum, four E. arundinaceus and two Erianthus bengalense were collected. Large population of S. spontaneum was found in river banks and river beds in different districts of Assam. Excluding Kaziranga National Park (KNP), 34 collections were made in the state which included thirty-one S. spontaneum and three S. officinarum. In the waterlogged KNP areas, S. spontaneum was the most abundant grass and thirteen S. spontaneum, three Imperata and two Sclerostachya were collected. Greater variation was observed among the S. spontaneum collections for plant height (91–313 cm), leaf width (0.1–2.0 cm), stalk diameter (0.2–1.6 cm) and internode length (4.2–23 cm). Clustering of S. spontaneum collected from Assam generated 6 distinct clusters and cluster II had many germplasm collected from waterlogged areas of KNP. Three non-flowering accessions grouped into cluster IV. Shannon’s diversity index indicated greater species diversity in South 24 Parganas. The S. spontaneum collected from South 24 Parganas and KNP can be characterized and utilized for the development of salinity and waterlogging tolerant sugarcane varieties, respectively. Four E. arundinaceus collected from South 24 Parganas will be a potential source for introgression of high biomass genes to develop high yielding sugarcane and energycane varieties

Vegetation Assessment of Inland Wetland of Central Gujarat ( Pariej Irrigation Reservoirs )

Wetlands are one of the most productive and fertile ecosystems on earth. Those wetlands which are located in the transitional zone between permanently aquatic and terrestrial (upland) ecosystems have properties common to land and water both. Gujarat has a variety coastal and inland wetland systems. The inland wetlands include floodplains, freshwater ponds and lakes, rivers, irrigation reservoirs, marshes and waterlogged areas while the coastal wetlands include salt marshes and salt-pans, creeks, mudflats, estuaries, mangrove swamps and coral reefs. Many of these wetlands have potential to get designation of international significance due to their high diversity/population and/or other criteria. Pariej is one of the eight wetlands in Gujarat that has been declared by the Central Government as wetland of national importance. The purpose of the present study is to observe the flora of the pariej wetland and to determine the changes by each season. In a wetland ecosystem these biotic factors are mostly dependent on the season and hydrology. Thus wetland being an integrated system is affected by the changes in the physical as well as chemical parameters of hydrosphere at the catchment scale.

Application of modern GIS technologies for inventory of protective forest strips, identification of waterlogged areas

Earlier there were conducted the studies of the climatic, soil, environmental and economic characteristics of natural landscapes and agricultural land in Krasnodar Territory, for example, Dinskoy district. It is located on the territory of the V-natural landscape. There were shown the results of study of the qualitative state of field-protective forest belts and their influence on the processes of expansion of land area waterlogged arable land using GIS technology as a tool of information-cartographical support of researches. The identification of forest strips in GIS was carried out, their area was determined, the types of forest strips were established, the condition and degree of damage were assessed, the area of beams whose growth is due to the violation of the natural watercourse was determined. There have been identified the areas and sites of necessary repair works and laying of new forest strips, areas and sites of field-protective forest strips that prevent natural water flow and which are planned for cutting down. The capital investments in the laying, restoration and uprooting of damaged and planned forest strips are calculated. The use of GIS technologies in the study makes it possible to increase the accuracy of the results of the assessment and forecast of the development of degradation processes, reduces the cost of research, and ensures an increase in efficiency of land use in agricultural production.

Eucalyptus Trees Plantation: A Review on Suitability and their Beneficial Role

Eucalyptus is fastest growing species popularly known as gum tree, red iron tree, safeda and belonging to the family Myrtaceae. E. tereticornis and E. grandis are important commercial species with a clean straight bole and compact crown. Large scale plantations have been raised on forest and farm lands, community lands, field boundaries and road/rail/canal strips in India. It is most suitable species for degraded land, waterlogged areas, problematic soils etc. Although, it is a controversial tree because of high water consumption, nutrient depletion, allopathic effects etc., it is also source of pulp, paper, essential oil, timber, medicinal use, etc. Moreover it also provides ecological, socioeconomic and industrial services. Improvement in physical and chemical properties of on Sodic wastelands, heavy metal accumulation in different tissues of in mined soil; carbon sequestration potential, etc. were reported in studies. On unit basis of dry biomass produced, it consumes very little water compared to other trees. If bark of the tree is left on site, the balance of nutrients remaining is (80-88%) of inputs for N, P, K, Ca and Mg which lasts for several years without considering the original nutrients that are still present in soil. In the face of growing economy and increased demand for wood products, it remains to be the desired species that grows fast and produce wood to meet the demand of wood for fuel, construction and furniture materials. Relieving wood product scarcity, landscape re-greening, contribution to poverty reduction, biodiversity restoration and conservation are valuable contribution in forest sector.