Waters Of South Korea Research Articles

Two new species of hyperbenthic calanoid copepods (Crustacea: Calanoida: Arietellidae) from South Korea

Two new calanoid copepods, Paramisophria sinjinensis sp. nov. and Paramisophria koreana sp. nov., were collected from shallow waters of South Korea. Male P. sinjinensis can be easily distinguished from its congeners by the following characteristics: gnathobase of mandible with three teeth, lack of endopod on left leg 5 and second exopodal segment on right leg 5 hollow on inner distal margin. Paramisophria koreana is most similar to Paramisophria cluthae but differs in the presence of a seta on the first exopodal segment of right leg 5 of males, and one short and four long spines on the praecoxal arthrite of the maxillule. In the exopodal segment of female leg 5, the distal spine is approximately 2.5 times longer than the subdistal spine. The results of cladistic analysis based on morphological characters revealed that the two new species are closely related to Paramisophria ammophila Fosshagen, 1968 and P. cluthae T. Scott, 1897.http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:38DBB79D-2C21-45B1-B5AD-80A4603DCF6B

Halicyclops Copepods (Cyclopidae, Halicyclopinae) from Korea

As one of the serial faunistic studies on the brackish cyclopoids from Korea, taxonomic accounts of three species of Halicyclops from various brackish waters in South Korea are provided, with detailed illustrations of them: H. uncus Ueda and Nagai, 2009, H. setiformis Ueda and Nagai, 2012, and H. itohi Ueda and Nagai, 2012. Halicyclops uncus is newly recorded from Korea, and the latter two species are corrected from H. sinensis sensu Chang, 2009 and H. cf. rotundipes sensu Chang, 2009, respectively. As a result, a total of seven species of the genus are now recognized in Korea, and a revised key to the species is presented.

New genus and two new species of Parabahtynellidae (Malacostraca: Syncarida) from South Korea

We erect Hangangbathynella n. gen. to accomodate two new parabathynellid species, H. taechooni and H. eunokae, collected from subterranean water in South Korea. The new genus is characterized by: the 7-segmented antennules and antennae, absence of a medial seta on the second maxillary segment, a 2-segmented exopod of thoracopods I-VII, oval form of the male thoracopod VIII with penial organ displaying a smooth surface and gourd-shaped epipod, absence of pleopods, uropodal protopod with homonomous spines, pleotelson with one lateral seta near the base of the furcal rami and protruding anal operculum with sharp triangular process. The two new species differ in body size, in the number of spines of the uropodal protopod, in setae on the third maxillary segment, in the number of the spines on the mandibular spine row, as well as in the form of female thoracopod VIII.

Two new species of Halicyclops (Copepoda, Cyclopoida) from the estuarine interstitial waters in South Korea

Two new cyclopoid species belonging to the genus Halicyclops Norman, 1903 are described from brackish waters in South Korea: H. lanceolatus sp. nov. and H. pumilus sp. nov. Halicyclops lanceolatus was collected from two river mouths, both connected to caves. It belongs to the thermophilus group in showing 3,4,4,3 spine formula on legs 1-4 and lateral process on the genital double-somite. Among the members of the species group, it is closely allied with H. thermophilus Kiefer, 1929 and H. uncus Ueda and Nagai, 2009. However, it differs from them by a stout, lanceolate inner apical spine on leg 5 exopod, very short lateral process of the genital double-somite, short caudal rami, and shorter inner apical spine on the third endopodal segment of leg 4. Halicyclops pumilus was collected from interstitial waters of estuarine sandy beaches, and it is characteristic in having a single inner seta on the second endopodal segments of legs 2-3, and quadrate shape of leg 5 exopod with stumpy spines.

Strontium isotope geochemistry and its geochemical implication from hot spring waters in South Korea

Despite being a non-volcanic area, the southern Korean Peninsula has a number of hot water springs with temperatures more than 40 °C, most of which are commercially used for spa. The hot springs are located at the fringes of the granite body rather than the center of the Mesozoic granite. Here we report on the geochemical characteristics of the hot water springs. The hot springs in the Jurassic granite area are mainly of Na( Ca) HCO 3 type, whereas those in the Cretaceous granite area are of Na Cl ( SO 4) type. The stable isotope composition of O and H suggests a meteoric origin of the hot spring water. Further, the chemical components of the hot spring waters indicate that they were all derived from hot spring water–rock interaction rather than through anthropogenic input. The 87Sr/ 86Sr ratio of the hot spring waters in the Jurassic granite area ranges from 0.711088 to 0.729034 and that in the Cretaceous granite area ranges from 0.705652 to 0.707912. Such 87Sr/ 86Sr ratio distribution of hot spring waters corresponds with the distribution of the initial 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios for the emplacement age of the Jurassic and Cretaceous granites in the hot spring occurrence area. The 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios in the hot spring waters were also divided into three groups according to their geographical location: eastern, western, and southern groups. The constant 87Sr/ 86Sr ratio of hot spring water from one hot spring area during the last 6 years strongly suggests that the hot-spring-bearing aquifer system in South Korea should be separated from the upper cold shallow groundwater system. This indicates that the 87Sr/ 86Sr ratio of the hot spring waters in the granite area of South Korea originates from an equilibrium because of long-term water–rock interaction rather than short-term water–rock interaction due to the input of recent meteoric water. Hence, it may be concluded that hot spring water in the granite area may be a limited deep groundwater resource that might deplete with overuse.

First Records of Two Aquatic Oxytrichid Ciliates (Ciliophora: Sporadotrichida: Oxytrichidae) from Korea

For investigation of the Korean ciliate fauna, two oxytrichid ciliates, Histriculus histrio (Muller, 1773) and Sterkiella thompsoni Foissner, 1996, were collected from freshwater and brackish waters in South Korea, respectively. These two ciliates are reported for the first time in Korea. Descriptions were based on observations of live and silver stained specimens. Diagnoses of these species are as follows. Histriculus histrio: body is approximately <TEX>$190{\times}85\;{\mu}m$</TEX> in size, almost ellipsoidal in shape, posterior part rather thin and very translucent. Cortical granules are absent. Both marginal rows are almost confluent at the posterior end. Six dorsal kineties are present. Sterkiella thompsoni: body is approximately <TEX>$140{\times}50\;{\mu}m$</TEX> in size. Body margins are usually in parallel. Cortical granules are absent. Invariably, four dorsal kineties are present. Two caudal cirri are located on the dorsal surface. Three ellipsoidal macronuclear nodules are present.

Contamination of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in Sewage Treatment Plants and Surface Waters in South Korea and their Removal during Activated Sludge Treatment

The present study demonstrates the seasonal variations of concentrations of pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs) in influents and effluents at two sewage treatment plants (STPs) and the surface water of Mankyung River, South Korea. PPCPs were measured using a high performance liquid chromatograph coupled with a tandem mass spectrometer(LC-MS/MS). In the two STPs surveyed, all of the 13 targeted PPCPs were detected at concentrations ranging from ND (not detected) to 13700 ng/L in the influents, and ND to 1940 ng/L in the effluents, with total PPCP concentrations being higher in winter than in other seasons in both STP influents and effluents. While the removal efficiencies of disopyramide, ibuprofen, triclosan, erythromycin, atenolol and indomethacin of the STPs were relatively high (average 60-90%), those of clarithromycin, carbamazepine, fluconazole, propranolol and ifenprodil were extremely low (average 0-30%).The prevalent contaminants in the river water in all seasons were carbamazepine (ND to 595 ng/L), followed by atenolol (ND-690 ng/L), ibuprofen (ND-414 ng/L), mefenamic acid (ND-326 ng/L), levofloxacin (ND-380 ng/L), clarithromycin(ND-443 ng/L), fluconazole (ND-111 ng/L), erythromycin (ND-152 ng/L), propranolol (ND-268 ng/L), ifenprodil (ND-38.5 ng/L), indomethacin (ND-58.2 ng/L), triclosan (ND-46.1 ng/L) and disopyramide (ND). Concentrations of PPCPs in surface river water collected from five sample sites trended to be higher in November than in March, May and August. It was proposed that the reasons for the observed seasonal variations in PPCP concentrations may be increased consumption by the inhabitants of the Mankyung River basin and the decreased river flow during this period leading to increased relative concentrations of these compounds in water. In addition, PPCP concentrations were greater in the surface water samples collected in the vicinity of STPs, so STPs act as a point source of PPCP pollution.

Two groundwater copepods of the genus parastenocaris (harpacticoida, parastenocarididae) from South Korea

Two subterranean harpacticoid species are recorded from cavern and interstitial waters in South Korea: Parastenocaris ondali n. sp. and P. brevipes Kessler, 1913. Parastenocaris ondali n. sp. resembles P. nipponensis Chappuis, 1955 from Japan, but differs from it by shorter caudal rami, armature of leg 5, and short endopodal processes of leg 4 in both sexes. Herein, the new species is described, and systematic accounts of both species are provided with detailed illustrations.

Two canthocamptid copepods of the genera Itunella and Mesochra (Harpacticoida, Canthocamptidae) from brackish waters in South Korea

Two new harpacticoid species belonging to the family Canthocamptidae are described from brackish waters in South Korea: Itunella arenaria sp. nov. and Mesochra bisetosa sp. nov. The genus Itunella is first known from the Pacific. Itunella arenaria most resembles I. muelleri (Gagern) among three recognized congeners; however, it is characterized by the shape of the anal operculum with serrated projections beside it, and the armature of the endopods of legs 2–4 in the male. Mesochra bisetosa is closely related to two Asian allies, M. quadrispinosa from China and M. hinumaensis from Japan, but differs from them in the paucity of setae on the third endopodal segments of legs 2 and 3. Description and the taxonomic accounts of the two new species are presented with illustrations and scanning electron micrographs.

Two Harpacticoid species of generaNitokraandAmeira(Harpacticoida: Ameiridae) from brackish waters in Korea

A new species of Nitokra and Ameira parvula (Claus) belonging to the family Ameiridae are recorded from brackish waters in South Korea. Nitokra koreanus n. sp. most resembles N. spinipes and N. pietschmanni, however, it is characteristic in having the character combination of ellipsoidal P5 exopod and very short P1 enp 1. Ameira parvula is reported for the first time from the Northwestern Pacific. Description of the new species and the taxonomic accounts of both species are presented.

Status of construction and operation of large wastewater treatment plants in South Korea

The history of wastewater treatment in Korea began in 1976 with construction of Chongke sewage treatment plant in the city of Seoul. At present, there are 48 large municipal sewage treatment plants for 42 cities with a total treatment capacity of 7,841,000 m3/d. This indicates that the population receiving sewage treatment is 42% of the total national population. The government is planning to extend the population receiving wastewater treatment to 73% by the year 1997. It turned out that activated sludge processes are the most popular type (39 out of 48 plants) for the treatment of municipal wastewater. The present lawful effluent criteria for BOD, COD, and SS from large municipal wastewater treatment plant are changing from 30 mg/l, 50 mg/l, and 70 mg/l, to 20 mg/l, 40 mg/l, and 20 mg/l, respectively, by the year 1996. Regulation of the total concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus are also added as 60 mg/l and 8 mg/l, respectively. The enactment to control the nutrient concentrations in the lake and pond is inevitable for the protection of drinking water in South Korea.

Status of construction and operation of large wastewater treatment plants in South Korea

The history of wastewater treatment in Korea began in 1976 with construction of Chongke sewage treatment plant in the city of Seoul. At present, there are 48 large municipal sewage treatment plants for 42 cities with a total treatment capacity of 7,841,000 m3/d. This indicates that the population receiving sewage treatment is 42% of the total national population. The government is planning to extend the population receiving wastewater treatment to 73% by the year 1997. It turned out that activated sludge processes are the most popular type (39 out of 48 plants) for the treatment of municipal wastewater.The present lawful effluent criteria for BOD, COD, and SS from large municipal wastewater treatment plant are changing from 30 mg/l, 50 mg/l, and 70 mg/l, to 20 mg/l, 40 mg/l. and 20 mg/l, respectively, by the year 1996. Regulation of the total concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus are also added as 60 mg/l and 8 mg/l, respectively. The enactment to control the nutrient concentrations in the lake and pond is inevitable for the protection of drinking water in South Korea.

A Study on hydrogen, oxygen and sulfur isotopic ratios of the hot spring waters in South Korea

A Study on hydrogen, oxygen and sulfur isotopic ratios of the hot spring waters in South Korea