Water Intake Research Articles

Water Intake and Hydration Status in Children

Water Intake and Hydration Status in Children

Acute oral toxicity and safety assessment of Morus alba L. (Moraceae) methanol fruit extract in mice

Mulberry or Morus alba fruits, belonging to the Moraceae family, are well recognized for their distinct taste and high nutritional content. Nevertheless, studies revealing the toxic effects of fruits are scanty. This study aimed to examine the adverse effects of methanolic fruit extract (MFME) derived from M. alba on mice following OECD 425 guidelines. The female Swiss albino mice were divided into two distinct categories. One group was designated as the control group (administered vehicle), while the other was assigned as the test group (administered 2000 mg/kg MFME orally). Subsequently, behavioral changes were monitored daily, and body weights, relative organ weights, and biochemical and hematological parameters were measured. Additionally, liver, kidney, heart, brain, and ovary assessments were conducted on the 14th day to detect any signs of toxicity. A histopathological investigation was conducted on the anesthetized animals’ vital organs (heart, liver, kidney, brain, and ovary). The study’s findings indicate that the oral administration of MFME did not result in any mortality. Additionally, no significant changes were seen in behavior, food and water intake, biochemical parameters, hematological investigations, and organ weights. Furthermore, the histological analysis revealed no notable pathological alterations in the separated essential organs of mice treated with MFME. The results of this study indicate that the oral administration of MFME is deemed safe up to the maximum test dosage of 2000 mg/kg.

Effect of seven days heat stress on feed and water intake, milk characteristics, blood parameters, physiological indicators, and gene expression in Holstein dairy cows

This study examined the effects of 7 days of heat stress on eight early lactating Holstein cows in climate-controlled chambers. The early lactating Holstein cows (42 ± 2 days in milk, 29.27 ± 0.38 kg/day milk yield, 1.21 ± 0.05 parity) were subjected to two 14-day periods, each consisting of 7 days of adaptation and 7 days of heat stress. Conditions were set to 22 °C and 50% humidity during adaptation, followed by heat stress periods with low-temperature, low-humidity (LTLH, 71 THI) and high-temperature, high-humidity (HTHH, 86 THI) treatments. Data from the last 7 days were analyzed using a mixed procedure in SAS. In the study, the HTHH group displayed marked physiological and biochemical changes on 14 days of heat stress exposure compared to the LTLH group. Firstly, the HTHH group's dry matter intake decreased by approximately 12% while their water intake increased by about 23%. Secondly, both milk yield and milk protein production in the HTHH group decreased by 10% and 20%, respectively. Thirdly, there was a reduction in white blood cells, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and platelets in the HTHH group, with concurrent increases in glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, and albumin concentrations. Additionally, the HTHH group exhibited elevated plasma concentrations of cortisol and haptoglobin. Moreover, the gene expression of heat shock protein 70 and heat shock protein 90 was significantly upregulated in the HTHH group's peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Lastly, key physiological indicators such as rectal temperature, heart rate, and skin temperature showed substantial elevations in the HTHH group. Considering the enormous negative effects observed in the analyzed blood metabolites, milk yield and compositions, and heat shock protein gene expression, early lactating Holstein cows were found to be more vulnerable to HTHH than LTLH over a 7 days exposure to heat stress.

Health risk and germ cell toxicity of five commercially available sachet waters in Nigeria: a public health concern.

Sachet water is the most common form of portable water commercially available in Nigeria. Using the murine sperm count and sperm abnormality assay, the germ cell toxicity of five common commercially available sachet waters in Nigeria was assessed in this study. The levels of hormones such as Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Total Testosterone (TT); and activities of catalase (CAT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were evaluated. The heavy metal and physicochemical parameters of the sachet waters were also analyzed. Healthy male mice were allowed to freely drink the sachet waters for 35days after which they were sacrificed. The findings indicated that the concentrations of some heavy metals (As, Cr, and Cd) in the sachet waters exceeded the limit by regulatory organizations. The data of the total carcinogenic risk (TCR) and total non-carcinogenic risk (THQ) of some heavy metals associated with the ingestion of sachet water for adults and children showed that the values exceeded the acceptable threshold, and thus, is indicative of a high non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. The data of the sperm abnormality assay showed that in the exposed mice, the five sachet waters induced a statistically significant (P<0.05) increase in abnormal sperm cells and a significantly lower mean sperm count. Additionally noted were changes in the serum activities of TT, FSH, ALP, AST, ALT, and LH. Thus, the sachet waters studied contained agents that can induce reproductive toxicity in exposed humans. This is of public health importance and calls for immediate action by regulatory bodies.

Relationship Between Parent and Child Water Intake and Hydration Habits

Relationship Between Parent and Child Water Intake and Hydration Habits

A Young Man with Polydipsia and Severe Hyponatremia-Successful Management with Mere Fluid Restriction: A Case Report on Psychogenic Primary Polydipsia

Polydipsia as a result of an obsessive-compulsive disorder may cause polyuria and serious consequences like severe forms of electrolyte imbalance. This case report explores the rare occurrence of psychogenic primary polydipsia resulting in severe hyponatremia in a 29-year-old man presenting with excessive thirst, compulsive water intake, and extreme lethargy owing to serum hypo-osmolarity and hyponatremia. After the exclusion of organic conditions like diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, hypercalcemia and, chronic kidney disease, intervention comprising of intensive counseling sessions, fluid restriction and slow normal saline infusion smoothly alleviated his presenting problems. Psychiatric management was contemplated to attain sustainable results.

Prevalence and risk factors of hyperuricemia among freshmen at Beijing Sport University from 2021 to 2022

To investigate the prevalence of hyperuricemia among freshmen enrolled in Beijing Sport University and to explore the influencing factors of hyperuricemia in the college population. The study period was from September 2021 to February 2022.3372 freshmen of the class of 2021 from Beijing Sport University in Beijing were selected as the study subjects, and two blood uric acid tests were performed on non-same days to calculate the prevalence of the population and to explore the risk factors of hyperuricemia in the college student population using a case-control method.246 people were selected from the hyperuricemia patients of the population to be included in the case group by convenience sampling, and 211 people were selected from the non-hyperuricemia persons of the population to be included in the control group. They were included in the control group, underwent physical and laboratory examinations, and were retrospectively surveyed with questionnaires that included general information such as age, gender, specialty, place of birth, and diet related to hyperuricemia, awareness of hyperuricemia disease, physical activity level, and sleep. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square analysis, one-way Logistic regression analysis, and multi-factor logistic regression analysis. The number of patients actually diagnosed with hyperuricemia by two blood uric acid tests on non-same days was 479, with a population prevalence rate of 14.21%. Among them, the number of males in the diseased population was 391(22.39%), and the number of females in the diseased population was 88(5.41%). A total of 457 subjects were enrolled in the case-control study, among them, 246 in the case group(218 males and 28 females, average age 19.74 years), 211 in the control group(177 males and 34 females, average age 19.93 years), and 247 in the case group, 211 in the control group, and 2 groups of subjects were included. A total of 211 subjects, and there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of gender composition and age distribution. One-way logistic regression analysis showed that central obesity(OR=31.52, 95%CI 7.59-130.86), obesity(OR=2.59, 95%CI 1.20-5.58), overweight(OR=1.67, 95%CI 1.08-2.59), frequent consumption of fresh vegetables(OR=0.66, 95%CI 0.43-0.99), and drinking 1500-2000 mL of water per day(OR=0.63, 95%CI 0.41-0.95) were associated with hyperuricemia, and multifactorial Logistic regression analyses were performed to analyze the above factors, and finally central obesity(OR=32.05, 95%CI 7.65-134.20), BMI obesity(OR=3.22, 95%CI 1.44-7.20), and daily water intake of 1500-2000 mL(OR=0.60, 95%CI 0.37-0.95) were included in the model at the level of P=0.05. The current high prevalence of hyperuricemia in the college student population, which is more prevalent in male college students. Obesity and central obesity are risk factors for hyperuricemia in young college students, and daily water intake of 1500-2000 mL is a protective factor.

Probiotics administration alleviates cognitive impairment and circadian rhythm disturbance induced by sleep deprivation

Gut microbiome is indispensable for maintaining normal brain function. Specifically, gut microbiota plays a causal role in sleep deprivation (SD)-induced cognitive impairment. In this study, neurobehavioral effects of the Bifidobacterium breve strain (CCFM1025) were assessed in sleep-deprived mice. CCFM1025 improved the body weight and food and water intake of the mice. It also alleviated SD-induced cognitive behavioural abnormalities (in the novel object recognition test), but did not show beneficial effects on mood- and spatial memory-related behaviours. CCFM1025 significantly altered the gut microbial composition and genome function. Key microbial metabolites that may regulate sleep function were also identified, such as isovaleric acid and γ-aminobutyric acid in the gut and purine metabolites in the serum. Those metabolites may participate in gut-brain communication by acting on the striatal melatonin system, for example to increase melatonin levels, and by regulating the expression of circadian clock genes such as those encoding the adenosine A2A receptor and period circadian regulator 1. Collectively, administration of probiotics alleviated cognitive impairment and circadian rhythm disturbance induced by SD via modulation of gut microbiome and its metabolites. These findings may help guide the treatment of insomnia or other sleep disorders via dietary strategies.

Prevalence of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) in the Arab World: A Systematic Review.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common functional pathology of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) across the globe. The prevalence rate of IBS varies across the regions. In the present systematic review, we aim to investigate the prevalence of IBS in Arab countries in recent years. To identify relevant studies, a comprehensive search was undertaken in various databases including CINAHL (Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) Ultimate, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. Furthermore, Google Scholar was also explored to identify relevant studies. The inclusion criteria included studies that assessed IBS in the Arab world and were published in the English language. Fifty-two cross-sectional studies from seven countries, encompassing 51,683 participants, were included. The majority of the included studies were conducted in Saudi Arabia (n=40), followed by Jordan (n=4) and Egypt (n=3). The highest prevalence rates were reported by studies from Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, and Jordan. Low prevalence rates (<20%) were noted in 19 studies included in this systematic review. Female predominance in IBS prevalence was observed in most studies, while only two studies indicated higher prevalence in males. Key risk factors included family history, anxiety, depression, gastroesophageal reflux disease, low income, diabetes, low water intake, workload, occupation, food allergy, smoking, age, chronic diseases, and stress. IBS prevalence in the Arab world varies significantly. Female predominance was seen in the present systematic review as well.

A novel coupled algorithm for Studying the performance characteristics of water ramjet in the flight of supercavitating vehicle

When a supercavitating vehicle performs a flight, the water ramjet of the vehicle exploits the water in the surrounding environment as an oxidiser and is inevitably affected by the vehicle motions. In this study, the characteristics of the performance change in a water ramjet were investigated when a supercavitating vehicle performs a flight to gain more insights into the design of underwater power systems. Given the principle of independent cross-section expansion of cavities, a longitudinal ventilated supercavity model was built to predict the development of a ventilated cavity and its interaction with the body. A thermal calculation model was developed based on the minimum free energy method to calculate the performance parameters of water ramjets. A novel coupling algorithm was proposed based on the aforementioned model to integrate the motion of a supercavitating vehicle with the operation of a water ramjet. The integration described above was achieved by linking the water intake and body motion and calculating the performance change characteristics of the water ramjet during the flight of the supercavitating vehicle. The operating characteristics of the water ramjet with changes in the designed water-fuel ratios were investigated to provide a basis for exploring the unperturbed flight of the vehicle, depth regulation, and underwater environmental changes. The thrust of the water ramjet is less affected by external factors, and its performance feedback tends to exacerbate external disturbances at a designed water-fuel ratio lower than the optimal water-fuel ratio. A water ramjet with a designed water-fuel ratio higher than the optimal water-fuel ratio has a rapid response time, adaptive thrust, and stable combustion chamber pressure. External disturbances slightly affected the thrust and combustion chamber pressure of the water ramjet when the designed water-fuel ratio was equal to the optimal water-fuel ratio. The results of this study provide technical support for optimising the design of water ramjet.

The application of seed priming agents in enhancing drought resilience of rice: a comprehensive review

Abstract Rice (Oryza sativa L.) serves as a staple food for over half of the world’s population, and its production is vital for global food security. However, the increasing demand for rice is threatened by the rising occurrence of drought stress, driven by erratic rainfall patterns attributed to unpredictable global climate. Drought stress can significantly affect rice at various growth stages, with seed germination being particularly vulnerable due to reduced water intake. Direct Seeded Rice (DSR), an alternative planting technology, offers water efficiency and cost savings but faces challenges like poor stand establishment. Seed priming, a technique that enhances seedling emergence and early growth, has proven to be a practical approach for improving rice tolerance under suboptimal conditions, including drought. The present article is intended to discuss (i) the mechanism and benefits of seed priming, (ii) seed priming techniques, potential agents, and effectiveness factors, (iii) the mechanism of seed priming to improve drought tolerance, (iv) challenges and opportunities, to promote the seed priming strategy as a future, cost-effective research tool to increase rice yield and productivity under drought stress.

KANO+QFD 모델을 기반으로 IoT 반려묘 음수기의 디지털 터미널 디자인 방향 제안

The pet supplies market is witnessing a gradual expansion, with a particularly notable increase in demand for intelligent IoT-based pet management products. In this context, consumer demands are shifting from mere interest to desires for experiences and emotional engagements. This study aims to address the prevalent issue in the current market where the majority of pet water dispensers focus solely on basic functionalities, neglecting deep user experience design. The research begins by constructing a user journey map to analyze the behavioral paths of users interacting with mobile and IoT water dispensers, thereby deriving user needs. Subsequently, a qualitative analysis based on the Kano model is conducted to determine the priorities of user satisfaction and requirements, and a Quality Function Deployment(QFD) chart is developed to analyze and quantify the importance of design requirements. The findings indicate that the importance weights of water intake statistics design requirements and water quality monitoring feedback design requirements are the highest, becoming key design considerations in the digital end-to-end system design process. Therefore, this study proposes a design direction for the IoT smart drinking system platform through the combined application of the Kano and QFD models, offering guidance on the remote user end system design for IoT pet water dispensers from a user needs perspective.

Radiation Doses and Risk Assessment Due to Water Intake at Oyo Town, Southwestern Nigeria

From the long standing nature of water usage, water has been has had a significant impact to all great development. Potable water has been recognized as the water intended for human consumption for the purpose of research and other human activities. Therefore, the World Health Organization (WHO) classified 230Th, 226Ra, 210Pb, 210Po, 232Th, 228Ra, 40 K and 228Th as naturally occurring radionuclide contaminants in water and a possible threat to human existence. This work evaluated the activity concentration of natural radionuclide in ground water, examine radiation doses and the threat due to water intake from Oyo town using a 5 cm × 5 cm solid NaI(Tl) gamma-ray spectrometric manufactured by ORTEC and coupled to a Digital-based multi-channel analyzer (MCA). From the results, 92.5 per percent of 40K, 87.5 per cent of 226Ra and 95 of 232Th was greater than the IAEA safe limit of 1.00 Bql−1limit. The average value of an annual effective dose for adults was 0.17±0.06 mSvy−1 and 0.43±0.17 mSvy−1 for children. Cancer risk assessment was obtained to 2.98 x 10−3 compared to ICRP recommended value of 8.4 × 10−3. Health risk implication resulting from consumption of water from the study area poses no health concern, no artificial radionuclide was detected and the chance of cancer occurrence resulting from drinking water from the study area is stochastic. It is recommended that caution should be taken on the fertilizer application on the farm land. Further research is recommended on the radioactivity measure of the soil and food crops grown in the study area.

Effect of Daily Water Intake on Periodontal Health and Dental Caries: A Cross-Sectional Study

Effect of Daily Water Intake on Periodontal Health and Dental Caries: A Cross-Sectional Study

Water resources of the Podilia region and their use

Purpose. To analyze the state of water resources of the Podilsk region and the territorial features of water use in order to optimize their use. Methods. Methods of system-structural analysis, statistical, cartographic, modeling. Rresults. The current state and peculiarities of the use of water resources in the territory of the administrative districts of the Podilsk region were analyzed according to the indicators of total water intake from natural water bodies, the use of fresh water in general and the sectoral structure of water use. The main consumers of water resources in the region are industrial enterprises and housing and communal services. The largest share of underground water intake is in Ternopil Oblast, and the smallest in Vinnytsia, which is related to natural reserves of underground water. The largest volumes of water intake from natural water bodies and the use of fresh water are observed in the Khmelnytskyi region, and the smallest - in the Ternopil region. The analysis of the dynamics of water use indicators over the period 2020-2022 determined a decrease in the volume of water intake, especially in 2022, in all regions of the region. The largest share of water is used in the regions of the region for production needs. Conclusions. The dynamics of water consumption in all regions of the region has a tendency to decrease the volume of water intake. There are certain differences in the amount of surface and underground water intake. For many administrative districts and territorial communities, the problem of rational use of water resources is relevant.

Early-Life Supplementation Enhances Gastrointestinal Immunity and Microbiota in Young Rats.

Immunonutrition, which focuses on specific nutrients in breast milk and post-weaning diets, plays a crucial role in supporting infants' immune system development. This study explored the impact of maternal supplementation with Bifidobacterium breve M-16V and a combination of short-chain galacto-oligosaccharide (scGOS) and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharide (lcFOS) from pregnancy through lactation, extending into the early childhood of the offspring. The synbiotic supplementation's effects were examined at both mucosal and systemic levels. While the supplementation did not influence their overall growth, water intake, or food consumption, a trophic effect was observed in the small intestine, enhancing its weight, length, width, and microscopic structures. A gene expression analysis indicated a reduction in FcRn and Blimp1 and an increase in Zo1 and Tlr9, suggesting enhanced maturation and barrier function. Intestinal immunoglobulin (Ig) A levels remained unaffected, while cecal IgA levels decreased. The synbiotic supplementation led to an increased abundance of total bacteria and Ig-coated bacteria in the cecum. The abundance of Bifidobacterium increased in both the intestine and cecum. Short-chain fatty acid production decreased in the intestine but increased in the cecum due to the synbiotic supplementation. Systemically, the Ig profiles remained unaffected. In conclusion, maternal synbiotic supplementation during gestation, lactation, and early life is established as a new strategy to improve the maturation and functionality of the gastrointestinal barrier. Additionally, it participates in the microbiota colonization of the gut, leading to a healthier composition.

Drug Related Cheilitis Along with Developed Angular Cheilitis: Case Report

Isotretinoin is used to treat severe acne, and despite the therapeutic benefits, it has many side effects, including cheilitis on lips. This case report reviewed the importance of assessing the medical and pharmacological histories during anamnesis in the management of drug-related and angular cheilitis. Case: A 22-year-old female patient presented with complaints of dry, cracked, bleeding, and pain on the upper and lower lips, which occurred 7 days ago. Previous similar complaints were reported, although not severe. The patient had habits of lip licking, low water intake, and an irregular menstrual cycle. There was a history of using Roaccutane (isotretinoin) for acne treatment. Extraoral examination showed dry, desquamated lips with crusts, while intraoral examination had no abnormalities. Case management: The patient was prescribed NaCl 0.9%, Vaseline album, and hydrocortisone cream 1% twice daily. However, during treatment, angular cheilitis developed, prompting the prescription of miconazole cream 2% twice daily. One month later, all of the patient’s complaints were successfully treated with no subjective issues. Proper history taking and examinations were fundamental to making the right decisions and definite treatment plans.

Dietary Factors and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Mendelian Randomization Study

Objective To examine the causal association between 15 dietary factors and the incidence of colorectal cancer through the application of Mendelian randomization methodology. Methods The data associated with 15 dietary factors were derived from the IEU OPEN GWAS database, and the colorectal cancer data were sourced from the FinnGen database. The Inverse Variance Weighting method was the principal research method. Sensitivity analyses were implemented to affirm the robustness of the findings. Additionally, we conducted multivariable Mendelian randomization analyses to adjust for the intake of ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Results In our research, we observed suggestive causal relationships between genetically predicted water intake and the reduced risk of colorectal cancer (OR = 0.54; 95% CI= 0.31 ∼ 0.93; p = 0.028); genetically predicted ω-3 PUFA intake (OR = 1.17; 95% CI= 1.05 ∼ 1.30; p = 0.005) were suggestively associated with the increased risk of colorectal cancer. In the multivariable Mendelian randomization analysis, the effect of ω-3 PUFA intake remains significant after adjusting for the influence of ω-6 PUFA intake. Horizontal pleiotropy was not present in this study. Conclusions There exists a suggestive causal association between increased water intake and decreased risk of colorectal cancer, while ω-3 PUFA intake are suggestive linked to the increased risk of colorectal cancer.

Castration reshapes the liver by altering fatty acid composition and metabolism in male mice

Castration promotes subcutaneous fat deposition that may be associated with metabolic adaptations in the liver. However, fatty acid composition, abundance, and metabolic characteristics of the liver after castration are not fully understood. Our results showed that surgical castration significantly reduced water and food intake, reduced liver weight, and induced liver inflammation in mice. Transcriptome analyses revealed that castration enhanced fatty acid metabolism, particularly that of arachidonic and linoleic acids metabolism. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that castration altered the composition and relative abundance of fatty acids in the liver. The relative abundances of arachidonic and linoleic acids were significantly decreased in 4-week-old castrated mice. Analysis of fatty acid synthesis- and metabolism-related genes revealed that castration enhanced the transcription of fatty acid synthesis- and oxidation-related genes. Analyzing the level of key enzymes in the β-oxidation and tricarboxylic acid cycle pathways of fatty acids in mitochondria, we found that castration enhanced the β-oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria, and also enhanced the protein level of the rate-limiting enzyme in the tricarboxylic acid cycle pathway, isocitrate dehydrogenase 2. These results comprehensively clarify metabolic changes in liver fatty acids after castration in mice of different ages and provide a reference for understanding castration-induced fat deposition from the perspective of liver fatty acid metabolism in male mice.

Effect of snail shell powder addition on mechanical and microstructure behaviour of mercerized roselle fiber reinforced epoxy resin-based hybrid composite

Hybrid composites are materials composed of a combination of two or more different types of reinforcements, often with distinct properties. The combination of different reinforcements aims to exploit the strengths of each material, resulting in a composite with improved mechanical, thermal, or other specific properties compared to individual components. Nowadays, application of hybrid composites reinforced with natural fibers has gained significance in various industries due to the unique combination of properties such as automobile, aerospace, construction, Sports and Leisure. Eventhough, natural fibers may degrade over time due to environmental factors, resulted in decrease in mechanical properties and overall durability of the hybrid composite. Therefore, Hybrid composites can achieve a combination of high strength, stiffness and toughness that is difficult to obtain with single-fiber composites. The aim of the study is to develop roselle fibers reinforced epoxy resin-based hybrid composite using hand layup method. The snail shell powder with different weight proportion (5, 10 & 15 wt.-%) and 20% (wt.-%) of roselle fiber have been added to fabricate the hybrid composite. The study was carried out in order to study the mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural, impact and hardness strength. The results showed that the composites fabricated with 10% of snail shells powder showed the maximum tensile strength of 40 MPa, flexural strength of 57 MPa and impact strength of 31 KJ/m2. The 15% filler added composite showed the maximum hardness strength of 43 HV. It was observed that the fracture mechanism of a hybrid composite involves fiber breakage, matrix cracking, delamination, matrix debonding, crack initiation and voids etc were formed in the composite. The Composite samples embedded with fillers demonstrate the lowest water intake behaviour. The findings showed that the hybrid composite with 10% snail shell powder exhibited the highest tensile, flexural and impact strength while the 15% snail shell powder composite showed the highest hardness (43 HV). Additionally, snail shell embedded composites demonstrated the lowest water intake behaviour. Fracture analysis revealed mechanisms such as fiber breakage and matrix cracking observed via SEM.