Lead Content Of Water Research Articles

ELEVATED BLOOD LEAD LEVELS IN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE DUE TO LEADS EXPOSURE FROM CONTAMINATED WATER

Background: Water quality can decrease due to population growth, domestic waste handling, climate, and human activities. Most of the people in Cimahi use well water for drinking and eating. However, using well water with high lead levels for consumption can adversely affect on the lead levels in the women’s blood of childbearing age. Purpose: This study investigates the relationship between lead levels in well water and the corresponding levels found in women’s blood in the Leuwigajah area of Cimahi. Method: Research samples were collected from both well water and the women’s blood of childbearing age (15 - 49 years) who consume well water for drinking and cooking. Subsequently, sample preparation was conducted, and the samples were analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The Spearman correlation test was employed to analyze the data and establish any potential correlations. Result: The lead content in water ranged from 0.055 ppm to 0.089 ppm, exceeding the requirements for lead in clean water. Meanwhile, lead levels in the blood ranged from 1.5 ug/dL to 78.2 ug/dL, with 6.7% falling within the normal category, 40% in the tolerable category, 30% in the excess category, and 23.3% in the high category. The statistical results show a significant relationship between lead levels in well water and the blood, with a correlation value of 37.9%. The correlation value indicates a weak positive relationship. Conclusion: There is a relationship between lead levels in well water and women’s blood.

The Effects of Mist Cannon Trucks on Human Health and Reducing Dust

More and more attention has been paid to dust removal by Mist Cannon Trucks (MCT). It is necessary to study the effect and influencing factors of dust removal by MCT. This study discusses the effectiveness and hazards of using MCT to reduce airborne dust by conducting lead testing, color identification, pH testing, and chlorine testing on collected samples. The results show that dust can be significantly reduced by MCT, and the effect of fog cannon decreases with the increase of distance. The MCT is currently safe for pedestrians because it has very few corrosive and toxic substances, and the lead content is also very low, which is below the safe value. At the same time, the sprayed water captured a lot of dust compared to the water in the tank. The main harm to the human body is the excessive lead content in water..

Colorimetric and Label-Free Optical Detection of Pb2+ Ions via Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles.

The detection of the lead heavy metal (Pb) in water is crucial in many chemical processes, as it is associated with serious health hazards. Here, we report the selective and precise colorimetric detection of Pb2+ ions in water, exploiting the aggregation and self-assembly mechanisms of glutathione (GSH)-functionalized gold nanoparticles (GNPs). The carboxyl functional groups are able to create coordination complexes with Pb2+, inducing aggregation amongst the GSH-GNPs in the presence of Pb2+ due to the chelation of the GSH ligands. The resulting aggregation amongst the GSH-GNPs in the presence of Pb2+ increases the aggregate size depending on the available Pb2+ ions, affecting the plasmonic coupling. This causes a substantial shift in the plasmon wavelength to a longer wavelength side with increasing Pb2+ concentration, resulting in a red-to-blue colorimetric or visual change, enabling the instant determination of lead content in water.

Lead in synthetic and municipal drinking water varies by field versus laboratory analysis

Water lead measurements by two field analyzers, relying on anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) and fluorescence spectroscopy, were compared to reference laboratory measurements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in progressively complex datasets (phases A, B, C), to assess field analyzer performance. Under controlled laboratory quantitative tests of dissolved lead within the field analysis range and optimal temperature range, lead recoveries by ASV ranged within 85–106 % of reference laboratory values (corresponding linear model: y = 0.96x, r2 = 0.99), compared to lower lead recoveries of 60–80 % by fluorescence (y = 0.69x, r2 = 0.99) in phase A. Field analyzer performance deteriorated in three opportunistic laboratory datasets compiled for phase B that contained dissolved lead (ASV: y = 0.80x, r2 = 0.98; no fluorescence data). Further lead underestimations were observed in five field datasets compiled for phase C, some of which contained known particulate lead (ASV: y = 0.54x, r2 = 0.76; fluorescence: y = 0.06x, r2 = 0.38). Deteriorating performance between phases was presumably due to the increasingly complex water matrices and lead particulates present in some phase C subsets (phase A < phase B < phase C). Phase C field samples had lead concentrations that were out-of-range, including a 5 % and 31 % false negative rate by ASV and by fluorescence, respectively. The range of results relevant to the diverse nature of compiled datasets, suggests that unless ideal conditions are known to be present (i.e., the lead content of water is dissolved within the field analysis range and optimal water temperature range), these field lead analyses might only be used as a water screening tool. Given the unknown conditions in many field settings, combined with the lead concentration underestimations including the false negative rates reported herein for field datasets, caution is encouraged when employing ASV and particularly fluorescence field analysis.

Evaluation of Uncertainty in Determination of Lead Content in Water by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Evaluation of Uncertainty in Determination of Lead Content in Water by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

ENVIRONMENTAL LEAD CONCENTRATIONS AND INCIDENCE OF HYPERTENSION IN THE KIZILYURT DISTRICT, DAGESTAN

The aim was to studyassociations between the Lead content in the environment (soil, water sources, food) and the incidence of hypertensionamong residents of the KiziLyurt district, Dagestan. Methods. An ecological study.Data on the incidence of hypertension were obtained from the documentation at KiziLyurt Central District Hospital. Assessment of Lead concentrations in the soils was performed by a mobiLe laboratory for environmentaL monitoring of the Dagestan State University. Lead concentrations were estimated by atomic absorption spectrometry at MGA-915MD, based on the extraction of an eLement from soiL sampLes and the subsequent determination of mass concentration. The Lead content in water and food sampLes was determined by the AAS method in the eLectrothermaL atomization mode on a contrAA 700 spectrometer (AnaLytik Jena AG, Germany). The data were presented as meansand standard deviations. Distribution of numeric data was assessed using Shapiro-WiLk test. Associations between Lead concentrations and the incidence of hypertension were studies using Pearson's correction coefficients. One-Way ANOVA test was used to identify differences between settLements in terms of Lead content in soiLs, water, and food products. Results. A strong positive correction was found between the concentrations of Lead in environmentaL objects (soiL, water, food) and theincidence of hypertension (r varied between 0.97 and 0.99). Conclusions. The higher Lead concentrations in the environment are associated with the higher incidence of hypertension. Lead in soiLs can be considered as an important factor for the deveLopment of essentiaL hypertension

UTILIZATION OF WATER ON MINE TIN AS A SUPPLEMENT OF SOIL WATER SOURCES USING COMPOST HOLE IN BANGKA BELITUNG

The aim of this research is to analyze the utilization of compost pits as a neutralization of tin metal content in ex-tin mining water. This research method is survey and literature study. The results showed that the lead content in water under tin mining can be neutralized by using compost. Tin mining extracts that have been handled with compost pits can be used as additional reserves of ground water sources in Bangka Belitung. However, the use of compost pits still has some constraints that require further research.

Evaluation of the Lead Content in Water for Human Consumption

Evaluation of the Lead Content in Water for Human Consumption

Comparisons of Three Different Enrichment Techniques in the Determination of Lead in Tap Water and Bottled Water by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Abstract Lead contents of tap water and bottled spring waters have been determined by flame-atomic absorption spectrometry. Because of the low concentration of lead, direct aspiraztion of samples into the flame was not suitable, so a pre-concentration stage was necessary. The lead in water samples was concentrated by various methods: “evaporation”, “extraction” and “extraction after evaporation” of samples were used and their advantages and disadvantages were compared. “Extraction after evaporation” was found to be the most suitable method. The lead contents of most samples were around 10 ppb which is within normal limits. Lead-based plumbing material was found to contribute to the lead content of water.

Lead and lead-210 in some river waters of the southwestern part of France. Importance of the atmospheric contribution

The Pb and Pb/sup 210/ concentrations in the waters of the Garonne, Ariege, and Hers Rivers in rural southwest France were measured during the period Dec. 1973-July 1974. The mean levels of total Pb and Pb/sup 210/ were 12 jg/l. and 0l38 counts/min/l., respectively. During a complete year, the lead content in some river waters varied from 14.4 jg/l. to less than 0.2 jg/l. The fallout of atmospheric lead, from fuel additives, due to rain leaching is higher than lead transport in the rivers. The circulation of Pb/sup 210/ shows that at least 87Vertical Bar3< of this atmospheric lead is retained by the soils. During the high flow rate period, this pollution corresponds to a maximum lead content of 0.4 jg/l. in river waters. Dry lead deposition on roads, which can be carried on to rivers, did not lead to a significant increase in water lead content during the low flow season, indicating that the lead is retained by the soils. During the high flow season, pollution from this source falls below a significant proportion in the Ariege and Garonne Rivers, and could be negligible in the Hers River. The Pb seems to originate from natural sources; it is easilymore » accounted for by the presence of particles with lead contents of up to 200 ppm during high flow rate periods.« less

Placental transfer of lead, mercury and cadmium in women living in a rural area

The influence of the lead content of drinking water on the transplacental transfer of lead was investigated in 70 pregnant women living in a rural area of Belgium. The mothers were divided into 2 groups: group A: morning water lead below 50 μg/liter; group B: morning water lead above this value. In group A, the mean lead content of water was 11.8 μg/liter and in group B it amounted to 247.4 μg/liter. The difference in the mean lead concentration between the two groups were for maternal blood: 3.2 μg/100 ml, for umbilical cord blood: 3.3 μg/100 ml, and for placenta: 3.6 μg/100 g. These differences are statistically significant. There were significant correlations between water lead and lead concentration in blood (mother, newborn) or placenta. An increment of water lead concentration from 50 to 500 μg/liter increases blood lead concentration in mother and in newborn by about 3 μg/100 ml and in placenta by about 2.5 μg/100 g (wet weight).

ROLE OF CHRONIC LOW-LEVEL LEAD EXPOSURE IN THE ÆTIOLOGY OF MENTAL RETARDATION

Water-lead levels were measured in the homes occupied during the first year of life by 77 mentally retarded children aged two to six years and 77 non-retarded matched controls, and in the homes occupied by their mothers during pregnancy. The water-lead content was significantly higher in the retarded group, and the probability of mental retardation was significantly increased when water lead exceeded 800 μg. per litre. Blood-lead levels were also significantly higher in the retarded group. It is concluded that lead contamination of water may be one factor in the multifactorial ætiology of mental retardation and that every effort should be made to reduce the lead content of drinking-water.

Drinking water as a source of lead pollution.

Frank lead poisoning was found in some inhabitants of houses in the Scottish Highlands, exposed to soft water and lead-lined drinking water tanks. Further investigations were carried out on the clinical and metabolic effects of lead acquired by drinking soft domestic water from lead plumbing systems in 23 Glasgow households. The lead content of water from cold taps was up to 18 times the upper acceptable limit and was proportional to the amount of lead in the plumbing system. The blood lead of 71 inhabitants of these houses showed a significant positive correlation with water lead content. Delta aminolaevulic acid dehydrase activity, an extremely sensitive indicator of lead exposure, showed a significant negative correlation with water-lead content. Atmospheric lead was within acceptable limits in all but one house and no significant correlation could be found with biochemical measurements. A small number of clinical abnormalities were found but could not be directly attributed to lead toxicity. The results of the study underline the possible danger to health of lead plumbing systems in soft-water regions.

Drinking Water as a Source of Lead Pollution

Frank lead poisoning was found in some inhabitants of houses in the Scottish Highlands, exposed to soft water and lead-lined drinking water tanks. Further investigations were carried out on the clinical and metabolic effects of lead acquired by drinking soft domestic water from lead plumbing systems in 23 Glasgow households. The lead content of water from cold taps was up to 18 times the upper acceptable limit and was proportional to the amount of lead in the plumbing system. The blood lead of 71 inhabitants of these houses showed a significant positive correlation with water lead content. Delta aminolaevulic acid dehydrase activity, an extremely sensitive indicator of lead exposure, showed a significant negative correlation with water-lead content. Atmospheric lead was within acceptable limits in all but one house and no significant correlation could be found with biochemical measurements. A small number of clinical abnormalities were found but could not be directly attributed to lead toxicity. The results of the study underline the possible danger to health of lead plumbing systems in soft-water regions.

Plumbosolvency of Waters

SOME cases of lead poisoning from domestic cold water supplies have been described1,2 and in a study of the lead content of water in Glasgow, where many older buildings have lead plumbing, a significant correlation was found between the length of lead pipe, the water lead content and blood lead of individuals resident in properties with lead plumbing3. In the following experiments a sample of old domestic lead piping was obtained to examine the effects of various factors on the relative plumbosolvencies of waters from various towns.

Environmental lead pollution in an urban soft-water area.

An investigation has been reported on the clinical and metabolic effects of lead acquired by soft domestic water from lead plumbing systems in 23 Glasgow households. The lead content of water from cold taps was up to 18 times the upper acceptable limit and was proportional to the amount of lead in the plumbing system. The blood lead of 71 inhabitants of these houses showed a significant positive correlation with water lead content. Delta-aminolaevulic acid dehydrase activity, an extremely sensitive indicator of lead exposure, showed a significant negative correlation with water-lead content. Atmospheric lead was within acceptable limits in all but one house and no significant correlation could be found with biochemical measurements. A small number of clinical abnormalities were found but could not be directly attributed to lead toxicity. The results of the study underline the possible danger to health of lead plumbing systems in soft-water regions.

Lead Content of Water From Tanks Painted With Red Lead

Lead Content of Water From Tanks Painted With Red Lead

Inhibition of Lead Corrosion With Sodium Hexametaphosphate

application of sodium hexametaphosphate,* in concentrations of 0.5 to 10.0 p.p.m., to municipal as well as industrial water supplies for the control of the corrosion of ferrous metals has been discussed previously by a number of writers (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). It has been suggested that this inhibitive action is due to an adsorbed film of metaphosphate, or some complex thereof, upon the metal or metal oxide surface (2). In view of the evidence of a similar adsorption on numerous other metals and their compounds (6), it appeared quite probable that the inhibitive action of metaphosphate upon corrosion would not be limited to iron and steel and, as a result, tests for the quantitative evaluation of the effect of these low concentrations of metaphosphate upon the corrosion of a number of non-ferrous metals were contemplated. Of these proposed investigations, that on lead has been completed and is to be described here. It was felt by the author that, because of the serious physiological aspect, i.e., the lead carried into the water, of the corrosion of this metal, its investigation was of primary importance. Since the factor of prime interest in the corrosive attack upon lead is the total amount of the metal carried into the water, rather than the pitting, tuberculation or destruction of the metal itself, it was this quantity which was measured in the investigation described. The effect of metaphosphate upon the lead pick-up was determined at pH values ranging from 5.2 to 8.9; and measurements of the pick-up which resulted upon continuous passage of water through lead wool and through lead tubing were made. In the latter case, the increase in the lead content of water after standing for 24 hr. in the tubing was also determined.